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Military exercise
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<h2 id="types">Types</h2> <h3>Command post</h3> <p>A Command Post Exercise (CPX) typically focuses on the battle readiness of staffs such as a particular <a href="/facts/Unified_Combatant_Command/GhMUXheg">Unified Combatant Command</a> or one of its components at any level. It may run in parallel with an FTX or its equivalent, or as a stand-alone event for headquarters staff only with heavy emphasis on simulated events. </p> <h3>Field</h3> <p>Historical names for the field exercise, or the full-scale rehearsal of military maneuvers as practice for warfare in the military services of the British Commonwealth include "schemes", while those of the military services United States are known as <a href="/facts/Field_training_exercise/srt9J1ru">Field Training Exercises</a> (FTX), or, in the case of naval forces, Fleet Exercises (FLEETEX). In a field exercise or fleet exercise, the two sides in the simulated battle are typically called "red" (simulating the <a href="/facts/Opposing_force/FgUa9yMH">enemy forces</a>) and "blue", to avoid naming a particular adversary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> This naming convention originates with the inventors of the table-top war-game (the "<a href="/facts/Kriegsspiel_(wargame)/ltbm4SsK">Kriegsspiel</a>"), the Prussian <a href="/facts/Georg_von_Reisswitz/tHle3VYa">Georg von Reisswitz</a>; their army wore <a href="/facts/Prussian_blue/IV0VooPH">Prussian blue</a>, so friendly forces were depicted by the color blue. </p> <h3>Multiple forces</h3> <p>Several different armed forces of the same nation training together are described as having a joint exercise. Those involving forces of multiple nations are described as having a combined exercise or coalition exercise. These are called a bilateral exercise if based on security agreements between two nations, or a multilateral exercise if the agreement is between multiple nations. </p> <h3>Simulation</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Military_simulation/5qjV8o4x">Military simulation</a></p> <p>Other types of exercise include the Tactical Exercise Without Troops (TEWT), also known as a <a href="/facts/Sand_table/4aX3sHN8">sand table</a>, map, cloth model, or <a href="/facts/Computer_simulation/Re6o8vzN">computer simulation</a> exercise. These allow commanders to manipulate <a href="/facts/Model_(abstract)/hgysE2kP">models</a> through possible scenarios in military planning. This is also called warfare simulation, or in some instances a <a href="/facts/Virtual_battlefield/5qjV8o4x">virtual battlefield</a>, and in the past has been described as "wargames". Such examples of modern military wargames include <a href="/facts/DARWARS/ncSnwJP0">DARWARS</a>, a <a href="/facts/Serious_game/llz5f4sE">serious game</a> developed since 2003 by <a href="/facts/DARPA/Uf9sarhT">DARPA</a> with <a href="/facts/BBN_Technologies/9kA7axL3">BBN Technologies</a>, a <a href="/facts/Defense_contractor/A8mywI9w">defense contractor</a> which was involved in the development of <a href="/facts/Packet_switching/olDlDP1R">packet switching</a>, used for <a href="/facts/ARPANET/LyMGWurJ">ARPANET</a>, and which developed the first <a href="/facts/Computer_modem/9H0Xwtq0">computer modem</a> in 1963. </p><p>Military operations and training have included different scenarios a soldier might encounter with morals and different ethics. In one military operation soldiers are frequently asked to engage in combat, humanitarian, and stabilization roles. These increase the ambiguity of a role one may encounter and challenge of ethics. This will also lead the military personnel to have to make a difficult call in challenging circumstances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Even in difficult situations and conditions, military personnel still has to follow rules and regulations such as: 1) when the right thing to do is not immediately clear; 2) when two or more important principles or values support different actions, and 3) when some harm will result, regardless of the actions taken (Defense Ethics Program, Department of National Defense, 2012). These simulations involve crude living conditions, sleep deprivations, time limit, and either lack or ambiguous amount of information. </p><p>A subset of simulated exercises is the Table Top Exercise (TTX), typically limited to senior personnel stepping through the decision-making processes they would employ in a crisis, a contingency, or general warfare. </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The use of military exercises and war games can be found to date back to as early as the early 19th century, wherein it was the officers of the <a href="/facts/Prussian_Army/VPJC5PFS">Prussian Army</a> who created the contemporary, tactical form of wargames that have since been more widely used and developed by other military conglomerations throughout the world. Non-tactical forms of wargames have existed for much longer, however, in the forms of tabletop games such as <a href="/facts/Chess/47ykvkHF">chess</a> and <a href="/facts/Go_(game)/1fKhemww">Go</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The modern use of military exercises grew out of the military need to study warfare and to <a href="/facts/Historical_reenactment/uH5SHrbC">reenact</a> old battles for learning purposes. During the age of <i><a href="/facts/Kabinettskriege/Qz9yE1Dh">Kabinettskriege</a></i> (Cabinet wars), <a href="/facts/Frederick_II_of_Prussia/Bv1At4Hy">Frederick the Great</a>, <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Prussia/x796l7vx">King of Prussia</a> from 1740 to 1786, "put together his armies as a well-oiled clockwork mechanism whose components were <a href="/facts/Robot/S5mDzWYk">robot</a>-like warriors. No individual initiative was allowed to Frederick's soldiers; their only role was to cooperate in the creation of walls of projectiles through synchronized firepower."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> This was in the pursuit of a more effective army, and such practices made it easier to look at war from a top-down perspective. Disciplined troops should respond predictably, allowing study to be confined to maneuvers and <a href="/facts/Command_and_Control_(Military)/t1huKNbX">command</a>. </p> <p><a href="/facts/Prussia/fs1wEGrk">Prussia</a>'s victory over the <a href="/facts/Second_French_Empire/5oS28M6v">Second French Empire</a> in the <a href="/facts/Franco-Prussian_War/DU9aBkVB">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71) is sometimes partly credited to the training of Prussian officers with the <a href="/facts/Wargame/KDl58Nkf">wargame</a> <i><a href="/facts/Kriegsspiel/ltbm4SsK">Kriegsspiel</a></i>, which was invented around 1811 and gained popularity with many officers in the Prussian army. These first wargames were played with <a href="/facts/Dice/qBnylzwJ">dice</a> which represented "friction", or the intrusion of less than ideal circumstances during a real war (including <a href="/facts/Morale/kcNmFvBv">morale</a>, <a href="/facts/Meteorology/xblFr28q">meteorology</a>, the <a href="/facts/Fog_of_war/AuHD6WIs">fog of war</a>, etc.).</p><p> 21st century militaries still use wargames to simulate future wars and <a href="/facts/Modelization/CGhyuxgz">model</a> their reaction. According to <a href="/facts/Manuel_de_Landa/Dk3o4Ice">Manuel de Landa</a>, after <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> the <a href="/facts/Command%2c_Control_and_Communications/t1huKNbX">Command, Control and Communications</a> (C3) was transferred from the military staff to the <a href="/facts/RAND_Corporation/zArfRxf9">RAND Corporation</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Think_tank/xl9t8HmC">think tank</a>. Around the mid to late 20th century, computer simulated war games were created to replace traditional war gaming methods with the goal of optimizing and speeding up the process and making it possible to analyze more complex scenarios with greater ease. In 1958, the Naval War college installed a computer war game system where their traditional war gaming activities were held. The system was called the Navy Electronic Warfare System, and cost over $10 million to install.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The change from traditional war gaming methods to electronic computer simulated ones meant that the value and accuracy of a war game simulation was less dependent on skill and individual experiences, and more dependent on quantitative data and complicated analysis methods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></p> <p><a href="/facts/John_von_Neumann/aUk6urof">Von Neumann</a> was employed by the RAND Corporation, and his <a href="/facts/Game_theory/zkEIj1ya">game theory</a> was used in wargames to model <a href="/facts/Nuclear_dissuasion/osrg3g9G">nuclear dissuasion</a> during the <a href="/facts/Cold_War/spJdJQ3q">Cold War</a>. Thus, the U.S. <a href="/facts/Nuclear_strategy/osrg3g9G">nuclear strategy</a> was defined using wargames, "<a href="/facts/Uncle_Sam/JHKSw9dQ">SAM</a>" representing the U.S. and "<a href="/facts/Ivan_the_Terrible/T0kT4xAs">IVAN</a>" representing the Soviet Union. </p><p>Early game theory included only <a href="/facts/Zero-sum_(game_theory)/ccouScgK">zero-sum games</a>, which means that when one player won, the other automatically lost. The <a href="/facts/Prisoner%2527s_dilemma/44kueSBQ">prisoner's dilemma</a>, which models the situation of two prisoners in which each one is given the choice to betray or not the other, gave three alternatives to the game: </p> <ul><li>Neither prisoners betrays the other, and both are given short-term sentences</li> <li>One prisoner betrays the other, and is freed, while the other gets a long sentence</li> <li>Both prisoners betray each other, and both are given mid-sized sentences</li></ul> <p>This model gave the basis for the <a href="/facts/Massive_retaliation/8azcDH0Q">massive retaliation</a> nuclear doctrine. The <a href="/facts/Zero-sum_fallacy/A6YVB4Cv">zero-sum fallacy</a> and <a href="/facts/Cooperative_game_theory/L2KfzepP">cooperative games</a> would be theorized only later, while the evolution of <a href="/facts/Nuclear_technology/lQvzhH3g">nuclear technology</a> and <a href="/facts/Missiles/C5VwQClz">missiles</a> made the massive retaliation nuclear strategy obsolete.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="list-of-military-exercises">List of military exercises</h2> <h3>Current and recurring</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>name</th><th>host</th><th>type</th><th>invitedparticipant(s)</th><th>focus</th><th>firstheld</th><th>frequency</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Anatolian_Eagle/JwJav5CI">Anatolian Eagle</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Aerial_warfare/DrDhkkQ1">aerial warfare</a></td><td>2001</td><td>no fixed schedule</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/AMAN_(naval_exercise)/XRHYlyQo">AMAN</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Maritime_security/KnwnjbXw">maritime security</a></td><td>2007</td><td>biannual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Balikatan/hBpSaoo0">Balikatan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a></td><td>bilateral</td><td></td><td>combined arms</td><td>1991</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/BALTOPS/cYQHBfg9">BALTOPS</a></td><td><a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Naval_warfare/Wtc3fJYw">naval warfare</a></td><td>1971</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Blue_Flag_(Israeli_Air_Force_exercise)/RvIwDjwa">Blue Flag</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a></td><td>bilateral</td><td></td><td>aerial warfare</td><td>2013</td><td>no fixed schedule</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Exercise_Bright_Star/JyzWu7lo">Bright Star</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a></td><td>bilateral</td><td></td><td>combined arms</td><td>1980</td><td>biannual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cooperation_Afloat_Readiness_and_Training/3zsB5weG">CARAT</a></td><td>United States</td><td>bilateral</td><td><a href="/facts/ASEAN/77wDkXmL">ASEAN</a> members</td><td>naval warfare</td><td>1995</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td>Caucasus exercises</td><td><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>combined arms</td><td>2006</td><td>approx. every 4 years</td></tr><tr><td>Centre exercises</td><td><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td>joint</td><td></td><td>combined arms</td><td>2011</td><td>every 4 years</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_Gold/tMDsd1I7">Cobra Gold</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>combined arms, military simulation, humanitarian aid and disaster relief</td><td>1982</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cold_Response/TX4VJpcr">Cold Response</a></td><td>NATO (<a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norway</a>)</td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>defence readiness</td><td>2006</td><td>biannual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Exercise_Croix_du_Sud/0y8bQYvg">Croix du Sud</a></td><td><a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Humanitarian_aid/KKYF2X7X">humanitarian aid</a> and <a href="/facts/Disaster_relief/YjGIyW91">disaster relief</a></td><td>2002</td><td>biannual</td></tr><tr><td>Dynamic Manta</td><td>NATO</td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>naval warfare</td><td>2006</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Garuda_Shield/s7qPfU8Y">Garuda Shield</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>combined arms, command post, humanitarian aid and disaster relief</td><td>2007</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td>Green Dagger</td><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>infantry combat</td><td>2019</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Exercise_Komodo/tmTdoYtD">Komodo Exercise</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Naval_Warfare/Wtc3fJYw">Naval Warfare</a></td><td>2014</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Malabar_(naval_exercise)/zK1L7p5M">Malabar</a></td><td><a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>naval warfare, maritime security</td><td>1992</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Maple_Flag/W1bmyQAM">Maple Flag</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td><a href="/facts/British_Armed_Forces/9XVvWRfp">United Kingdom</a>, United States</td><td>aerial combat</td><td>1978</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Real_Thaw/H9TJQGBM">Real Thaw</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a></td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>aerial combat</td><td>2009</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Exercise_Red_Flag/7JpLPDwL">Red Flag</a></td><td>United States</td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>aerial combat</td><td>1975</td><td>triennial / biannual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Red_Flag_%25E2%2580%2593_Alaska/volloJFB">Red Flag – Alaska</a></td><td>United States</td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>aerial warfare</td><td>2006</td><td>triennial / quad-annual</td></tr><tr><td>Resolute Dragon</td><td><a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td><td>bilateral</td><td></td><td>defence readiness, command and control</td><td>2021</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Exercise_RIMPAC/nFdY8KpY">RIMPAC</a></td><td>United States</td><td>multilateral</td><td></td><td>naval warfare</td><td>1971</td><td>biannual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Exercise_Saif_Sareea/oI6Aur8x">Saif Sareea</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Oman/yNr7BPbm">Oman</a></td><td>bilateral</td><td><a href="/facts/British_Armed_Forces/9XVvWRfp">United Kingdom</a></td><td>combined arms</td><td>1986</td><td>no fixed schedule</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Exercise_Talisman_Saber/kythLDyz">Talisman Saber</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></td><td>bilateral</td><td><a href="/facts/British_Armed_Forces/9XVvWRfp">United Kingdom</a>, United States</td><td>combined arms; combat readiness</td><td>2005</td><td>biannual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Varuna_(naval_exercise)/RwVgjDsk">Varuna</a></td><td>India</td><td>bilateral</td><td></td><td>naval warfare</td><td>1993</td><td>annual</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Vostok_Exercises_(disambiguation)/2RKE5GrE">Vostok Exercises</a></td><td>Russia</td><td>joint</td><td></td><td>combat readiness; command and control</td><td>2010</td><td>every 4 years</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/List_of_Zapad_exercises/IK9LYY80">Zapad</a></td><td>Russia, <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a></td><td>joint</td><td></td><td>varying focuses</td><td>1981</td><td>approx. every 4 years</td></tr><tr><th>name</th><th>host</th><th>type</th><th>invitedparticipant(s)</th><th>focus</th><th>firstheld</th><th>frequency</th></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Former, significant</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>name</th><th>host</th><th>type</th><th>invitedparticipant(s)</th><th>focus</th><th>held</th><th>frequency</th><th>significance</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fleet_problem/h93WGg77">Fleet problem</a></td><td>United States</td><td>joint</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Naval_warfare/Wtc3fJYw">naval warfare</a></td><td>1923–1941, 2014–2021</td><td>no fixed schedule</td><td>bulk of U.S. Navy exercises in the <a href="/facts/Interwar_period/EWLuS41R">interwar period</a> until <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Carolina_Maneuvers/gEPLedtW">Carolina Maneuvers</a></td><td>United States</td><td>joint</td><td></td><td>warfare strategy</td><td>1941</td><td>standalone</td><td>involved approximately 350,000 soldiers</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Louisiana_Maneuvers/Qcw5B6TN">Louisiana Maneuvers</a></td><td>United States</td><td>joint</td><td></td><td>warfare strategy</td><td>1941</td><td>standalone</td><td>involved approximately 400,000 soldiers, including several officers who would become prominent military leaders during <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Exercise_Reforger/7wu8v9hV">Reforger</a></td><td><a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a> (<a href="/facts/West_Germany/oCydk787">West Germany</a>)</td><td>multilateral</td><td>West Germany, <a href="/facts/British_Armed_Forces/9XVvWRfp">United Kingdom</a>, United States</td><td>combat readiness</td><td>1969–1988, 1990–1993</td><td>annual</td><td>display of preparedness in the event of war between <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a> and the <a href="/facts/Warsaw_Pact/SLEsUSAS">Warsaw Pact</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/North_China_Military_Exercise/IYlGBkPQ">North China Military Exercise</a></td><td><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td>joint</td><td></td><td>unknown</td><td>1981</td><td>standalone</td><td>involved over 114,000 soldiers; the largest Chinese military exercise up to that point</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Exercise_Able_Archer/y6R7xWkl">Able Archer</a></td><td>NATO</td><td>multilateral, command post</td><td></td><td>combat readiness, <a href="/facts/Nuclear_warfare/HLRLRh4F">nuclear warfare</a></td><td>unknown</td><td>annual</td><td><a href="/facts/Able_Archer_83/JXwUWf0p">Able Archer 83</a> was mistakenly perceived by the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> to be genuine NATO war preparations</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Operation_Brasstacks/wxLRbVGP">Brasstacks</a></td><td>India</td><td>joint</td><td></td><td>combined arms</td><td>1986–1987</td><td>standalone</td><td>involved approximately 500,000 soldiers; the largest military exercise on the <a href="/facts/Indian_subcontinent/0XUWGXpx">Indian subcontinent</a> in history</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Millennium_Challenge_2002/l4d0IkYp">Millennium Challenge</a></td><td>United States</td><td>simulation</td><td></td><td>warfare strategy</td><td>2002</td><td>standalone</td><td>restarted after Blueforce (representing the U.S.) was quickly defeated by Redforce (representing <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> or <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a>), with a new rule limiting Redforce's capabilities and favouring Blueforce, caused controversy when Blueforce won</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Caucasus_2009/SJBQ7PLQ">Caucasus 2009</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td>joint</td><td></td><td>combat readiness</td><td>2009</td><td>standalone</td><td>conducted as a <a href="/facts/Show_of_force/eCskULxt">show of force</a> against <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a> after the <a href="/facts/Russo-Georgian_War/mbQ1VVjM">Russo-Georgian War</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Union_Resolve_2022/Fe4U4L8y">Union Resolve 2022</a></td><td>Russia</td><td>bilateral</td><td></td><td>combined arms, warfare strategy</td><td>2022</td><td>standalone</td><td>a deception by Russia for mobilisation prior to the <a href="/facts/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022%25E2%2580%2593present)/TTeQCgSl">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/2022_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan/ALcGPMk1">2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan</a></td><td>China, <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a></td><td>joint (not involving Taiwan)</td><td></td><td>naval warfare; combined arms</td><td>2022</td><td>standalone</td><td>conducted as a show of force against the U.S. to deter American influence in Taiwan, shortly after U.S. <a href="/facts/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives/BtGvrhK1">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/facts/Nancy_Pelosi/paA48Kjg">Nancy Pelosi</a>'s <a href="/facts/2022_visit_by_Nancy_Pelosi_to_Taiwan/NKvRekYc">visit to Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr><th>name</th><th>host</th><th>type</th><th>invitedparticipant(s)</th><th>focus</th><th>held</th><th>frequency</th><th>significance</th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aggressor_squadron/Qj4g8M4F">Aggressor squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maneuver_warfare/JAgeqnGn">Maneuver warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flanking_maneuver/QpkIXjLe">Flanking maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Live_fire_exercise/jL7KMdS2">Live fire exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pincer_movement/tUjjDJkK">Pincer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Simulation/Q4QJV1oI">Simulation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201135508/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=complete_911_timeline&before_9%2F11=militaryExercises">Complete 911 Timeline:</a> Center for Cooperative Research – Military exercises up to 9/11</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Perla, Peter P. (1987). "War Games, Analyses, and Exercises". Naval War College Review. 40 (2): 44–52. ISSN 0028-1484. JSTOR 44636822. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44636822" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/44636822</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Rubel, Robert C. (2006). "The Epistemology of War Gaming". Naval War College Review. 59 (2): 108–128. ISSN 0028-1484. JSTOR 26396724. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26396724" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/26396724</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Why Russia and China's joint military exercises should worry the West". The Economist. Retrieved 13 September 2018. <a href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/06/why-russia-and-chinas-joint-military-exercises-should-worry-the-west" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/06/why-russia-and-chinas-joint-military-exercises-should-worry-the-west</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kuo, Raymond; Blankenship, Brian Dylan (2021). "Deterrence and Restraint: Do Joint Military Exercises Escalate Conflict?". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 66: 3–31. doi:10.1177/00220027211023147. ISSN 0022-0027. S2CID 237734258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027211023147" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027211023147</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"United States Military Exercises". Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030720/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/ex/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030720/https://fas.org/man/dod-101/ex/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Thompson, Megan M.; Jetly, Rakesh (1 August 2014). "Battlefield ethics training: integrating ethical scenarios in high-intensity military field exercises". European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 5 (s2): 23668. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23668. ISSN 2000-8198. PMC 4138704. PMID 25206947. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4138704" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4138704</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Glick, Stephen P.; Charters, L. Ian (1983). "War, Games, and Military History". Journal of Contemporary History. 18 (4): 567–582. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260304. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260304" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/260304</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Manuel de Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines, p. 127, Swerve Editions, New York, 1991 <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Landa" target="_blank">/wiki/Manuel_de_Landa</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Derian, James Der (1990). "The Simulation Syndrome: From War Games to Game Wars". Social Text (24): 187–192. doi:10.2307/827835. ISSN 0164-2472. JSTOR 827835. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/827835" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/827835</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ghamari-Tabrizi, Sharon (2000). "Simulating the Unthinkable: Gaming Future War in the 1950s and 1960s". Social Studies of Science. 30 (2): 163–223. doi:10.1177/030631200030002001. ISSN 0306-3127. JSTOR 285834. S2CID 143079407. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/285834" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/285834</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Concerning the use of military wargames, see Manuel de Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Landa" target="_blank">/wiki/Manuel_de_Landa</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>