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Biological and Health Sciences

Health, medicine, and disease

Anatomy and morphology

Biological processes and physiology

Biochemistry and molecular biology

Evolutionary biology

Part of the body between the chest and pelvis

Life arising from non-living matter

ABO blood group system

Classification of blood types

Abrasion (medicine)

Partial thickness wound caused by damage to the skin

Accommodation (vertebrate eye)

Focusing ability of eye

Organic chemical and neurotransmitter

Total color blindness

Acid–base homeostasis

Homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF)

Skin condition characterized by pimples

Human disease that results in excess growth of certain parts of the body

Family of proteins

Active transport

Cellular molecule transport mechanism against the concentration gradient

Alternative medicine practice characterized as quackery by modern medical science

Acute (medicine)

Disease with a rapid onset and/or a short course

Internal medicine specialty about immediate and early specialist management of adult patients with medical conditions who present in hospital as emergencies

Trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism maintained and evolved by natural selection

Disease resulting in compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences

Chemical compound in DNA and RNA

Adenosine triphosphate

Energy-carrying molecule in living cells

Cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat

Loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes

Endocrine gland

Hormone and medication

Undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other medical intervention

Root which grows above the ground

State of animal dormancy taking place in the summer

African swine fever virus

Species of virus

African trypanosomiasis

Parasitic disease

Biological process of getting older

Total loss of the sense of taste

Airborne transmission

Disease transmission by airborne particles

Α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins

Chemical compound

Active ingredient in alcoholic beverages

Alcohol intoxication

Negative effects due to ethanol (alcohol)

Problematic alcohol consumption

Main mineralocorticoid hormone steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

Class of naturally occurring chemical compounds

One of alternative forms of the same gene

Type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response

Allergic rhinitis

Immune system response to a substance that most people tolerate well

Allied health professions

Health care professions distinct from dentistry, nursing, medicine, and pharmacy

Alopecia areata

Medical condition

Rare neurodegenerative disease

Alternation of generations

Reproductive cycle of plants and algae

Alternative medicine

Form of non-scientific healing

Alzheimer's disease

Progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss

Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups

Beta-lactam antibiotic

Central nervous system stimulant

Antifungal and antiparasitaric chemical compound

Medical procedure

Medical condition

Hygienic practice that a person performs on the anal area of themselves after defecation

Any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain

Life-threatening allergic reaction

Anatomical variation

A notable variation from standard anatomy

Study of the structure of organisms

Any steroid hormone that promotes male characteristics

Reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen

State of medically-controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness

Medical specialty that focuses on anesthesia and perioperative medicine

Drug that causes anesthesia

Bulge in the wall of a blood vessel

Branch of internal medicine, which deals with vascular disease

Minimally invasive, endovascular procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries or veins, typically to treat arterial atherosclerosis.

Kingdom of living things

Animal coloration

General appearance of an animal

Animal embryonic development

Process by which the embryo is formed and develops

Animal locomotion

Self-propulsion by an animal

Animal migration

Periodic large-scale movement of animals, usually seasonal

Anorexia nervosa

Type of eating disorder

The inability to smell

Part of a plant producing and containing male gametes

Infection caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria

Antimicrobial substance active against bacteria

Immune system protein

Pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis

Molecule triggering an immune response (antibody production) in the host

Drug that binds to but does not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists

Drug used to kill microorganisms or stop their growth

Substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections

Antimicrobial substance used to destroy germs causing disease, on skin or other tissue of a living being

Antisocial personality disorder

Personality disorder

Medication used to treat a viral infection

Anxiety disorder

Cognitive disorder with an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations

Largest artery in the body

Inability to use spoken language

Programmed cell death in multicellular organisms

Arboreal locomotion

Movement of animals through trees

Organ of the gametophyte of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum

Ardipithecus (album)

2015 studio album by Willow

Ardipithecus kadabba

Ardipithecus ramidus

Extinct hominin from Early Pliocene Ethiopia

Proximal part of the free upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Type of joint disorder

Medical condition

Artificial life

A field of study wherein researchers examine systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of simulations, wet-lab experimentation, and robotics

Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation and retention of asbestos fibers

A disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides

Sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction without a sexual process

Chemical compound

Asperger syndrome

Neurodevelopmental disorder

Condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body caused by abnormal breathing

Long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs

Type of eye defect

Neurological impairment of voluntary muscle movement

Atherosclerosis

Form of arteriosclerosis

Skin infection of foot caused by fungus

Dephosphorylation enzyme

Upper chamber in the heart for blood to enter through

Anticholinergic medication used as antidote for nerve agent poisoning

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Neurodevelopmental disorder

Branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders

Auditory cortex

Part of the temporal lobe of the brain

Auditory system

Sensory system used for hearing

Medical condition

Listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope

Australopithecine

Extinct subtribe of the Hominini tribe, and members of the human clade

Australopithecus

Genus of hominin ancestral to modern humans

Australopithecus afarensis

Extinct hominid from the Pliocene of East Africa

Australopithecus africanus

Extinct hominid from South Africa

Australopithecus anamensis

Extinct hominin from Pliocene east Africa

Australopithecus bahrelghazali

Extinct species of hominin from 3.5 mya

Australopithecus deyiremeda

Proposed extinct species of hominin of Ethiopia from 3.5 to 3.3 mya

Australopithecus garhi

Extinct hominid from the Afar Region of Ethiopia 2.6–2.5 million years ago

Australopithecus sediba

Two-million-year-old hominin from the Cradle of Humankind

Neurodevelopmental disorder

Autoimmune disease

Abnormal immune response to a normal body part

Autonomic nervous system

Division of the peripheral nervous system supplying smooth muscle and glands

Cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm

Medical examination of a corpse

Any organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple substances present in its surroundings

Avian influenza

Influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds

Avoidant personality disorder

Medical condition

Avulsion injury

Injury in which a body structure is forcibly detached from its normal point of insertion

Long projection on a neuron that conducts signals to other neurons

Alternative medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent

Type of white blood cell

Group of vitamins

Bacterial capsule

Polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope in many bacteria

Bacterial cell structure

Specialized anatomy and physiology of bacteria

Virus that infects and replicates within bacteria

Balance disorder

Physiological disturbance of perception

Outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants

Unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds

Basement membrane

A thin fibrous layer between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue in animals

Fungal structure

Type of white blood cell

Washing or immersing the body with water

Biritish musical group

Class of psychoactive drugs with a core chemical structure of benzene and diazepine rings

Botanical fruit with fleshy pericarp, containing one or many seeds

Binomial nomenclature

System of identifying species of organisms using a two-part name

Biochemical cascade

Series of chemical reactions resulting in a cell response

The study of chemical processes in living organisms

Variety and variability of life forms

Group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and, often, to a surface

Biogeographic realm

Broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface

The study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time

Computational analysis of large, complex sets of biological data

Biological pigment

Substances produced by living organisms

Science that studies life

Plants and animals associated with an environment

Study of the structure and function of the mechanical aspects of biological systems

Molecule that is produced by a living organism

Medical test involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination

The global sum of all ecosystems on Earth

Chemical compound (vitamin B7)

Terrestrial locomotion using two limbs

Bipolar disorder

Mental disorder that causes periods of depression and abnormally elevated mood

Bipolar I disorder

Bipolar disorder that is characterized by at least one manic or mixed episode

Bipolar II disorder

Bipolar spectrum disorder

Anatomy of birds

Seasonal movement of birds

Process of giving birth to one or more offspring

Organ in humans and vertebrates that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal

Sphere of cells formed during early embryonic development in animals

Loss of blood escaping from the circulatory system

Body fluid in the circulatory system

Test to detect bloodstream infections

Blood withdrawal for use by another person via transfusion

Liquid component of blood

Pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels

Blood sugar level

Concentration of glucose present in the blood (Glycaemia)

Laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample

Blood transfusion

Intravenous transference of blood products

Classification of blood based on antibodies and antigens on red blood cell surfaces

Tubular structure of the circulatory system which transports blood

Blood–brain barrier

Semipermeable capillary border that allows selective passage of blood constituents into the brain

Bloodstream infection

Medical condition

Physical trauma caused to a body part, either by impact, injury or physical attack

Medical condition

Liquids inside of the human body, sometimes excreted or secreted

Body image disturbance

Altered perception of one's body image

Body mass index

Measure of relative weight based on an individual's mass and height

Odor produced by a living animal

Rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates

Physical damage to the continuity of a bone

Medical condition

Borderline personality disorder

Personality disorder characterized by unstable emotions, relationships, and self-image

Science of plant life

Human and animal disease

Bradymetabolism

Organisms with a high active metabolism

Organ that controls the nervous system in vertebrates and most invertebrates

Destruction or degeneration of brain cells

Neoplasm in the brain

Posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous

Structural part of trees and plants

Brassinosteroid

Class of plant hormones

Part of the female primate torso that has mammary glands

Cancer that originates in the mammary gland

Milk produced by the mammary glands in the breast of a human female

Feeding of babies or young children with milk from a woman's breast

Medical condition

Inflammation of the large airways in the lungs

Substance that decreases resistance in respiratory airways and increases airflow to the lungs

Airway in the respiratory tract

Bony ridge located above the eye sockets of all primates

Browsing (herbivory)

Type of herbivory

Type of hematoma of tissue

Disorder that involves involuntarily grinding or clenching of the teeth

Human and animal disease

A short plant stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases for food storage.

Bulimia nervosa

Type of eating disorder

Pair of enantiomers

Injury to flesh or skin, often caused by excessive heat

Caesarean section

Surgical procedure to deliver a baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen

Central nervous system stimulant

Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis

Concealment in plain sight by any means, e.g. colour, pattern and shape

Group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth and spread

Fungal infection due to any type of Candida

Cannabis (drug)

Psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant

Smallest type of blood vessel

Capsule (pharmacy)

Relatively stable shell containing medicine

Organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Carbon-based life

Life whose primary component is carbon

Substance, radionuclide, or radiation directly involved in causing cancer

Sudden stop in effective blood flow due to the failure of the heart to contract effectively

Muscular tissue of heart

Cardiogenic shock

Medical emergency resulting from inadequate blood flow due to dysfunction of heart ventricles

Branch of medicine dealing with the heart

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Emergency procedure for cardiac arrest

Cardiovascular disease

Class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels

Organism that eats mostly or exclusively animal tissue

Carnivorous plant

Plants which eat insects or arthropods

Class of chemical compounds; yellow, orange or red plant pigments

Eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Medical condition

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size of the species that the environment can support indefinitely

Resilient and smooth elastic tissue, rubber-like

Set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units

Clouding of the lens inside the eye, which leads to low vision

Class of chemical compounds

Medical practice to burn tissue

Chemical compound

Chemical compound

Basic unit of many life forms

Scientific discipline that studies cells

Academic journal

Biological processes that result in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell

Multiprotein complex that forms a point of contact or adhesion in animal cells

Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment

Eukaryotic membrane-bounded organelle containing DNA

System of communication

Outermost layer of some cells

Cellular differentiation

Transformation of a stem cell to a more specialized cell

Cellular respiration

Metabolic reactions in the cells of organisms converting chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) while releasing waste byproducts.

Polymer of glucose and structural component of cell wall of plants and green algae

Central dogma of molecular biology

Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that produces cilia and organizes the mitotic spindle

Class of pharmaceutical drugs

A prehistoric human skull cap from Italy.

Structure at the rear of the vertebrate brain, beneath the cerebrum

Cerebral cortex

Outer layer of the cerebrum of the mammalian brain

A group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood

Cerebrospinal fluid

Clear, colorless bodily fluid found in the brain and spinal cord

Large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex

Cervical cancer

Cancer arising from the cervix

The lower part of the uterus in the human female reproductive system

Human infectious disease

Chemical biology

Scientific discipline

Biological process building organic matter using inorganic compounds as the energy source

Treatment of cancer using drugs that inhibit cell division or kill cells

Human viral disease

Infection caused by the Chikungunya virus

Chinese herbology

Traditional Chinese herbal therapy

Form of alternative medicine

Long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine

Sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis

Green pigments found in plants, algae and bacteria

Plant organelle that conducts photosynthesis

Chloroplast DNA

DNA located in cellular organelles called chloroplasts

Antipsychotic medication

Mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the lungs

Bacterial infection of the small intestine

Sterol biosynthesized by all animal cells which is an essential structural component of all animal cell membranes

Complex of DNA and protein

Chromosomal translocation

Phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes

DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell

Chromosome abnormality

Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes

Chronic condition

Persistent human health condition or disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Lung disease involving long-term poor airflow

Chronic periodontitis

Chronic inflammatory process that affects the tissues that surround and support the teeth

Rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco leaves made to be smoked

Small roll of cut tobacco designed to be smoked

Organelle found on eukaryotic cells

Medicine that reduces stomach acid

Circadian rhythm

Natural internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle

Circulatory System (band)

American psychedelic rock band

Chronic disease of the liver, characterized by fibrosis

Citric acid cycle

Metabolic pathway

Class (biology)

Classical swine fever

Species of virus

Long bone that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum

Curved, pointed appendage at the end of a digit of a mammal or reptile

Cleavage (embryo)

Division of cells in the early embryo

Cleavage (embryo)

Early-stage embryo consisting of 16 cells

Female sex organ

Small piece of DNA that can be stably maintained in an organism for cloning

Process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot

Tropane alkaloid and stimulant drug

Snail-shaped part of inner ear involved in hearing

Opiate and prodrug of morphine used to treat pain

Two or more species influencing each other's evolution

A herpes simplex virus infection of the lip

Structural protein in animals

Color blindness

Decreased ability to see color or color differences

Ability of animals to perceive differences between light composed of different wavelengths independently of light intensity

State of unconsciousness

Toothed device used for styling, cleaning and managing hair and scalp

An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association in a relationship in which one benefits and the other is unaffected.

Common viral infection of the upper respiratory tract

Community (ecology)

Associated populations of species in a given area

Competition (biology)

Interaction where the fitness of one organism is lowered by the presence of another organism

Complementary DNA

Single-stranded DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

Complete blood count

Routine laboratory test of blood cells

Comprehensive metabolic panel

Group of 14 blood tests often used in medical diagnosis

Computational biology

Branch of biology

Medical condition

Photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision made to function in bright light

Congenital heart defect

Defect in the structure of the heart that is present at birth

Asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus

Inflammation of the eye

Connective tissue

Type of biological tissue in animals

Conservation biology

Study of threats to biological diversity

Convergent evolution

Independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages which creates analogous structures

Transparent front layer of the eye

Coronary artery disease

Disease characterized by plaque building up in the arteries of the heart

Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae

Cortex (botany)

Outer layer of a stem or root in a vascular plant

Human natural glucocorticoid hormone

Embryonic leaf first appearing from a germinating seed

Sudden expulsion of air from the lungs as a reflex to clear irritants

Contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Degenerative neurological disorder

Earliest anatomically modern humans in Europe

Respiratory condition that is usually triggered by an acute viral infection of the upper airway

Crown (dental restoration)

Prosthetic restoration that reproduces the crown of a tooth

Various biological tissues or structures

Broad and loose category of small proteins important in cell signaling

Class of chemical compounds

All of the contents of a eukaryotic cell except the nucleus

Chemical compound in nucleic acids

Network of filamentous proteins that forms the internal framework of cells

Liquid found in cells

Loss of hearing

Permanent end of an organism's life

Organism that breaks down dead or decaying organisms

Treatment for life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias

Deficit of total body water

Firm and fixed belief in that which is based on inadequate grounding

Long-term brain disorders causing impaired memory, reasoning, and normal function together with personality changes

Small projection on a neuron that receives signals

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system with branch-like extensions

Tropical disease caused by the dengue virus, transmitted by mosquito

Asian archaic human

Dental avulsion

Medical condition

Form of orthodontia

Dental extraction

Operation to remove a tooth

Cord of thin filaments used to remove food and dental plaque from between teeth in areas a toothbrush is unable to reach

Surgical component that interfaces with the bone of the jaw

Biofilm of microorganisms that grows on teeth

Dental restoration

Treatments to restore function, integrity, and morphology of teeth

Medical condition

Health care occupations caring for the mouth and teeth

Surgery of the teeth and jaw bones

Branch of medicine

Prosthetic devices constructed to replace missing teeth

Substance exerted in the groin or armpits to lessen the smell of body odour

Chemical compound

Dependent personality disorder

Personality disorder involving excess dependence on others

Depressive personality disorder

Personality disorder involving depression

Field of medicine dealing with the hair, nails, skin and its diseases

Dermatophytosis

Fungal infection of the skin

Layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues

Animal that feeds on decomposing plant and animal parts as well as faeces

Development of the human body

Processes of growth from a zygote to an adult human

Developmental Biology (journal)

Academic journal

Group of endocrine diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels

Response delay in amimal dormancy

Loose or liquid bowel movements

Benzodiazepine sedative

Medical condition

Diet (nutrition)

Sum of food consumed by an organism

Dietary supplement

Product that provides additional source of nutrients

Biological process of breaking down food

Diphenhydramine

Antihistamine medication

Bacterial disease

Abnormal condition that negatively affects an organism

Agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism

Cutting procedure used in anatomy

Distributive shock

Medical condition

Neurological condition causing impairment in spatial perception and stability

Dmanisi hominins

Hominid species or subspecies discovered in Dmanisi, Georgia

Molecule that carries genetic information

Class of enzymes

Member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates

Cellular mechanism

DNA replication

Biological process

Process of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA molecules

Domain (biology)

Dominance (genetics)

One gene variant masking the effect of another in the other copy of the gene

Organic chemical that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter

State of minimized physical activity of an organism

Any specific format for medications, specific to a dose and route

Genetic disorder, also known as "trisomy 21"

Tetracycline-class antibiotic

Class of combination vaccines

Infection by the Guinea worm

Respiratory impairment resulting from being in or underneath a liquid

Substance having an effect on the body

Category of drugs used to classify a drug according to certain criteria

Methods for transporting a drug in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired effect

Drug interaction

Change in the action or side effects of a drug caused

Ingestion or application of a drug in quantities greater than recommended or generally practiced

Technical analysis of a biological specimen to determine the presence or absence of drugs or their metabolites

Inflammation of the intestine causing diarrhea with blood

The study of factors producing the accumulation and perpetuation of defective genes/traits

Distortion of the sense of taste

Specific learning disability characterized by troubles with reading

Psychiatric disorder defined by chronic depression

Organ of hearing and balance

Membrane separating the external ear from the middle ear

Earliest known life forms

Putative fossilized microorganisms found near hydrothermal vents

Early modern human

Old Stone Age Homo sapiens

Eating disorder

Mental disorder defined by abnormal eating habits that negatively affect a person's physical or mental health

Viral hemorrhagic fever caused by ebolaviruses

Ecological niche

The fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.

Ecological restoration

Scientific study of renewing and restoring ecosystems

Ecological succession

The process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time

Scientific study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment

Community of living organisms together with the nonliving components of their environment

Ecosystem collapse

Loss of all biotic/abiotic features in an ecosystem

Ecosystem service

Benefits created by nature, forests and environmental systems

Organism where internal heating sources are small or negligible

Organic vessel in which an embryo first begins to develop

Clear liquid contained within an egg

Discharge of semen from the male reproductive tract

Joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm

Electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.

Multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development

Branch of biology studying prenatal biology

Embryonic stem cell

Pluripotent stem cell of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst

Emergency department

Medical treatment facility specializing in emergency medicine

Emergency medical services

Emergency services dedicated to providing out-of-hospital acute medical care and transport to definitive care

Emergency medicine

Medical specialty concerned with care for patients who require immediate medical attention

Inflammation of the brain

Endangered species

Species of organisms facing a very high risk of extinction

Ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location or habitat

Endocrine system

The body's hormone-producing glands

Cellular process

Inner layer of cortex in vascular plant roots

Endomembrane system

Membranes in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

Irregular network of membranes coterminous with the outer nuclear membrane in eukaryote cytoplasm that form a meshwork of tubular channels, often expanded into cisternae

Hormones and neuropeptides

Protective structure formed by bacteria

Organism that maintains body temperature largely by heat from internal bodily functions

Enhancer (genetics)

DNA sequence that binds activators to increase the likelihood of gene transcription

Scientific study of insects

Large biological molecule that acts as a catalyst

Variety of white blood cells

A profoundly debilitating, often deadly infectious disease, which proves highly contagious, yet limited to a specific area and period

Aspect of health and disease science

Outermost of the three layers that make up the skin

Epidermis (botany)

Layer of cells that covers leaves, flowers, roots of plants

Study of heritable DNA and histone modifications that affect the expression of a gene without a change in its nucleotide sequence.

Term in biology

Study of the gene expression changes caused by epigenetic processes, rather than DNA change

Group of neurological disorders causing seizures

Epinephrine (medication)

Use of epinephrine as medication

Tissue lining the surfaces of organs in animals

Erectile dysfunction

Human disease which results in trouble maintaining an erection

Chemical compound

Vertebrate organ through which food passes to the stomach

Essential amino acid

Amino acids required in diet since they can not be synthesized in body

Primary female sex hormone

Scientific objective study of non-human animal behaviour

Clade of flowering plants

Effort to improve purported human genetic quality

An organism that can function at a wide range of ambient temperatures.

Highest level of animal sociality a species can attain

Research project

Evolution of bacteria

Development of bacteria throughout time

Evolution of birds

Derivation of birds from a dinosaur precursor, and the adaptive radiation of bird species

Evolution of brachiopods

The origin and diversification of brachiopods through geologic time

Evolution of fish

The origin and diversification of fish through geologic time

Evolution of fungi

The origin and diversification of fungi through geologic time

Evolution of insects

Development of insects from an ancestral crustacean and their subsequent radiation

Evolution of mammals

Derivation of mammals from a synapsid precursor, and the adaptive radiation of mammal species

Evolution of molluscs

The origin and diversification of molluscs through geologic time

Evolution of reptiles

The origin and diversification of reptiles through geologic time

Evolution of spiders

The origin from a chelicerate ancestor and diversification of spiders through geologic time

Evolution of tetrapods

The evolution of four legged vertebrates and their derivatives

Evolutionary biology

The study of the processes that produced the diversity of life

Evolutionary developmental biology

Field of research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer the ancestral relationships

Evolutionary history of plants

The origin and diversification of plants through geologic time

Elimination by an organism of metabolic waste products

Bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness

Process of active transport by which a cell secretes intracellular molecules contained within a membrane-bound vesicle

Gene portion that is not removed during RNA splicing and becomes part of mature mRNA

External skeleton of an organism

Expression vector

Plasmid specifically used for protein expression in the target

Extended breastfeeding

Breastfeeding past 12 or 24 months, depending on regional definition

Termination of a taxon by the death of the last member

Extracellular fluid

Body fluid outside the cells of a multicellular organism

Extranuclear inheritance

Transmission of genes occurring outside the nucleus

Organisms capable of living in extreme environments

Organ that detects light and converts it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons

Eye examination

A series of tests assessing vision and pertaining to the eyes

Part of the body at the front of the head

Disposable paper used on the face

Facilitated diffusion

Biological process

Facultative bipedalism

Family (biology)

Taxonomic rank between genus and order

Family medicine

Medical specialty

Eye condition in which light is focused behind instead of on the retina

Fat (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Carboxylic acid

Body-covering structure of birds

Fecal–oral route

Disease transmission via pathogens from fecal particles

Sex of an organism which produces ova

Female reproductive system

Reproductive system of human females

Feminine hygiene

Personal care products for menstruation, vaginal discharge etc.

Opioid medication

Anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds

Union of opposite-sex gametes in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

Prenatal organism between the embryonic state and birth

Raised body temperature cause by disease

Animal connective tissue cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix, collagen, animal stroma and is involved in wound healing

Leg bone next to the tibia

Fin (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Organ of manipulation and sensation found in the hands of humans and other primates

Biometric identifier

Emergency first response medical treatment

Study of the form or morphology of fishes

Fission (biology)

Biological process

Fitness (biology)

Expected reproductive success

Cellular appendage functioning as locomotive or sensory organelle

Reproductive structure in flowering plants

Flowering plant

The clade of seed plants that produce flowers

Antifungal medication

Antidepressant medication

Flying and gliding animals

Animals that have evolved aerial locomotion

Vitamin B9; nutrient essential for DNA synthesis

Hypersensitivity reaction to a food

Collection of foods that share similar nutritional properties or biological classifications

Natural interconnection of food chains

Foodborne illness

Illness resulting from food that is spoiled or contaminated by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, or toxins

Foot (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Area of the head between the eyebrows and the hairline

Retractable fold of skin which covers and protects the glans of the penis

Standard protocol for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under the DOS operating system

Loss of genetic variation resulting from a few individuals establishing a new population

Frailty syndrome

Weakness in elderly person

Part of the brain

Effect of low temperature on skin and other tissues.

A simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants

Seed-bearing part of a flowering plant

Fungal infection

Fungal infection of animals, including humans

Soft, thick, hairy coat of a mammal

G protein-coupled receptor

Class of cell surface receptors coupled to G-protein-associated intracellular signaling

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain

Monosaccharide sugar

Disease where stones form in the gallbladder

Cell that fuses during fertilisation, such as a sperm or egg cell

Haploid stage in the life cycle of plants and algae

Type of tissue death by infection or lack of blood supply

Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

Gastroenterology

Branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders

Gastrointestinal tract

Organ system within humans and other animals pertaining to the stomach and intestines

Stage in embryonic development in which germ layers form

Sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for an RNA or protein product

Gene expression

Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products

The transfer of genetic variation from one population to another

General anaesthetic

Agent that induces a degree of analgesia

General practitioner

Type of medical doctor specialising as a generalist, usually working in primary care setting

Generalized anxiety disorder

Long-lasting anxiety not focused on any one object or situation

Genetic admixture

Result of interbreeding between two or more previously isolated populations within a species

Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins.

Genetic disorder

Health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome

Genetic disorder

Health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome

The change in the frequency of an existing gene variant in a population

Genetic linkage

Tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together

Genetic recombination

The production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent

Science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms

Infection by herpes simplex viruses of the genitals

All genetic material of an organism

Discipline in genetics

Part of the genetic makeup of a cell which determines one of its characteristics

Taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, and viruses

Specialty that focuses on health care of elderly people

Primary layer of cells in embryonic development

Germ theory of disease

Prevailing theory about diseases

Growth of an organism from a seed or spore

Reproductive cell line in a multicellular organism

Study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging

Gestational diabetes

Medical condition

Parasitic disease that results in diarrhea

Class of plant hormones

Form of thermoregulation by body size

Respiratory organ

Inflammation of the gums

Type of animal organ

End of the penis

Group of eye diseases related to high pressure in the eye

Class of corticosteroids

Gluconeogenesis

Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol

A simple form of sugar

Test used to estimate blood sugar levels

Amino acid and neurotransmitter

Chemical compound

Ubiquitous antioxidant compound in living organisms

Group of cereal grain proteins

Chemical compound

Glucose polymer used as energy store in animals

Metabolic pathway

Protein with oligosaccharide modifications

Boot loader package

Golgi apparatus

Sexually transmitted infection

Medical condition that results in recurrent pain and swelling of joints

Extinct hominin from Miocene Greece

Feeding livestock on forage

Various non-vascular tissues in plants

Peptide hormones that stimulate growth

Anatomical detail of human female sexual organ

Chemical compound of DNA and RNA

Form of physical trauma sustained from the discharge of arms or munitions

Medical area for women's reproductive health

The female organs of a flower

Weekly local newspaper that was published in Tel Aviv 1980-2017

Auditory nerve cells

Organ found in the dermal layer of the mammalian skin that regulates hair growth

Loss of hair from the head or body

Body hair removal

Stick brush with rigid or soft bristles used in hair care

Perception in the absence of external stimulation that has the qualities of real perception

Chemical compound

Haltlose personality disorder

Personality disorder

Hand (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Alternative to hand washing

Act of cleaning one's hands

Hand, foot, and mouth disease

Common human disease caused by a group of viruses

Group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation in all haplotypes

Hardy–Weinberg principle

Principle within genetics

Sports equipment and clothing company

Head and neck cancer

Cancer arises in the head or neck region

Head lice infestation

Medical condition

Pain in head or neck

Process of the restoration of health

1980 ensemble comedy film directed by Robert Altman

Prevention of disease and promotion of well-being

Health education

Education for awareness of and influence on the attitude of health

Sensory perception of sound by living organisms

Partial or total inability to hear

Noise generated by the beating heart

A flap of tissue that prevent backflow of blood around the heart

Burning sensation mainly due to gastric acid in the esophagus

Class of enzymes to unpack an organism's genes

Macroparasitic disease in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms

Study of blood and blood diseases

Hematopoietic stem cell

Stem cells that give rise to other blood cells

Medical procedure for purifying blood

Oxygen-transport metalloprotein in red blood cells

Vascular structures in the anal canal

The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part

An inflammation of the liver.

Acute infectious disease of the liver

Human viral infection

Human viral infection

Hepatitis C virus

Species of virus

Human infectious disease

Human disease caused by Orthohepevirus A

Herbal medicine

Study and use of supposed medicinal properties of plants

Animal adapted to eating plant material

Passing of traits to offspring from the species's parents or ancestor

Estimation of effect of genetic variation on phenotypic variation of a trait

Opioid analgesic and recreational drug

Viral disease caused by herpes simplex viruses

Herpes gladiatorum

Medical condition

Herpes simplex virus

Species of virus

Family of DNA viruses

Study of amphibians and reptiles

Number of early modern human fossils found in Herto Bouri, Ethiopia

Difference in a quantitative trait between heterozygous and homozygous genotypes

Metabolic system

Organism that ingests or absorbs organic carbon (rather than fix carbon from inorganic sources such as carbon dioxide) in order to be able to produce energy

Physiological state of dormant inactivity in order to pass the winter season

Involuntary contraction of the diaphragm

High-fructose corn syrup

Processed corn syrup

Chemical compound

Protein family around which DNA winds to form nucleosomes

History of cholera

Worldwide outbreaks and pandemics of cholera

History of life

The processes by which organisms evolved on Earth

Histrionic personality disorder

Personality disorder involving excessive emotionality and attention-seeking

Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS

Spectrum of conditions caused by HIV infection

Skin disease characterized by red, raised, and itchy bumps

Hodgkin lymphoma

Type of blood and immune-system cancer

Pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine based on the doctrine of "like cures like"

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

Thermoregulation that maintains a stable internal body temperature regardless of external influence

Tribe of mammals

Extinct relatives of modern humans

Homo antecessor

Archaic human species from 1 million years ago

Extinct species of archaic human

Extinct species or subspecies of archaic human

Homo floresiensis

Archaic human from Flores, Indonesia

Homo gautengensis

Name proposed for an extinct species of hominin from South Africa

Archaic human species from 2.1 to 1.5 mya

Homo heidelbergensis

Extinct species of the genus Homo

Archaic human from China, 146,000 BP

Homo luzonensis

Archaic human from Luzon, Philippines

Small-brained South African archaic human

Homo rhodesiensis

Species of mammal (fossil)

Homo rudolfensis

Extinct hominin from the Early Pleistocene of East Africa

Homologous recombination

Type of genetic recombination

Homology (biology)

Shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa

Horizontal gene transfer

A type of nonhereditary genetic change involving swapping of DNA or RNA other than from parent to offspring

Chemical released by the cells in one part of an organism that acts on cells in another part of that organism

Health care facility with specialized staff and equipment

Physiological symptom of menopause

Class of vaccines against human papillomavirus

External opening of the rectum

Interdisciplinary area of study

Collective structure of a human being

Human body temperature

Typical temperature range found in humans

Central organ of the human nervous system

Human digestive system

Digestive system in humans

Human embryonic development

Process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development

Human error assessment and reduction technique

Technique in human reliability assessment and error identification

Human evolution

Evolutionary process leading to anatomically modern humans

Mammalian eye; part of the visual organ of the human body, and move using a system of six muscles

Human fertilization

In homo sapiens, when nuclei of sperm & egg fuse to form a diploid cell, known as a zygote

Human fertilization

In homo sapiens, when nuclei of sperm & egg fuse to form a diploid cell, known as a zygote

Complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans

Human Genome Project

Research program for sequencing the human genome

Human hair color

Pigmentation of hair follicles

Upper portion of the human body

Lower extremity or limb of the human body (foot, lower leg, thigh and hip)

Part of human anatomy

Human musculoskeletal system

Organ system that gives humans the ability to move by using their muscular and skeletal systems

Feature of the face

Human nutrition

Provision of essential nutrients necessary to support human life and health

Human papillomavirus infection

Human male external reproductive organ

Human reproduction

Procreative biological processes of humanity

Human reproductive system

Organs involved in human reproduction

Internal framework of the human body

Organ covering the outside of the human body

Calcified whitish structure in humans' mouths used to break down food

Human variability

Range of possible values for any characteristic of human beings

Sound made by a human being using the vocal tract

Human–animal breastfeeding

Long bone of the upper arm

Sustained inability to eat sufficient food

Hybrid (biology)

Offspring of cross-species reproduction

Antihistamine drug

Practices performed to preserve health

Long term high blood pressure in the arteries

Hypertensive heart disease

Medical condition

Long, filamentous structure in fungi or Actinobacteria

Medical condition

Medical condition

Reduced ability to smell and to detect odors

Abnormally low blood pressure

Area of the brain below the thalamus

A human body core temperature below 35.0 °C

Hypothetical types of biochemistry

Possible alternative biochemicals used by life forms

Hypovolemic shock

Medical condition

Hypoxia (medicine)

Medical condition caused by lack of oxygen in the tissues

Medication used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation

Branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish

Last stage in an insect's metamorphosis

Tricyclic antidepressant medication

Biological system that protects an organism against disease

Immunity (medicine)

Balanced state of having adequate biological defenses to fight unwanted biological invasion

Branch of medicine studying the immune system

Human disease (bacterial infection)

Reproduction by closely related organisms

Second finger of the human hand

Invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents

Infectious diseases (medical specialty)

Medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections

Infectious mononucleosis

Common viral infectious disease

Inability to reproduce

Invasion and occupation by pests and parasites in host

Medical condition

Infectious disease, "the flu"

Influenza vaccine

Vaccine against influenza

Injection (medicine)

Method of medication administration

Physiological wound caused by an external source

Insect morphology

Structure and major workings inside the insect bodies

Introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female animal

Disorder causing trouble with sleeping

Inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behavior

Insular biogeography

Field within biogeography that examines the factors that affect the species richness and diversification of isolated natural communities

Peptide hormone

Insulin (medication)

Use of insulin protein and analogs as medical treatment

Integumentary system

Organ system that protects the body comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails)

Intellectual disability

Generalized neurodevelopmental disorder

Intelligence (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Intensive care medicine

Medical care subspecialty, treating critically ill

Intensive care unit

Hospital ward that provides intensive care medicine

Internal bleeding

Medical condition

Internal medicine

Medical specialty dealing with adult diseases

Intravenous therapy

Medication administered into a vein

Introduction to evolution

Non-technical overview of the subject of biological evolution

Introduction to genetics

Non-technical introduction to the subject of genetics

Introduction to viruses

Non-technical introduction to viruses

Sequence within a gene or mRNA that does not code for the amino acid sequence of a protein

Invasive species

Non-native organism causing ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage

General anaesthetic given via inhalation

Chemical compound

Uncomfortable skin sensation

Medication for parasite infestations

Japanese encephalitis

Infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus

Class of plant hormones

Homo erectus fossil discovered on the island of Java in 1891

Opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth, typically used for grasping and manipulating food; structures constituting the vault of the mouth and serving to open and close it and is part of the body plan of most animals

Location at which two or more bones make contact

Joint dislocation

Oldest known tool-making hominin

One of a family of fibrous structural proteins; protein that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress

Dissociative anesthetic and anti-depressant

Keystone species

Species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance

Vertebrate organ that filters blood and produces urine

Disease where the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products from the blood

Kidney stone disease

Formation of mineral 'stones' in the urinary tract

Kingdom (biology)

Form of thermoregulation in which an animal shares in the heat production of another

Region around the kneecap

Kruskal's tree theorem

Mathematical theorem on well-quasi-ordering of finite trees

Organization for queer and transgender people in Mumbai, India

The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young

Chemical compound

Landscape ecology

The science of relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems

Subspecies of the genus Homo (fossil)

Large intestine

Last part of the digestive system in vertebrates

Juvenile form of distinct animals before metamorphosis

Voice box, an organ in the neck of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

Corrective ophthalmological surgery

Poisoning by lead in the body, especially affects the brain

Photosynthetic part of a vascular plant

Learning disability

Range of neurodevelopmental conditions

Legionnaires' disease

Form of atypical pneumonia

Disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania type

Lens (vertebrate anatomy)

Transparent structure in the eye

Chronic disease caused by infection of two mycobacterial species

Hormone that inhibits hunger

Chemical compound

Group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow

Local anesthetic

Concept of extending human lifespan by improvements in medicine or biotechnology

Ligand (biochemistry)

Substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule

Light-dependent reactions

Photosynthetic reactions

Lightheadedness

Medical condition

A substance of biological origin that is soluble in nonpolar solvents

A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules

Panel of blood tests

Lipopolysaccharide

Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

Biochemical assembly whose purpose is to transport hydrophobic lipid molecules

Lithium iron phosphate battery

Type of Li-ion cell using LiFePO₄

Smallest finger of the human hand

Vertebrate organ involved in metabolism

Medical condition

Organism resembling a form long shown in the fossil records

Local anesthetic

Medications to reversibly block pain

Longer than typical lifespan, especially of humans

Chemical compound

Medication used to treat allergies

Medical condition

Hallucinogenic drug

Lucy (Australopithecus)

3.2 million year old hominin from Hadar

Lumbar puncture

Procedure to collect cerebrospinal fluid

Organ for breathing air

Cancer in the lung

Chemical compound: naturally occurring carotenoid

Infectious disease caused by Borrelia bacteria, spread by ticks

Fluid that circulates throughout lymphatic system

Organ of the lymphatic system

Lymphatic system

Organ system in vertebrates

Lymphatic vessel

Tubular vessels that are involved in the transport of lymph and lymphocytes

Hematologic cancer that affects lymphocytes that reside in the lymphatic system and in blood-forming organs

Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species

Type of white blood cell

Clade of flowering plants

Major depressive disorder

Mental disorder involving persistent low mood, low self-esteem and loss of interest

Injury that could cause prolonged disability or death

Study of molluscs

Mosquito-borne disease

Sex of an organism which produces sperm

Male reproductive system

Reproductive system of the human male

Medical condition that results from eating too little, too much, or the wrong nutrients

Chemical compound

Study of mammals

The lower jaw bone

Granulated cell found in almost all tissues

Psychoactive drug, often called ecstasy

Viral disease affecting humans

Device to be used for medical purposes

Medical diagnosis

Process to determine or identify a disease or disorder, which would account for a person's symptoms and signs

System of moral principles of the practice of medicine

Medical genetics

Medical specialty that involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders

Medical procedure

Process of medicine done to heal; course of action intended to achieve a result in the delivery of healthcare

Medical specialty

Branch of medicine concerning a specific group of diseases or population

Medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or monitor diseases, disease processes, susceptibility, or to determine a course of treatment

Substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease

Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness

Medulla oblongata

Structure of the brain stem

Medulloblastoma

Most common type of primary brain cancer in children

Type of cell division in sexually-reproducing organisms used to produce gametes

Group of natural pigments found in most organisms

Cancer originating in melanocytes

Hormone released by the pineal gland

Membrane potential

Electric potential difference between interior and exterior of a biological cell

Membrane protein

Proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes.

Membrane transport

Collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes through biological membranes

Mendelian inheritance

Type of biological inheritance

Inflammation of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord

Time when menstrual periods stop permanently

Feminine hygiene device worn inside the vagina during menstruation

Menstrual cycle

Natural changes in the human female reproductive system

Absorbent item worn in the underwear by the people who are menstruating, bleeding after giving birth or similar

Periodic shedding of the uterine lining

Mental disorder

Medical condition

Level of psychological well-being

Mercury Poisoning

1979 song by Graham Parker

Type of plant tissue involved in cell proliferation

Naturally occurring psychedelic compound

Cancer associated with asbestos

RNA that is read by the ribosome to produce a protein

The set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms

Metacarpal bones

Profound change in body structure during the postembryonic development of an organism

Spread of a disease inside a body

Metatarsal bones

Bones in the foot

Group of stereoisomers

Methamphetamine

Central nervous system stimulant

Group of stereoisomers

Resting or dormant stage of a microorganism

The study of microscopic organisms

Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population

Filament in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Microscopic living organism

Micropaleontology

The branch of paleontology that studies microfossils

Small non-coding ribonucleic acid molecule

Polymer of tubulin that forms part of the cytoskeleton

Benzodiazepine used for anesthesia and procedural sedation

Forward-most portion of the brainstem

Third finger of the human hand

Health science and profession that deals with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period (including care of the newborn)

Disorder resulting in recurrent moderate-severe headaches

Imitation of another species for selective advantage

Natural death of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently

Missing link (human evolution)

Non-scientific term for a transitional fossil

Mitochondrial DNA

DNA located in cellular organelles called mitochondria

Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration

The division of a cell nucleus in which the genome is copied and separated into two identical halves

Any of several combined vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella

Organisms used to study biology across species

Molecular biology

Branch of biology which studies biological activity at the molecular level

Molecular evolution

Process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules across generations

Molecular genetics

Scientific study of genes at the molecular level

Exoskeleton of an animal in the phylum Mollusca

Type of color vision

Clade of flowering plants

Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose

Group of conditions characterised by a disturbance in mood

Pain medication of the opiate family

Morphology (biology)

In biology, the form and structure of organisms

Mosquito-borne disease

Disease caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes

Process by which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body

First portion of the alimentary canal that receives food

Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

Artificial ventilation using exhaled air from the rescuer

Liquid rinse for oral hygiene

Culmination of one multiple pregnancy, wherein the mother delivers two or more offspring;applicable to placental species

Multiple sclerosis

Disease that damages the myelin sheaths around nerves

Programming language

Basic biological tissue present in animals

Type of cell found in muscle tissue

Muscle contraction

Activation of tension-generating sites in muscle

Muscular system

Internal framework of the human body

Mushroom poisoning

Harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom

Chemical agent that increases the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids

Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome

Medical condition

Mutualism (biology)

A relationship between organisms of different species in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other

The vegetative part of a fungus

Branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi

Infestation of parasitic maggots

Myocardial infarction

Interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart

Medical condition

Problem with distance vision

Superfamily of motor proteins

Hard keratin protection of digit

Subspecies of homo erectus

Piece of cloth or paper used to wipe one's face or skin while eating

A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain, menstrual cramps, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and fever

Narcissistic personality disorder

Personality disorder

Natural killer cell

Type of cytotoxic lymphocyte

Natural selection

Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individuals

Form of alternative medicine

Medical symptom or condition

The belly button

Extinct Eurasian species or subspecies of archaic humans

Device for helping people with asthma breathe better

Unprogrammed cell death caused by external cell injury

Neglected tropical diseases

Diverse group of tropical infection diseases which are common in developing countries

Medical care of newborns, especially the ill or premature

Abnormal mass of tissue as a result of abnormal growth or division of cells

Highly complex part of an animal that coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals between different parts of the body

Main component of the nervous system

Medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system

Neuron (software)

Simulation environment for modeling neurons

Scientific study of the nervous system

Class of mental disorders involving distress without psychosis

Neurotransmitter

Chemical substance that enables neurotransmission

Most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant white blood cell

Niche construction

Process by which an organism shapes its environment

Mild chemical stimulant naturally found in some plants

Organic compound and a form of vitamin B3

Nipah virus infection

Disease caused by Nipah virus

Part of the breast

Chemical compound

Nitrous oxide (medication)

Gas used as anesthetic and for pain relief

Non-cellular life

Life that has no cellular structure

DNA not coding for protein. Often translated to RNA and critical in regulating other genes

Class of ribonucleic acid that is not translated into proteins

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Class of therapeutic drug for relieving pain and inflammation

Type of viruses that cause gastroenteritis

Organ that smells and facilitates breathing

Bleeding from the nose

Nuclear envelope

Membrane part of the nuclear envelope

Class of large biomolecules essential to all known life

Nucleic acid structure

Organization of DNA and RNA molecules at different scales

Largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Biological molecules that form the building blocks of nucleic acids

Health care profession

In botany, type of dry indehiscent fruit

Provision to cells and organisms to support life

Nymph (biology)

Immature form of some invertebrates

Medical condition of excess body fat

Obsessive–compulsive disorder

Mental disorder

Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder

Personality disorder involving orderliness

Medical specialty concerning pregnancy and childbirth

Obstetrics and gynaecology

Medical specialty

Obstructive shock

A form of shock associated with physical obstruction of the great vessels or the heart itself

Part of the brain

Occupational safety and health

Field concerned with the safety, health and welfare of people at work

Occupational therapy

Therapy to increase skills related to work or independent living

Olfactory system

Sensory system used for smelling

Ombudsman against Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation (Sweden)

Swedish anti-discrimination agency

Animal that can eat and survive on both plants and animals

Human helminthiasis

Branch of medicine dealing with cancer

Origination and development of an organism, usually from the time of egg fertisliation through to adult form

Medical condition

Complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanomas

Undifferentiated female germ cell

Medical condition

Operating theater

A room in a hospital in which surgeries are performed

Group of open reading frames under the same regulation

Field of medicine treating eye disorders

Psychoactive chemical

Dried latex obtained from the opium poppy

Opportunistic infection

Infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available

Second cranial nerve, which connects the eyes to the brain

Field of health care which involves examining the eyes for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease

Oral administration

Route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth

Cleaning the mouth by brushing the teeth and cleaning in between the teeth.

Oral rehydration therapy

Type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration

Order (biology)

Organ (biology)

Collection of tissues with similar functions

Organ transplantation

Medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient

Specialized subunit within a cell

Individual living life form

Postulated early hominin discovered in Kenya

Specialty of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns

Orthomyxoviridae

Family of RNA viruses including the influenza viruses

Orthopedic cast

Medical aid for the treatment of bone fractures

Orthopedic surgery

Branch of surgery concerned with the musculoskeletal system

Antiviral medication used against influenza A and influenza B

An organism's active control of the osmotic pressure of its fluids to maintain homeostasis

Three bones in either middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body

Form of arthritis caused by degeneration of joints

Alternative medicine emphasizing muscle and bone manipulation

Otorhinolaryngology

Surgical subspeciality concerned with ear, nose, and throat conditions

Female reproductive organ that produces egg cells

Release of a mature ovum from an ovary

Peptide hormone and neuropeptide

Pain (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Branch of botany and paleontology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environments across geologic timescales

The scientific study of life prior to roughly 11,700 years ago

Palliative care

Area of healthcare that focuses on relieving and preventing the suffering of patients

An organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates

Pancreatic cancer

Endocrine gland cancer located in the pancreas

Widespread, often global, epidemic of severe infectious disease

Pantothenic acid

Chemical compound

Cervical screening test to detect potential cancers

Absorbent towel made from paper

Common medication for pain and fever

Healthcare professional who works in emergency medical situations

Paranoid personality disorder

Personality disorder involving mistrust of others

Contested extinct genus of hominins

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Extinct species of hominin of East Africa

Paranthropus boisei

Extinct species of hominin of East Africa

Paranthropus robustus

Extinct species of hominin of South Africa

Parasitic disease

Medical condition

Relationship between species where one organism lives on or in another organism, causing it harm

Parasympathetic nervous system

A division of the autonomic nervous system

Part of the brain responsible for sensory input and some language processing

Parkinson's disease

Long-term degenerative neurological disorder

Parthenogenesis

Natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization

Passive transport

Membrane transport that occurs down an electrochemical gradient and does not require energy

Passive–aggressive personality disorder

Personality disorder characterized by procrastination, covert obstructionism, inefficiency and stubbornness

Bone of the leg in front of the knee

Biological entity that causes disease in its host

Pathogen transmission

Passing of a pathogen from one organism to another

Pathogenic bacteria

Disease-causing bacteria

Pathogenic Escherichia coli

Strains of E. coli that can cause disease

Study of disease

Pattern hair loss

Medical condition

Structural heteropolysaccharide in the primary cell walls of land plants and some algae

Pediatrics (journal)

Academic journal

Sexual attraction to prepubescent children

Subspecies of the genus Homo (fossil)

Lower part of the trunk of the human body between the abdomen and the thighs

Proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant of a gene that also express an associated trait

Penetrating trauma

Group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi

Medical condition

Penis (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Short chains of 2–50 amino acids

Polymer in bacterial cell walls

Periodontal disease

Medical condition

Peripheral artery disease

Abnormal narrowing of arteries other than those that supply the heart or brain

Peripheral nervous system

Part of the nervous system

Serous membrane that forms lining of abdominal cavity or coelom

Type of organelle

Personal grooming

Specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites

Personality disorder

Maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience

Part of most types of flower

Fossilized remains of plants

Therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.

Digital bone in the hands and feet of most vertebrates

Healthcare professional

Pharmacodynamics

Study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs

Pharmacokinetics

Branch of pharmacology

Branch of biology concerning drugs

Pharmacotherapy

Medical treatment using approved pharmaceutical products

The science, technique and occupation of preparing and dispensing medicines

Part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity

Dissociative hallucinogenic drug, mostly used recreationally

Composite of the organism's observable characteristics or traits

Type of α-amino acid

Sugar transport tissue in vascular plants

Anxiety disorder defined by a persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation

Medical condition

Lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester

Abnormal intolerance to visual perception of light

Photoreceptor cell

Type of neuroepithelial cell

Biological process to convert light into chemical energy

Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

A high level taxonomic rank for organisms sharing a similar body plan

Physical disability

Limitation on a person's physical functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina

Physical examination

Process by which a medical professional investigates the body of a patient for signs of disease

Physical fitness

State of health and well-being

Physical therapy

Health care profession that aims to address the illnesses or injuries that limit a person's physical abilities to function in everyday life

Professional who practices medicine

Science of the function of living systems

Proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter

In botany, a tissue in the stems of vascular plants. the central region of a stem, the inner part of the stele that is produced by differentiation of the ground meristem

Pituitary gland

Endocrine gland at the base of the brain

Substance or treatment of no therapeutic value

Organ that connects the foetus to the uterine wall

Plague (disease)

Specific contagious and frequently fatal human disease caused by Yersinia pestis

Kingdom of mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes

Study of the internal structure of plants

Plant embryonic development

Process that occurs after the fertilization of an ovule to produce a fully developed plant embryo

Chemical compounds that regulate plant growth and development

Plant morphology

Study of the structure of plants

Plant nutrition

Study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for normal plant life

Plant pathology

Scientific study of plant diseases

Plant physiology

Subdiscipline of botany

Plant reproduction

Production of new individuals or offspring in plants

Plant reproductive morphology

Study of the physical form and structure (the morphology) of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned with sexual reproduction

Structural axis of a vascular plant

Small DNA molecule within a cell

Fine cytoplasmic channel in higher plants that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell

Plastic surgery

Medical surgical specialty

Component of blood aiding in coagulation

Number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

Inflammation of the alveoli of the lungs

Medicine branch focusing on human lower extremities

Organism with considerable internal temperature variation

Replacement, insertion, or deletion of a single DNA or RNA nucleotide

Substance that causes death, injury or harm to organs

Infectious disease caused by poliovirus

Vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis

The grains containing the male gametophytes of seed plants

Biological processes occurring in plants

Long carbohydrate polymers comprising starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

Medical term; condition of a person who has been subjected to multiple traumatic injuries

Part of the brainstem

All the organisms of a given species that live in a specified region

Population bottleneck

The effects of a sharp reduction in numbers on the diversity and robustness of a population

Population genetics

Study of genetic differences within and between populations including the study of adaptation, speciation, and population structure

Post-nasal drip

Medical condition

Postterm pregnancy

Medical condition

Post-transcriptional modification

A set of biological processes by which an eukaryotic RNA primary transcript is modified following transcription to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule

Post-translational modification

Biological processes

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Mental disorder associated with trauma

Biological interaction

Time of offspring development in mother's body

Pregnancy (mammals)

Period of reproduction during which a female mammal carries one or more live offspring from implantation in the uterus through gestation

Pregnancy in fish

Medical procedure

Premenstrual syndrome

Emotional and physical symptoms that occur one to two weeks before a menstrual period

Medical condition associated with aging of the eye

Prescription drug

Medication legally requiring a medical prescription before it can be dispensed

Birth at less than a specified gestational age

Preventive healthcare

Prevention of the occurrence of diseases

Pathogenic type of misfolded protein

Local anesthetic drug

Steroid hormone that activates the progesterone receptor

Programmed cell death

Death of a cell mediated by intracellular program, often as part of development

Proline (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Promoter (genetics)

Region of DNA encouraging transcription

Intravenous medication used in anaesthesia

Beta blocker drug

Prostate cancer

Male reproductive organ cancer

Protein complexes which degrade unnecessary or damaged proteins by proteolysis

Biological molecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues

Protein (nutrient)

Nutrient for the human body

Protein biosynthesis

Assembly of proteins inside biological cells

Protein folding

Change of a linear protein chain to a 3D structure

Protein structure

Three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule

Protein targeting

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles, usually requiring an organelle-specific protein sequence motif

Proteinogenic amino acid

Amino acid that is incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation

Set of proteins that can be expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism

Large-scale study of proteins

Chemical compound found in some species of mushrooms

Psychedelic drug

Hallucinogenic class of psychoactive drug

Psychiatric hospital

Hospital specializing in the treatment of serious mental disorders

Psychiatric medication

A drug used to treat mental health disorders

Branch of medicine devoted to mental disorders

Psychoactive drug

Chemical substance that alters nervous system function

Mental disorder characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy and remorse, and bold, disinhibited, and egotistical traits

Abnormal condition of the mind

Transition from a immature child to a sexually mature adult

Promoting health through informed choices

Pulmonary alveolus

Hollow cavity found in the lungs

Study of respiratory diseases

Pulse (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Purkinje effect

Tendency for sight to shift toward blue colors at low light levels

Chemical compound

Promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices

Form of terrestrial locomotion in animals using four limbs

Quantitative genetics

The study of the inheritance of continuously variable traits

Medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis

r/K selection theory

Ecological theory concerning the selection of life history traits

Deadly viral disease, transmitted through animals

Group of vaccines against infection of humans and animals with the rabies virus

Radiation therapy

Therapy using ionizing radiation, usually to treat cancer

First part of a seedling to emerge from the seed during the process of germination

Branch of Medicine

One of the two long bones of the forearm

Medication that decreases stomach acid

Rapid eye movement sleep

Unique phase of sleep in mammals and birds, characterized by the random/rapid movement of the eyes

Receptor (biochemistry)

Protein molecule receiving signals for a cell

Recombinant DNA

DNA molecules formed by human agency at a molecular level generating novel DNA sequences

Recreational drug use

Use of a drug with the primary intention to alter the state of consciousness

Oxygen-delivering blood cell and the most common type of blood cell

Red Deer Cave people

Archaic humans from 12,500 BCE in southwest China

Reduction (orthopedic procedure)

Orthopaedic surgical procedure

Communications protocol

Refractive error

Problem with focusing light accurately on the retina due to the shape of the eye

Regulation of gene expression

Process that modulates frequency, rate or extent of gene expression

Reperfusion therapy

Medical treatment that restores blood flow through blocked arteries, typically after a heart attack

Repetitive strain injury

Medical condition

Biological process by which new organisms are generated from one or more parent organisms

Reproductive isolation

Evolutionary mechanism for speciation

Reproductive system

System of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction

Research School for Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment

Respiration (physiology)

Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between environment and tissues

Respiratory failure

Inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system

Respiratory rate

Breathing frequency; rate at which breathing occurs, usually measured in breaths per minute

Respiratory sounds

Medical condition

Respiratory system

Biological system in animals and plants for gas exchange

Respiratory tract infection

Infectious disease affecting nose, throat and lungs

Restriction enzyme

Class of enzymes that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites

Part of the eye

Reverse genetics

Method in molecular genetics

Reverse transcriptase

An enzyme which generates DNA

Reverse zoonosis

Pathogens capable of transmitting from humans to other non-human animals

Rh blood group system

Human blood group systems

Rheumatic fever

Post-streptococcal inflammatory disease

Rheumatoid arthritis

Type of autoimmune arthritis

Type of medical symptom where the nasal cavity is filled with fluid mucus

Light-sensitive receptor protein

Long curved bone surrounding the chest

Vitamin and supplement

Group of simple sugar and carbohydrate compounds

RNA component of the ribosome, essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms

Synthesizes proteins in cells

Rift Valley fever

Human and livestock viral disease

The third from thumb finger of a human hand

Family of large biological molecules

RNA interference

Biological process of gene regulation

Class of enzymes that synthesize RNA from a DNA template

Process in molecular biology

Photoreceptor cells that can function in lower light better than cone cells

Basal organ of a vascular plant

Hollow part of the root of a tooth

Root canal treatment

Procedure to disinfect and fortify the interior of a tooth

Route of administration

Path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body

Human viral disease

Sadistic personality disorder

Personality disorder diagnosis involving sadism

Shaving implement

Extinct hominid from Miocene Africa

Short-acting bronchodilator used for acute asthma

Chemical compound used in medicines and industry

Bodily fluid secreted by saliva glands

Chemical compound

The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell

Disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Medical condition

Scale (zoology)

Small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin

Infectious disease

Organism that feeds on dead animal and/or plants material

Schistosomiasis

Human disease caused by parasitic worms called schistosomes

Schizoid personality disorder

Personality disorder involving social isolation and emotional coldness

Mental illness characterized by psychosis

Schizotypal personality disorder

Medical condition

Screening (medicine)

Brief evaluation to detect unnoticed health problems

Anatomical male reproductive structure that consists of a suspended sack of skin surrounding the testicles

Seasonal affective disorder

Medical condition

Second messenger system

System of signaling molecules within a cell

Hormone involved in stomach, pancreas and liver secretions

Young plant developing out from a seed

Period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain

Self-defeating personality disorder

Proposed personality disorder

Deterioration of function with age

Sense that detects odors

Sensory nervous system

Part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information

Any of the separate parts of the calyx of a flower (excluding the bracts), usually green

Life-threatening organ dysfunction triggered by infection

Medical condition that occurs when sepsis leads to dangerously low blood pressure

Antidepressant (SSRI class) medication

Sex (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Sex-specific patterns of inheritance

Biological part involved in sexual reproduction

Sex-determination system

Biological system that determines how we determine the sexual characteristics in an organism

Sexual and reproductive health

State of the reproductive system without evidence of disease, disorders, or deficiencies

Sexual dimorphism

Evolved difference in sex-specific characteristics

Sexual dysfunction

Difficulty experienced by humans during any stage of normal sexual activity

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two organisms

Sexually transmitted infection

Infection transmitted through human sexual behavior

Hair care product

Removal of hair with a razor or other bladed implement

Cream applied to areas of hair growth to facilitate shaving

Shock (circulatory)

Medical condition of insufficient blood flow

Liquid products used for cleaning the body

A small- to medium-sized perennial wood plant

Side effect (disambiguation)

Sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age

Signal transduction

Cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell

Signs and symptoms

Indications of a specific illness, including psychiatric

Medical drug for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension

Skeletal muscle

One of three major muscle types

Part of the body that forms the supporting structure

Soft outer covering organ of vertebrates

Medical condition involving uncontrolled growth of skin cells

Skin disease caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites or virus

Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice

Group of skinheads opposing racism

Bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates

Bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates

Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity

Disorder involving pauses in breathing during sleep

Medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person

Sleep in animals

Small intestine

Organ in the gastrointestinal tract

Eradicated viral disease

Smallpox vaccine

Vaccine against Variola virus

Practice of inhaling a burnt substance for psychoactive effects

Tool specifically made to smoke tobacco or other products

Involuntary non-striated muscle

Injury caused by a bite from a snake

Semi-autonomous, convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth

Social anxiety disorder

Medical condition

Form of collective animal behaviour

Subdiscipline of biology regarding social behavior

Extinct subspecies of Homo erectus

Any biological cell forming the body of an organism

Somatosensory system

Nerve system for sensing touch, temperature, body position, and pain

Medical condition

Evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species

Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus

Speech disorder

Medical condition

Speech–language pathology

Disability therapy profession

Male reproductive cell in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction

Spermatogenesis

Process of formation of spermatozoa germ cells

Bony structure found in vertebrates

Long, tubular central nervous system structure in the vertebral column

Internal organ in most vertebrate animals

Medical condition

An enclosure in which spores are formed

Spore (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga

Sports medicine

Medical branch concerned with the effects of sport and exercise

Damage to one or more ligaments in a joint

Medical condition

The male organ of a flower

Staphylococcal infection

Medical condition

Glucose polymer used as energy store in plants

Stele (biology)

Botanical term for vascular cylinder

Undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells

Organism requiring a specific ambient temperature

Sterilization (medicine)

Medical technique that intentionally leaves a person unable to reproduce

Flat bone in the middle front part of the rib cage

Polycyclic organic compound having sterane as a core structure

Steroid hormone

Substance with biological function

Death of a fetus before or during delivery, resulting in delivery of a dead baby

In plants, a variable pore between paired guard cells

Digestive organ

Medical condition

Knife used to remove body hair

Strain (injury)

Medical condition

Streptococcal pharyngitis

Medical condition

Stress (biology)

Organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition or a stimulus

Group of chemical compounds

Death of a region of brain cells due to poor blood flow

Structural biology

Study of molecular structures in biology

Speech disorder

Taxonomic rank subordinate to species

Substance Abuse

Topics referred to by the same term

Substance dependence

Need for a drug, whose discontinuation results in withdrawal symptoms

Substance use disorder

Continual use of drugs (including alcohol) despite detrimental consequences

Disaccharide composing of glucose and fructose

Generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates

Intentional act of causing one's own death

Situation in which a person is attempting to kill themselves or is seriously contemplating or planning to do so

Suicide methods

Means by which a person dies by suicide

Burning of the skin by the sun's radiation

Supercentenarian

Someone who has lived to or passed their 110th birthday

Physician with surgical specialty

Medical procedures that involve incisive or invasive instruments into body cavities

Societal goal and normative concept

Evolutionary theory holding that eukaryotic organelles evolved through symbiosis with prokaryotes

Close, long-term biological interaction between distinct organisms (usually species)

Sympathetic nervous system

Division of the autonomic nervous system

Symptomatic treatment

Medical treatment that only affects a condition's symptoms

Syncope (medicine)

Transient loss of consciousness and postural tone

Association of several clinically recognizable features

Neurological condition involving the crossing of senses

Synthetic biology

Interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering

Sexually transmitted infection

The study of the diversification and relationships among living things through time

Systems biology

Computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems

White blood cells of the immune system

Tablet (pharmacy)

Solid form for doses of drugs or medication often taken orally

Larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian

Parasitic disease due to infection with tapeworms belonging to the genus Taenia

Rear appendage of organism

Feminine hygiene product to absorb menstrual flow by insertion into the vagina

Dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally

Tarsus (skeleton)

Bones of the foot

Sense of chemicals on the tongue

Homo erectus fossil

Taxonomy (biology)

Science of naming, defining and classifying organisms

Telogen effluvium

Medical condition

One of the four lobes of the mammalian brain

Type of tissue that connects muscle to bone

Specialisation of plant parts used to climb or bind

Condition in which the outer part of the elbow becomes sore and tender

Terminator (genetics)

Section of genetic sequence that marks the end of gene or operon on genomic DNA for transcription

Internal organ in the male reproductive system

Testicular cancer

Medical condition

Primary male sex hormone

Bacterial infection characterized by muscle spasms

Type of color vision with four types of cone cells

Tetracycline antibiotics

Type of broad-spectrum antibiotic

Undifferentiated vegetative tissue of certain organisms

Academic journal

Attempted medical remediation of a health problem

Process of heat production within organisms

Thermoregulation

Ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries

Thermostability

Chemical compound

Frontal part of an animal's body, between its head and abdomen

Anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebra

Formation of blood clots inside the blood vessels

First digit of the hand

Part of a plant

Chemical compound of DNA

Endocrine gland

Endocrine gland in the neck

Thyroid hormones

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland

Long bone of the lower leg

Tick-borne disease

Medical condition

Chemical compound

False perception of sound

Tissue (biology)

Group of similar cells performing a specific function

Agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana

Tobacco mosaic virus

Virus affecting plants of the Solanaceae family

Toe (disambiguation)

Topics referred to by the same term

Tissue paper for cleaning after defecation or urination

Muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates

Hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food

Deformation of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria

Medical condition of the teeth

Oral hygiene instrument

Substance to clean and maintain teeth

Topical medication

Medication applied to body surfaces

Tourette syndrome

Neurodevelopmental disorder involving motor and vocal tics

Absorbent fabric or paper, used for drying or wiping a surface

Medical condition

Study of substances harmful to living organisms

Poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms

Parasitic disease

Geological record of biological activity

Cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs

Tracheal intubation

Placement of a tube into the trachea

Traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional medicine in China

Traditional medicine

Medicine based on traditional beliefs

Transcription (biology)

Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA

Transcription factor

Protein that controls the rate of DNA transcription

RNA that facilitates the addition of amino acids to a new protein

Transitional fossil

Fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group

Translation (biology)

Cellular process of protein synthesis

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

Group of brain diseases induced by prions

Process of water moving through a plant

Transposable element

Semiparasitic DNA sequence

Topics referred to by the same term

Medicine branch

The process of determining the priority of patients' treatments based on the severity of their condition

Possessing of three independent channels for conveying color information

Locomotion by use of three legs

Main wooden axis of a tree

Chemical compound

Infectious disease

Traditional Chinese massage therapy

Small thin terminal branch of a woody plant

Type 1 diabetes

Form of diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes

Type of diabetes mellitus with high blood sugar and insulin resistance

Disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi

Typhoid vaccine

Vaccines that prevent typhoid fever

Group of infectious diseases

Regulatory protein

Long bone in the forearm

One of the five basic tastes

Person or creature with one foot and one leg

United Nations Human Settlements Programme

UN agency for human settlements and sustainable urban development

Chemical compound of RNA

Human anatomical system consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra

Urinary tract infection

Infection that affects part of the urinary tract

Liquid by-product of metabolism in the bodies of many animals, including humans

Array of tests performed on urine

Medical specialty

Female sex organ in mammals

Administration of a vaccine to protect against disease

Pathogen-derived preparation that provides acquired immunity to an infectious disease

Vaccine hesitancy

Reluctance or refusal to be vaccinated or have one's children vaccinated

Membrane-bound organelle in cells containing fluid

Part of the female reproductive tract

Chemical compound

Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Degenerative brain disease caused by prions

Varicella vaccine

Vaccine to prevent chickenpox

Vascular cambium

Main growth tissue in the stems, roots of plants

Vascular tissue

Conducting tissue in vascular plants

Mammalian hormone released from the pituitary gland

Vegetative state

Disorder of consciousness caused by severe brain damage

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

Ventricle (heart)

Chamber of the heart

Induction of a plant's flowering process

VertiGo is a remotely controlled wheeled robot that can climb walls by using two 360° tiltable propellers

Vesicle (biology and chemistry)

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by a membrane

Veterinary medicine

Branch of medicine for non-human animals

Human, animal or plant disease resulting from a viral infection

Viral evolution

Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses

Infectious agent that replicates in cells

Ability of some viruses to lie dormant within a cell

Region of the brain that processes visual information

Visual impairment

Decreased ability to see

Visual perception

Ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum

Body parts responsible for sight

Group of the 4-6 important medical signs that indicate the status of the body’s vital functions

Nutrients required by organisms in small amounts

Essential nutrient

Vitamin used in animal cell metabolism

Class of chemically related vitamins

Essential nutrient found in citrus fruits and other foods

Group of chemical compounds

Generic descriptor for all tocopherols and tocotrienols that exhibit alpha-tocopherol activity

Structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements

Gel in eyeballs

Involuntary, forceful expulsion of stomach contents, typically via the mouth

State of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world

Medication used as an anticoagulant

Animal species that can maintain a body temperature higher than their environment

Waterborne disease

Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms transmitted in water

A plant considered undesirable in a particular place or situation

Reduction of the total body mass

West Nile fever

Human disease caused by West Nile virus infection

Woman who breastfeeds and cares for another's child

A small moistened piece of paper or cloth

White blood cell

Type of cells of the immunological system

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

Document published by the World Health Organization, containing the most effective and safe medications needed in a health system

Human disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis

Undomesticated organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans

Wildlife conservation

Practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitats

A broad subject that encompasses all facets of women's health

Injury where the skin is torn or blunt force trauma causes a contusion:a region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured;a bruise

Series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue after an injury

Fold, ridge, or crease in the skin

Water transport tissue in vascular plants

Yellow fever vaccine

Vaccine that protects against yellow fever

Part of an egg which feeds the developing chicken embryo

Subspecies of the genus Homo (fossil)

Antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS

Infectious disease caused by the Zika virus

Scientific study of animals

Diseases of humans caused by a pathogen

Degree of similarity of the alleles for a trait in an organism; description of whether two alleles have identical or different DNA sequences

Single diploid eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes

Chemical compound