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Orders of magnitude (length)
Range of lengths from the subatomic to the astronomical scales

The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.

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Overview

ScaleRange (m)UnitExample items
≥<
Subatomic–0–Gravitational singularity
10−3610−33ℓPFixed value (not a range). Quantum foam, string
10−1810−15amProton, neutron, pion
Atomic to cellular10−1510−12fmAtomic nucleus
10−1210−9pmWavelength of gamma rays and X-rays, hydrogen atom
10−910−6nmDNA helix, virus, wavelength of optical spectrum, transistors used in CPUs
Cellular to human10−610−3μmBacterium, fog water droplet, human hair's diameter1
10−31mmMosquito, golf ball, domestic cat, violin, football
Human to astronomical1103mPiano, human, automobile, sperm whale, football field, Eiffel Tower
103106kmMount Everest, length of Panama Canal and Trans-Siberian Railway, larger asteroid
Astronomical106109MmThe Moon, Earth, one light-second
1091012GmSun, one light-minute, Earth's orbit
10121015TmOrbits of outer planets, Solar System
10151018PmA light-year, the distance to Proxima Centauri
10181021EmGalactic arm
10211024ZmMilky Way, distance to Andromeda Galaxy
10241027YmHuge-LQG, Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, Observable universe

Detailed list

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between 1.6 × 10 − 35 {\displaystyle 1.6\times 10^{-35}}  meters and 10 10 10 122 {\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}} meters.

Subatomic scale

Factor (m)MultipleValueItem
000Singularity
10−351 Planck length0.0000162 qm Planck length; typical scale of hypothetical loop quantum gravity or size of a hypothetical string and of branes; according to string theory, lengths smaller than this do not make any physical sense.2 Quantum foam is thought to exist at this scale.
10−241 yoctometer (ym)142 ymEffective cross section radius of 1 MeV neutrinos3
10−211 zeptometer (zm)Preons, hypothetical particles proposed as subcomponents of quarks and leptons; the upper bound for the width of a cosmic string in string theory
7 zmEffective cross section radius of high-energy neutrinos4
310 zmDe Broglie wavelength of protons at the Large Hadron Collider (4 TeV as of 2012[update])
10−181 attometer (am)Upper limit for the size of quarks and electrons
Sensitivity of the LIGO detector for gravitational waves5
Upper bound of the typical size range for "fundamental strings"6
10−1710 amRange of the weak force
10−16100 am850 amApproximate proton radius7

Atomic to cellular scale

Factor (m)MultipleValueItem
10−151 femtometer (fm, fermi)1 fmApproximate limit of the gluon-mediated color force between quarks89
1.5 fmEffective cross section radius of an 11 MeV proton10
2.81794 fmClassical electron radius11
3 fmApproximate limit of the meson-mediated nuclear binding force1213
750 to 822.25 fmLongest wavelength of gamma rays
10−121 picometer (pm)1.75 to 15 fmDiameter range of the atomic nucleus1415
1 pmDistance between atomic nuclei in a white dwarf
2.4 pmCompton wavelength of electron
5 pmWavelength of shortest X-rays
10−1110 pm28 pmRadius of helium atom
53 pmBohr radius (radius of a hydrogen atom)
10−10100 pm100 pm1 ångström (also covalent radius of sulfur atom16)
154 pmLength of a typical covalent bond (C–C)
280 pmAverage size of the water molecule (actual lengths may vary)
500 pmWidth of protein α helix
10−91 nanometer (nm)1 nmDiameter of a carbon nanotube17 Diameter of smallest transistor gate (as of 2016)18
2 nmDiameter of the DNA helix19
2.5 nmSmallest microprocessor transistor gate oxide thickness (as of January 2007[update])
3.4 nmLength of a DNA turn (10 bp)20
6–10 nmThickness of cell membrane
10−810 nm10 nmUpper range of thickness of cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria21
10 nmAs of 2016[update], the 10 nanometer was the smallest semiconductor device fabrication node22
40 nmExtreme ultraviolet wavelength
50 nmFlying height of the head of a hard disk23
10−7100 nm121.6 nmWavelength of the Lyman-alpha line24
120 nmTypical diameter of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)25
400–700 nmApproximate wavelength range of visible light26

Cellular to human scale

Factor (m)MultipleValueItem
10−61 micrometer (μm)

(also called 1 micron)

1–4 μmTypical length of a bacterium27
4 μmTypical diameter of spider silk28
7 μmTypical size of a red blood cell29
10−510 μm10 μmTypical size of a fog, mist, or cloud water droplet
10 μmWidth of transistors in the Intel 4004, the world's first commercial microprocessor
12 μmWidth of acrylic fiber
17–181 μmWidth range of human hair30
10−4100 μm340 μmSize of a pixel on a 17-inch monitor with a resolution of 1024×768
560 μmThickness of the central area of a human cornea31
750 μmMaximum diameter of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the second largest bacterium ever discovered
10−31 millimeter (mm)~5 mmLength of an average flea is 1–10 mm (usually <5 mm)32
2.54 mmOne-tenth inch; distance between pins in DIP (dual-inline-package) electronic components
5.70 mmDiameter of the projectile in 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition
10−21 centimeter (cm)20 mmApproximate width of an adult human finger
54 mm × 86 mmDimensions of a credit card, according to the ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard
73–75 mmDiameter of a baseball, according to Major League Baseball guidelines33
10−11 decimeter (dm)120 mmDiameter of a compact disc
660 mmLength of the longest pine cones, produced by the sugar pine34
900 mmAverage length of a rapier, a fencing sword35

Human to astronomical scale

Factor (m)MultipleValueItem
1 (100)1 meter (m)1 m (exactly)Since 2019, defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second, where the second is defined by a hyperfine transition frequency of caesium.
2.72 mHeight of Robert Wadlow, tallest-known human.36
8.38 mLength of a London bus (AEC Routemaster)
1011 decameter (dam)33 mLength of the longest-known blue whale37
52 mHeight of the Niagara Falls38
93.47 mHeight of the Statue of Liberty
1021 hectometer (hm)105 mLength of a typical football field
137 m (147 m)Height (present and original) of the Great Pyramid of Giza
300 mHeight of the Eiffel Tower, one of the famous monuments of Paris
979 mHeight of the Salto Angel, the world's highest free-falling waterfall (Venezuela)
1031 kilometer (km)2.3 kmLength of the Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam in the world3940
3.1 kmNarrowest width of the Strait of Messina, separating Italy and Sicily
8.848 kmHeight of Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth
10410 km10.9 kmDepth of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, the deepest-known point on Earth's surface
27 kmCircumference of the Large Hadron Collider, as of May 2010[update] the largest and highest energy particle accelerator
42.195 kmLength of a marathon
105100 km100 kmThe distance the IAU considers to be the limit to space, called the Karman line
163 kmLength of the Suez Canal, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea
491 kmLength of the Pyrenees, the mountain range separating Spain and France
600kmThermosphere height
974.6 kmGreatest diameter of the dwarf planet Ceres.41
1061 megameter (Mm)2.38 MmDiameter of dwarf planet Pluto, formerly the smallest planet category42 in the Solar System
3.48 MmDiameter of the Moon
5.2 MmTypical distance covered by the winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans automobile endurance race
6.259 MmLength of the Great Wall of China
6.371 MmAverage radius of Earth
6.378 MmEquatorial radius of Earth
6.6 MmApproximate length of the two longest rivers, the Nile and the Amazon
7.821 MmLength of the Trans-Canada Highway
9.288 MmLength of the Trans-Siberian Railway, longest in the world

Astronomical scale

Factor (m)MultipleValueItem
10710 Mm12.756 MmEquatorial diameter of Earth
20.004 MmLength of a meridian on Earth (distance between Earth's poles along the surface)43
40.075 MmLength of Earth's equator
108100 Mm142.984 MmDiameter of Jupiter
299.792 MmDistance traveled by light in vacuum in one second (a light-second, exactly 299,792,458 m by definition of the speed of light)
384.4 MmMoon's orbital distance from Earth
1091 gigameter (Gm)1.39 GmDiameter of the Sun
5.15 GmGreatest mileage ever recorded by a car (3.2 million miles by a 1966 Volvo P-1800S)44
101010 Gm18 GmApproximately one light-minute
1011100 Gm150 Gm1 astronomical unit (au); mean distance between Earth and Sun
10121 terameter (Tm)1.3 TmOptical diameter of Betelgeuse
1.4 TmOrbital distance of Saturn from Sun
2 TmEstimated optical diameter of VY Canis Majoris, one of the largest-known stars
5.9 TmOrbital distance of Pluto from the Sun
~ 7.5 TmOuter boundary of the Kuiper belt
101310 TmDiameter of the Solar System as a whole45
16.09 TmTotal length of DNA molecules in all cells of an adult human body46
21.49 TmDistance of the Voyager 1 spacecraft from Sun (as of Oct 2018[update]), the farthest man-made object so far47
62.03 TmEstimated radius of the event horizon of the supermassive black hole in NGC 4889, the largest-known black hole to date
1014100 Tm180 TmSize of the debris disk around the star 51 Pegasi48
10151 petameter (Pm)~7.5 PmSupposed outer boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50,000 au)
9.461 PmDistance traveled by light in vacuum in one year; at its current speed, Voyager 1 would need 17,500 years to travel this distance
101610 Pm30.857 Pm1 parsec
39.9 PmDistance to nearest star (Proxima Centauri)
41.3 PmAs of March 2013, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet (Alpha Centauri Bc)
1017100 Pm193 PmAs of October 2010, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet with potential to support life as presently defined by science (Gliese 581 d)
615 PmApproximate radius of humanity's radio bubble, caused by high-power TV broadcasts leaking through the atmosphere into outer space
10181 exameter (Em)1.9 EmDistance to nearby solar twin (HIP 56948), a star with properties virtually identical to the Sun49
101910 Em9.46 EmAverage thickness of Milky Way Galaxy50 (1,000 to 3,000 ly by 21 cm observations51)
1020100 Em113.5 EmThickness of Milky Way Galaxy's gaseous disk52
10211 zettameter (Zm)
1.54 ZmDistance to SN 1987A, the most recent naked eye supernova
1.62 ZmDistance to the Large Magellanic Cloud (a dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way)
1.66 ZmDistance to the Small Magellanic Cloud (another dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way)
1.9 ZmDiameter of galactic disk of Milky Way Galaxy53545556
6.15 ZmDiameter of the low surface brightness disc halo of the giant spiral galaxy Malin 1
102210 Zm13.25 ZmRadius of the diffuse stellar halo of IC 1101, one of the largest-known galaxies
24 ZmDistance to Andromeda Galaxy
30.857 Zm1 megaparsec
50 ZmDiameter of Local Group of galaxies
1023100 Zm300–600 ZmDistance to Virgo cluster of galaxies
10241 yottameter (Ym)2.19 YmDiameter of the Local Supercluster and the largest voids and filaments
2.8 YmEnd of Greatness
~5 YmDiameter of the Horologium Supercluster57
9.461 YmDiameter of the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, the supercluster complex which includes Earth
102510 Ym13 YmLength of the Sloan Great Wall, a giant wall of galaxies (galactic filament)58
30.857 Ym1 gigaparsec
37.84 YmLength of the Huge-LQG, a group of 73 quasars
1026100 Ym95 YmEstimated light travel distance to certain quasars. Length of the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, a colossal wall of galaxies, the largest and the most massive structure in the observable universe as of 2014
127 YmEstimated light travel distance to GN-z11, the most distant object ever observed
870 YmApproximate diameter (comoving distance) of the visible universe59
10271 Rm1.2 RmLower bound of the (possibly infinite) radius of the universe, if it is a 3-sphere, according to one estimate using the WMAP data at 95% confidence60 It equivalently implies that there are at minimum 21 particle horizon-sized volumes in the universe.
10 10 115 {\displaystyle 10^{10^{115}}} 61 10 10 115 {\displaystyle 10^{10^{115}}} m 10 10 115 {\displaystyle 10^{10^{115}}} mAccording to the laws of probability, the distance one must travel until one encounters a volume of space identical to our observable universe with conditions identical to our own.62
10 10 10 122 {\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}} 10 10 10 122 {\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}} m 10 10 10 122 {\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}} mMaximum size of universe after cosmological inflation, implied by one resolution of the No-Boundary Proposal63

1 quectometer and less

The quectometre (SI symbol: qm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−30 metres. To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths shorter than 10−30 m (1 qm).

  • 1.6 × 10−5 quectometers (1.6 × 10−35 meters) – the Planck length (Measures of distance shorter than this do not make physical sense, according to current theories of physics.)
  • 1 qm – 1 quectometer, the smallest named subdivision of the meter in the SI base unit of length, one nonillionth of a meter.64

1 rontometer

The rontometre (SI symbol: rm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−27 metres.

  • 1 rm – 1 rontometer, a subdivision of the meter in the SI base unit of length, one octillionth of a meter.65

10 rontometers

1 yoctometer

The yoctometre (SI symbol: ym) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−24 metres.

1 zeptometer

The zeptometre (SI symbol: zm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−21 metres. To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−21 m and 10−20 m (1 zm and 10 zm).

  • 2 zm – the upper bound for the width of a cosmic string in string theory.
  • 2 zm – radius of effective cross section for a 20 GeV neutrino scattering off a nucleon67
  • 7 zm – radius of effective cross section for a 250[broken anchor] GeV neutrino scattering off a nucleon68

10 zeptometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−20 m and 10−19 m (10 zm and 100 zm).

100 zeptometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−19 m and 10−18 m (100 zm and 1 am).

1 attometer

The attometre (SI symbol: am) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−18 metres. To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−18 m and 10−17 m (1 am and 10 am).

10 attometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−17 m and 10−16 m (10 am and 100 am).

100 attometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−16 m and 10−15 m (100 am and 1 fm).

  • 831 am – approximate proton radius7172

1 femtometer (or 1 fermi)

The femtometre (SI symbol: fm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−15 metres. In particle physics, this unit is sometimes called a fermi, also with abbreviation "fm". To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−15 meters and 10−14 meters (1 femtometer and 10 fm).

10 femtometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−14 m and 10−13 m (10 fm and 100 fm).

100 femtometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−13 m and 10−12 m (100 fm and 1 pm).

  • 570 fm – typical distance from the atomic nucleus of the two innermost electrons (electrons in the 1s shell) in the uranium atom, the heaviest naturally-occurring atom

1 picometer

The picometre (SI symbol: pm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−12 metres (⁠1/1000000000000⁠ m = 0.000000000001 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−12 and 10−11 m (1 pm and 10 pm).

10 picometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−11 and 10−10 m (10 pm and 100 pm).

100 picometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−10 and 10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm; 1 Å and 10 Å).

1 nanometer

The nanometre (SI symbol: nm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−9 metres (⁠1/1000000000⁠ m = 0.000000001 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−9 and 10−8 m (1 nm and 10 nm).

10 nanometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10−8 and 10−7 m (10 nm and 100 nm).

100 nanometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−7 and 10−6 m (100 nm and 1 μm).

  • 100 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a surgical mask95
  • 100 nm – 90% of particles in wood smoke are smaller than this.
  • 120 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a ULPA filter96
  • 120 nm – diameter of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)97
  • 120 nm – approximate diameter of SARS-CoV-298
  • 125 nm – standard depth of pits on compact discs (width: 500 nm, length: 850 nm to 3.5 μm)
  • 180 nm – typical length of the rabies virus
  • 200 nm – typical size of a Mycoplasma bacterium, among the smallest bacteria
  • 300 nm – greatest particle size that can fit through a HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filter (N100 removes up to 99.97% at 300 nm, N95 removes up to 95% at 300 nm)99
  • 300–400 nm – near ultraviolet wavelength
  • 400–420 nm – wavelength of violet light (see Color and Visible spectrum)
  • 420–440 nm – wavelength of indigo light
  • 440–500 nm – wavelength of blue light
  • 500–520 nm – wavelength of cyan light
  • 520–565 nm – wavelength of green light
  • 565–590 nm – wavelength of yellow light
  • 590–625 nm – wavelength of orange light
  • 625–700 nm – wavelength of red light
  • 700–1.4 μm – wavelength of near-infrared radiation

1 micrometer (or 1 micron)

The micrometre (SI symbol: μm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−6 metres (⁠1/1000000⁠ m = 0.000001 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists some items with lengths between 10−6 and 10−5 m (between 1 and 10 micrometers, or μm).

10 micrometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−5 m and 10−4 m (10 μm and 100 μm).

  • 10 μm – width of cotton fibre109
  • 10 μm – tolerance of a Lego brick110
  • 10 μm – transistor width of the Intel 4004, the world's first commercial microprocessor
  • 10 μm – mean longest dimension of a human red blood cell
  • 5–20 μm – dust mite excreta111
  • 10.6 μm – wavelength of light emitted by a carbon dioxide laser
  • 15 μm – width of silk fibre
  • 17 μm – minimum width of a strand of human hair112
  • 17.6 μm – one twip, a unit of length in typography
  • 10 to 55 μm – width of wool fibre113
  • 25.4 μm – 1/1,000 inch, commonly referred to as 1 mil in the U.S. and 1 thou in the UK
  • 30 μm – length of a human skin cell
  • 30.8568 μm – 1 zeptoparsec
  • 50 μm – typical length of Euglena gracilis, a flagellate protist114
  • 50 μm – typical length of a human liver cell, an average-sized body cell
  • 50 μm – length of a silt particle
  • 60 μm – length of a sperm cell
  • 78 μm — width of a pixel on the display of the iPhone 4, marketed as Retina Display115
  • 70 to 180 μm – thickness of paper

100 micrometers

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−4 m and 10−3 m (100 μm and 1 mm). The term myriometer (abbr. mom, equivalent to 100 micrometers; frequently confused with the myriameter, 10 kilometers)116 is deprecated; the decimal metric prefix myrio-117 is obsolete118119120 and was not included among the prefixes when the International System of Units was introduced in 1960.

  • 100 μm – 1/10 of a millimeter
  • 100 μm – 0.00394 inches
  • 100 μm – smallest distance that can be seen with the naked eye
  • 100 μm – average diameter of a strand of human hair121
  • 100 μm – thickness of a coat of paint
  • 100 μm – length of a dust particle
  • 120 μm – the geometric mean of the Planck length and the diameter of the observable universe: √8.8 × 1026 m × 1.6 × 10−35 m
  • 120 μm – diameter of a human ovum
  • 170 μm – length of the largest mammalian sperm cell (rat)122
  • 170 μm – length of the largest sperm cell in nature, belonging to the Drosophila bifurca fruit fly123124
  • 181 μm – maximum width of a strand of human hair125
  • 100–400 μm – length of Demodex mites living in human hair follicles
  • 175–200 μm – typical thickness of a solar cell.
  • 200 μm – typical length of Paramecium caudatum, a ciliate protist
  • 200 μm – nominal width of the smallest commonly available mechanical pencil lead (0.2 mm)
  • 250–300 μm – length of a dust mite126
  • 340 μm – length of a pixel on a 17-inch monitor with a resolution of 1024×768
  • 500 μm – typical length of Amoeba proteus, an amoeboid protist
  • 500 μm – MEMS micro-engine127
  • 500 μm – average length of a grain of sand
  • 500 μm – average length of a grain of salt
  • 500 μm – average length of a grain of sugar
  • 560 μm – thickness of the central area of a human cornea128
  • 750 μm – diameter of a Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest bacteria known129
  • 760 μm – thickness of an identification card

1 millimeter

"1mm" redirects here. For the Perfume song, see Level3 (Perfume album). For the measure, see millimetre.

The millimetre (SI symbol: mm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−3 metres (⁠1/1000⁠ m = 0.001 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−3 m and 10−2 m (1 mm and 1 cm).

  • 1.0 mm – 1/1,000 of a meter
  • 1.0 mm – 0.03937 inches or 5/127 (exactly)
  • 1.0 mm – side of a square of area 1 mm²
  • 1.0 mm – diameter of a pinhead
  • 1.5 mm – average length of a flea130
  • 2.54 mm – distance between pins on old dual in-line package (DIP) electronic components
  • 5 mm – length of an average red ant
  • 5 mm – diameter of an average grain of rice
  • 5.56×45mm NATO – standard ammunition size
  • 6 mm – approximate width of a pencil
  • 7 mm – length of a Paedophryne amauensis, the smallest-known vertebrate131
  • 7.1 mm – length of a sunflower seed
  • 7.62×51mm NATO – common military ammunition size132
  • 8 mm – width of old-format home movie film
  • 8 mm – length of a Paedocypris progenetica, the smallest-known fish133

1 centimeter

"10 mm" redirects here. For firearms cartridges, see 10 mm calibre.

The centimetre (SI symbol: cm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−2 metres (⁠1/100⁠ m = 0.01 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10−2 m and 10−1 m (1 cm and 1 dm).

  • 1 cm – 10 millimeters
  • 1 cm – 0.39 inches
  • 1 cm – edge of a square of area 1 cm2
  • 1 cm – edge of a cube of volume 1 mL
  • 1 cm – length of a coffee bean
  • 1 cm – approximate width of average fingernail
  • 1.2 cm – length of a bee
  • 1.2 cm – diameter of a die
  • 1.5 cm – length of a very large mosquito
  • 1.6 cm – length of a Jaragua Sphaero, a very small reptile
  • 1.7 cm – length of a Thorius arboreus, the smallest salamander134
  • 2 cm – approximate width of an adult human finger
  • 2.54 cm – 1 inch
  • 3.08568 cm – 1 attoparsec
  • 3.4 cm – length of a quail egg135
  • 3.5 cm – width of film commonly used in motion pictures and still photography
  • 3.78 cm – amount of distance the Moon moves away from Earth each year136
  • 4.3 cm – minimum diameter of a golf ball137
  • 5 cm – usual diameter of a chicken egg
  • 5 cm – height of a hummingbird, the smallest-known bird
  • 5.08 cm – 2 inches,
  • 5.5 × 5.5 × 5.5 cm – dimensions of a 3x3x3 Rubik's cube
  • 6.1 cm – average height of an apple
  • 7.3–7.5 cm – diameter of a baseball138
  • 8.6 cm × 5.4 cm – dimensions of a standard credit card (also called CR80)139140
  • 9 cm – length of a speckled padloper, the smallest-known turtle

1 decimeter

"10cm" redirects here. For the band, see 10cm (band).

The decimetre (SI symbol: dm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10−1 metres (⁠1/10⁠ m = 0.1 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 centimeters and 100 centimeters (10−1 meter and 1 meter).

Conversions

10 centimeters (abbreviated to 10 cm) is equal to:

Wavelengths

Human-defined scales and structures

  • 10.16 cm = 1.016 dm – 1 hand used in measuring height of horses (4 inches)
  • 12 cm = 1.2 dm – diameter of a compact disc (CD) (= 120 mm)
  • 15 cm = 1.5 dm – length of a Bic pen with cap on
  • 22 cm = 2.2 dm – diameter of a typical association football (soccer ball)
  • 30 cm = 3 dm – typical school-use ruler length (= 300 mm)
  • 30.48 cm = 3.048 dm – 1 foot (measure)
  • 60 cm = 6 dm – standard depth (front to back) of a domestic kitchen worktop in Europe (= 600 mm)
  • 90 cm = 9 dm – average length of a rapier, a fencing sword141
  • 91.44 cm = 9.144 dm – one yard (measure)

Nature

  • 10 cm = 1 dm – diameter of the human cervix upon entering the second stage of labour
  • 11 cm = 1.1 dm – length of an average potato in the US
  • 13 cm = 1.3 dm – body length of a Goliath birdeater
  • 15 cm = 1.5 dm – approximate size of largest beetle species
  • 19 cm = 1.9 dm – length of a banana
  • 26.3 cm = 2.6 dm – length of average male human foot
  • 29.98 cm = 2.998 dm – distance light in vacuum travels in one nanosecond
  • 30 cm = 3.0 dm – maximum leg length of a Goliath birdeater
  • 31 cm = 3.1 dm – wingspan of largest butterfly species Ornithoptera alexandrae
  • 32 cm – length of the Goliath frog, the world's largest frog
  • 46 cm = 4.6 dm – length of an average domestic cat
  • 50 to 65 cm = 5–6.5 dm – a coati's tail
  • 66 cm = 6.6 dm – length of the longest pine cones (produced by the sugar pine142)

Astronomical

  • 84 cm = 8.4 dm – approximate diameter of 2008 TS26, a meteoroid

1 meter

"1m" redirects here. For other uses, see 1M.

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between one meter and ten meters. Light, in vacuum, travels 1 meter in 1⁄299,792,458, or 3.3356409519815E-9 of a second.

Conversions

1 meter is:

Human-defined scales and structures

  • 1 m – approximate height of the top part of a doorknob on a door
  • 1 m – diameter of a very large beach ball
  • 1.29 m – length of the Cross Island Chapel, the smallest church in the world
  • 1.4 m – length of a Peel P50, the world's smallest car
  • 1.435 m – standard gauge of railway track used by about 60% of railways in the world = 4 ft 81⁄2 in
  • 2.5 m – distance from the floor to the ceiling in an average residential house143
  • 2.7 m – length of the Starr Bumble Bee II, the smallest plane
  • 2.77–3.44 m – wavelength of the broadcast radio FM band 87–108 MHz
  • 3.05 m – the length of an old Mini
  • 8 m – length of the Tsar Bomba, the largest bomb ever detonated
  • 8.38 m – the length of a London Bus (AEC Routemaster)

Sports

  • 2.44 m – height of an association football goal144
  • 2.45 m – highest high jump by a human (Javier Sotomayor)145
  • 3.05 m – (10 feet) height of the basket in basketball
  • 8.95 m – longest long jump by a human (Mike Powell)146

Nature

Astronomical

  • 3–6 m – approximate diameter of 2003 SQ222, a meteoroid
  • 4.1 m – diameter of 2008 TC3, a small asteroid that flew into the Earth's atmosphere on 7 October 2008150

1 decameter

The decametre (SI symbol: dam) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10 meters (101 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 and 100 meters.

Conversions

10 meters (very rarely termed a decameter which is abbreviated as dam) is equal to:

Human-defined scales and structures

Sports

  • 11 meters – approximate width of a doubles tennis court
  • 15 meters – width of a standard FIBA basketball court
  • 15.24 meters – width of an NBA basketball court (50 feet)
  • 18.44 meters – distance between the front of the pitcher's rubber and the rear point of home plate on a baseball field (60 feet, 6 inches)151
  • 20 meters – length of cricket pitch (22 yards)152
  • 27.43 meters – distance between bases on a baseball field (90 feet)
  • 28 meters – length of a standard FIBA basketball court
  • 28.65 meters – length of an NBA basketball court (94 feet)
  • 49 meters – width of an American football field (531⁄3 yards)
  • 59.436 meters – width of a Canadian football field (65 yards)
  • 70 meters – typical width of an association football field
  • 91 meters – length of an American football field (100 yards, measured between the goal lines)

Nature

  • 10 meters – average length of human digestive tract
  • 12 meters – height of a saguaro cactus
  • 12 meters – length of a whale shark, largest living fish
  • 12 meters – wingspan of a Quetzalcoatlus, a pterosaur
  • 12.8 meters – length of a Titanoboa, the largest snake to have ever lived
  • 13 meters – length of a giant squid and colossal squid, the largest living invertebrates
  • 15 meters – approximate distance the tropical circles of latitude are moving towards the equator and the polar circles are moving towards the poles each year due to a natural, gradual decrease in the Earth's axial tilt
  • 16 meters – length of a sperm whale, the largest toothed whale
  • 18 meters – height of a Sauroposeidon, the tallest-known dinosaur
  • 20 meters – length of a Leedsichthys, the largest-known fish to have lived
  • 21 meters – height of High Force waterfall in England
  • 30.5 meters – length of the lion's mane jellyfish, the largest jellyfish in the world
  • 33 meters – length of a blue whale,153 the largest animal on earth, living or extinct, in terms of mass
  • 39 meters – length of a Supersaurus, the longest-known dinosaur and longest vertebrate154
  • 52 meters – height of Niagara Falls155
  • 55 meters – length of a bootlace worm, the longest-known animal156
  • 66 meters – highest possible sea level rise due to a complete melting of all ice on Earth
  • 83 meters – height of a western hemlock
  • 84 meters – height of General Sherman, the largest tree in the world

Astronomical

  • 30 meters – diameter of 1998 KY26, a rapidly spinning meteoroid
  • 30.8568 meters – 1 femtoparsec
  • 32 meters – approximate diameter of 2008 HJ, a small meteoroid

1 hectometer

The hectometre (SI symbol: hm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 100 meters (102 m). To compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 100 meters and 1,000 meters (1 kilometer).

Conversions

100 meters (sometimes termed a hectometer) is equal to:

  • 328 feet
  • one side of a 1 hectare square
  • a fifth of a modern li, a Chinese unit of measurement
  • the approximate distance travelled by light in 300 nanoseconds

Human-defined scales and structures

  • 100 meters – wavelength of the highest medium wave radio frequency, 3 MHz
  • 100 meters – spacing of location marker posts on British motorways
  • 110 meters – height of the Saturn V
  • 122 meters – height of the Starship, the tallest rocket currently under development by SpaceX
  • 138.8 meters – height of the Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Cheops)
  • 139 meters – height of the world's tallest roller coaster, Kingda Ka157
  • 157 meters – height of the Cologne Cathedral
  • 162 meters – height of the Ulm Minster, the tallest church building in the world
  • 165 meters – height of the Dushanbe Flagpole, the tallest flagpole from May 2011 to September 2014
  • 169 meters – height of the Washington Monument
  • 171 meters – height of the Jeddah Flagpole, the tallest flagpole from September 2014 to December 2021
  • 182 meters – height of the Statue of Unity, the world's tallest statue
  • 187 meters – shortest wavelength of the broadcast radio AM band, 1600 kHz
  • 192 meters – height of the Gateway Arch
  • 202 meters – height of the Cairo Flagpole, the tallest flagpole as of December 2021
  • 202 meters – length of the Széchenyi Chain Bridge connecting Buda and Pest
  • 220 meters – height of the Hoover Dam
  • 245 meters – length of the LZ 129 Hindenburg
  • 270 meters – length of the Titanic
  • 318 meters – height of The New York Times Building
  • 318.9 meters – height of the Chrysler Building
  • 328 meters – height of Auckland's Sky Tower, the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere (1996–2022)
  • 330 meters – height of the Eiffel Tower (including antenna)158
  • 336 meters – height of the world's tallest bridge as of October 2023, the Millau Viaduct
  • 364.75 meters – length of the Icon of the Seas
  • 390 meters – height of the Empire State Building
  • 400–800 meters – approximate heights of the world's tallest skyscrapers from 1931 to 2010
  • 458 meters – length of the Knock Nevis, the world's largest supertanker
  • 553.33 meters – height of the CN Tower,159 the tallest structure in North America
  • 555 meters – longest wavelength of the broadcast radio AM band, 540 kHz
  • 630 meters – height of the KVLY-TV mast, one of the tallest structures in the world
  • 646 meters – height of the Warsaw radio mast, the world's tallest structure until its collapse in 1991
  • 679 meters – height of Merdeka 118, the second tallest structure in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 828 meters – height of Burj Khalifa, world's tallest structure since 17 January 2009160
  • 1,000 meters – wavelength of the lowest mediumwave radio frequency, 300 kHz

Sports

  • 100 meters – the distance a very fast human can run in about 10 seconds
  • 100.584 meters – length of a Canadian football field between the goal lines (110 yards)
  • 91.5 meters – 137 meters – length of a soccer field161
  • 105 meters – length of football pitch (UEFA stadium categories 3 and 4)
  • 105 meters – length of a typical football field
  • 109.73 meters – total length of an American football field (120 yards, including the end zones)
  • 110–150 meters – the width of an Australian football field
  • 135–185 meters – the length of an Australian football field
  • 137.16 meters – total length of a Canadian football field, including the end zones (150 yards)

Nature

  • 115.5 meters – height of the world's tallest tree in 2007, the Hyperion sequoia162
  • 310 meters – maximum depth of Lake Geneva
  • 340 meters – distance sound travels in air at sea level in one second; see Speed of sound
  • 947 meters – height of the Tugela Falls, the highest waterfall in Africa
  • 979 meters – height of the Angel Falls, the world's highest free-falling waterfall (Venezuela)

Astronomical

1 kilometer

The kilometre (SI symbol: km) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000 meters (103 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 1 kilometer and 10 kilometers (103 and 104 meters).

Conversions

1 kilometer (unit symbol km) is equal to:

Human-defined scales and structures

Nature

  • 1.5 km – distance sound travels in water in one second

Geographical

See also: List of highest mountains on Earth

Astronomical

10 kilometers (1 myriameter)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 and 100 kilometers (104 to 105 meters). The myriameter175 (sometimes also spelled myriometer; 10,000 meters) is a deprecated unit name; the decimal metric prefix myria-176 (sometimes also written as myrio-177178179) is obsolete180181182 and was not included among the prefixes when the International System of Units was introduced in 1960.

Conversions

10 kilometers is equal to:

Sports

Human-defined scales and structures

Geographical

Astronomical

100 kilometers

A length of 100 kilometers (about 62 miles), as a rough amount, is relatively common in measurements on Earth and for some astronomical objects. It is the altitude at which the FAI defines spaceflight to begin.

To help compare orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 100 and 1,000 kilometers (105 and 106 meters).

Conversions

A distance of 100 kilometers is equal to about 62 miles (or 62.13711922 miles).

Human-defined scales and structures

Geographical

Astronomical

1 megameter

The megametre (SI symbol: Mm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000000 meters (106 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 106 m (1 Mm or 1,000 km).

Conversions

1 megameter is equal to:

  • 1000 km
  • 1 E+6 m (one million meters)
  • approximately 621.37 miles
  • 1 E+12 μm (one trillion micrometers)
  • Side of square with area 1,000,000 km2

Human-defined scales and structures

Sports

Geographical

Astronomical

10 megameters

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 107 meters (10 megameters or 10,000 kilometers).

Conversions

10 megameters (10 Mm) is

Human-defined scales and structures

Geographical

Astronomical

  • 12.000 Mm – diameter of Sirius B, a white dwarf200
  • 12.104 Mm – diameter of Venus
  • 12.742 Mm – diameter of Earth
  • 12.900 Mm – minimum distance of the meteoroid 2004 FU162 from the centre of Earth on 31 March 2004, closest on record
  • 14.000 Mm – smallest diameter of Jupiter's Great Red Spot
  • 19.000 Mm – separation between Pluto and Charon
  • 30.8568 Mm – 1 nanoparsec
  • 34.770 Mm – minimum distance of the asteroid 99942 Apophis on 13 April 2029 from the centre of Earth
  • 35.786 Mm – altitude of geostationary orbit
  • 40.005 Mm – polar circumference of the Earth
  • 40.077 Mm – equatorial circumference of the Earth
  • 49.528 Mm – diameter of Neptune
  • 51.118 Mm – diameter of Uranus

100 megameters

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 108 meters (100 megameters or 100,000 kilometers or 62,150 miles).

1 gigameter

The gigametre (SI symbol: Gm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000000000 meters (109 m). To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 109 meters (1 gigameter (Gm) or 1 billion meters).

10 gigameters

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1010 meters (10 gigameters (Gm) or 10 million kilometers, or 0.07 astronomical units).

100 gigameters

To help compare distances at different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths starting at 1011 meters (100 gigameter or 100 million kilometers or 0.7 astronomical units).

1 terameter

The terametre (SI symbol: Tm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1000000000000 meters (1012 m). To help compare different distances, this section lists lengths starting at 1012 m (1 Tm or 1 billion km or 6.7 astronomical units).

  • ≈1 Tm – 6.7 au – diameter of the red supergiant Betelgeuse based on multiple angular diameter estimates221
  • 1.032 Tm – 6.9 au – diameter of the blue hypergiant Eta Carinae (at optical depth 2/3)222
  • 1.079 Tm – 7.2 au – one light-hour
  • 1.114 Tm – 7.5 au – diameter of WOH G64, a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud, which recently transformed from a red hypergiant to a yellow hypergiant223
  • 1.4 Tm – 9.5 au – average distance between Saturn and the Sun
  • 1.47 Tm – 9.9 au – diameter of HR 5171 A, a yellow hypergiant star.224
  • 1.5 Tm – 10 au – estimated diameter of VV Cephei A, a red hypergiant with a blue dwarf companion.225
  • 1.75 Tm – 11.7 au – estimated diameter of Mu Cephei, a red supergiant (possibly hypergiant) among the largest-known stars.226
  • 2 Tm – 13.2 au – estimated diameter of VY Canis Majoris, a red hypergiant that is among the largest-known stars227228
  • 2.142 Tm – 14.3 au – estimated diameter of WOH G64, prior to its transformation into a yellow hypergiant.
  • 2.9 Tm – 19.4 au – average distance between Uranus and the Sun
  • 4.4 Tm – 29.4 au – perihelion distance of Pluto
  • 4.5 Tm – 30.1 au – average distance between Neptune and the Sun
  • 4.5 Tm – 30.1 au – inner radius of the Kuiper belt
  • 5.7 Tm – 38.1 au – perihelion distance of Eris
  • 6.0 Tm – 40.5 au – distance from Earth at which the Pale Blue Dot photograph was taken.
  • 7.3 Tm – 48.8 au – aphelion distance of Pluto
  • 7.5 Tm – 50.1 au – outer boundary of the Kuiper Belt

10 terameters

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1013 m (10 Tm or 10 billion km or 67 astronomical units).

  • 10 Tm – 67 AU – diameter of a hypothetical quasi-star
  • 11.1 Tm – 74.2 AU – distance that Voyager 1 began detecting returning particles from termination shock
  • 11.4 Tm – 76.2 AU – perihelion distance of 90377 Sedna
  • 12.1 Tm – 70 to 90 AU – distance to termination shock (Voyager 1 crossed at 94 AU)
  • 12.9 Tm – 86.3 AU – distance to 90377 Sedna in March 2014
  • 13.2 Tm – 88.6 AU – distance to Pioneer 11 in March 2014
  • 14.1 Tm – 94.3 AU – estimated radius of the Solar System
  • 14.4 Tm – 96.4 AU – distance to Eris in March 2014 (now near its aphelion)
  • 15.1 Tm – 101 AU – distance to heliosheath
  • 16.5 Tm – 111 AU – distance to Pioneer 10 as of March 2014
  • 16.6 Tm – 111.2 AU – distance to Voyager 2 as of May 2016
  • 18 Tm – 123.5 AU – distance between the Sun to the farthest dwarf planet in the Solar System, the Farout 2018 VG18
  • 20.0 Tm – 135 AU – distance to Voyager 1 as of May 2016
  • 20.6 Tm – 138 AU – distance to Voyager 1 as of late February 2017
  • 21.1 Tm – 141 AU – distance to Voyager 1 as of November 2017
  • 24.8 Tm – 166 AU – distance to Voyager 1 as of November 2024
  • 25.9 Tm – 173 AU – one light-day
  • 30.8568 Tm – 206.3 AU – 1 milliparsec
  • 55.7 Tm – 371 AU – aphelion distance of the comet Hale-Bopp

100 terameters

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1014 m (100 Tm or 100 billion km or 670 astronomical units).

1 petameter

The petametre (SI symbol: Pm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1015 meters. To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1015 m (1 Pm or 1 trillion km or 6685 astronomical units (AU) or 0.11 light-years).

  • 1.0 Pm = 0.105702341 light-years
  • 1.9 Pm ± 0.5 Pm = 12,000 AU = 0.2 light-year radius of Cat's Eye Nebula's inner core230231
  • 3.08568 Pm = 20,626 AU = 1 deciparsec
  • 4.7 Pm = 30,000 AU = half-light-year diameter of Bok globule Barnard 68232
  • 7.5 Pm – 50,000 AU – possible outer boundary of Oort cloud (other estimates are 75,000 to 125,000 or even 189,000 AU (1.18, 2, and 3 light-years, respectively))
  • 9.5 Pm – 63,241.1 AU – one light-year, the distance light travels in one year
  • 9.9 Pm – 66,000 AU – aphelion distance of the C/1999 F1 (Catalina)

10 petameters

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 1016 m (10 Pm or 66,800 AU, 1.06 light-years).

  • 15 Pm – 1.59 light-years – possible outer radius of Oort cloud
  • 20 Pm – 2.11 light-years – maximum extent of influence of the Sun's gravitational field
  • 30.9 Pm – 3.26 light-years – 1 parsec
  • 39.9 Pm – 4.22 light-years – distance to Proxima Centauri (nearest star to Sun)
  • 81.3 Pm – 8.59 light-years – distance to Sirius
  • 94.6 Pm – 1 light-decade

100 petameters

To help compare different distances this section lists lengths between 1017 m (100 Pm or 11 light-years) and 1018 m (106 light-years).

  • 110 Pm – 12 light-years – Distance to Tau Ceti
  • 230 Pm – 24 light-years – Diameter of the Orion Nebula233234
  • 240 Pm – 25 light-years – Distance to Vega
  • 260 Pm – 27 light-years – Distance to Chara, a star approximately as bright as the Sun. Its faintness gives an idea how the Sun would appear when viewed from this distance.
  • 308.568 Tm – 32.6 light-years – 1 dekaparsec
  • 350 Pm – 37 light-years – distance to Arcturus
  • 373.1 Pm – 39.44 light-years – distance to TRAPPIST-1, a star recently discovered to have 7 planets around it
  • 400 Pm – 42 light-years – distance to Capella
  • 620 Pm – 65 light-years – distance to Aldebaran
  • 750 Pm – 79.36 light-years – distance to Regulus
  • 900 Pm – 92.73 light-years – distance to Algol
  • 946 Pm – 1 light-century

1 exameter

The exametre (SI symbol: Em) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1018 meters. To help compare different distances this section lists lengths between 1018 m (1 Em or 105.7 light-years) and 1019 m (10 Em or 1,057 light-years).

  • 1.2 Em – 129 light-years – diameter of Messier 13 (a typical globular cluster)
  • 1.6 Em – 172 ± 12.5 light-years – diameter of Omega Centauri (one of the largest-known globular clusters, perhaps containing over a million stars)235236
  • 3.08568 Em – 326.1 light-years – 1 hectoparsec
  • 3.1 Em – 310 light-years – distance to Canopus according to Hipparcos237
  • 3.9 Em – 410 light-years – distance to Betelgeuse according to Hipparcos238
  • 6.2 Em – 650 light-years – distance to the Helix Nebula, located in the constellation Aquarius239
  • 8.2 Em – 860 light-years – distance to Rigel according to Hipparcos240
  • 9.4 Em — 1 light-millennium – 1000 light-years

10 exameters

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Em (1019 m or 1,100 light-years).

100 exameters

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Em (1020 m or 11,000 light-years).

1 zettameter

The zettametre (SI symbol: Zm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1021 meters.242 To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Zm (1021 m or 110,000 light-years).

10 zettameters

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Zm (1022 m or 1.1 million light-years).

100 zettameters

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Zm (1023 m or 11 million light-years).

1 yottameter

The yottametre (SI symbol: Ym) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1024 meters.243

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Ym (1024 m or 105.702 million light-years).

10 yottameters

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Ym (1025 m or 1.1 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used.

100 yottameters

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Ym (1026 m or 11 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.

1 ronnameter

The ronnametre (SI symbol: Rm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 1027 meters.244

To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Rm (1027 m or 105.7 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.

  • >1 Rm – >105.7 billion light-years – size of universe beyond the cosmic light horizon, depending on its curvature; if the curvature is zero (i.e. the universe is spatially flat), the value can be infinite (see Shape of the universe) as previously mentioned.
  • 2.764 Rm - 292.2 billion light-years – circumference of the observable universe, as it is in the shape of a sphere.
  • ≈101010122light-years – the possible size of the universe after cosmological inflation.
  • ≈∞ light-years – theoretical size of the multiverse if it exists.

See also

Notes

References

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  3. Nave, Carl R. "Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 4 December 2008. (6.3 × 10−44 cm2, which gives an effective radius of about 1.42 × 10−22 m) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/cowan.html#c1 ↩

  4. Nave, Carl R. "Neutron Absorption Cross-sections". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 4 December 2008. (area for 20 GeV about 10 × 10−42 m2 gives effective radius of about 2 × 10−21 m; for 250 GeV about 150 × 10−42 m2 gives effective radius of about 7 × 10−21 m) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/neutrino3.html#c2 ↩

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  228. Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P.H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J.M. (5 April 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY CMa based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126. S2CID 54044968. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

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  230. radius = distance times sin(angular diameter/2) = 0.2 light-year. Distance = 3.3 ± 0.9 kly; angular diameter = 20 arcseconds (Reed et al. 1999) /wiki/Light-year ↩

  231. Reed, Darren S.; Balick, Bruce; Hajian, Arsen R.; Klayton, Tracy L.; Giovanardi, Stefano; Casertano, Stefano; Panagia, Nino; Terzian, Yervant (1999). "Hubble Space Telescope Measurements of the Expansion of NGC 6543: Parallax Distance and Nebular Evolution". Astronomical Journal. 118 (5): 2430–2441. arXiv:astro-ph/9907313. Bibcode:1999AJ....118.2430R. doi:10.1086/301091. S2CID 14746840. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  232. Szpir, Michael (May–June 2001). "Bart Bok's Black Blobs". American Scientist. Archived from the original on 29 June 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2008. Bok globules such as Barnard 68 are only about half a light-year across and weigh in at about two solar masses https://web.archive.org/web/20030629033609/http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/14678 ↩

  233. Sandstrom, Karin M; Peek, J. E. G.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bolatto, Alberto D.; Plambeck, Richard L. (1999). "A Parallactic Distance of 389+24−21 parsecs to the Orion Nebula Cluster from Very Long Baseline Array Observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 667 (2): 1161–1169. arXiv:0706.2361. Bibcode:2007ApJ...667.1161S. doi:10.1086/520922. S2CID 18192326. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  234. diameter=sin(65 arcminutes)*1270 light-years=24; where "65.00 × 60.0 (arcmin)" sourced from Revised NGC Data for NGC 1976 https://web.archive.org/web/20120318092511/http://spider.seds.org/ngc/revngcic.cgi?NGC1976 ↩

  235. distance × sin( diameter_angle ), using distance of 5kpc (15.8 ± 1.1 kly) and angle 36.3', = 172 ± 12.5 ly. ↩

  236. van de Ven, G.; van den Bosch, R. C. E.; Verolme, E. K.; de Zeeuw, P. T. (2006). "The dynamical distance and intrinsic structure of the globular cluster ω Centauri". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 445 (2): 513–543. arXiv:astro-ph/0509228. Bibcode:2006A&A...445..513V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053061. S2CID 15538249. best-fit dynamical distance D=4.8±0.3 kpc ... consistent with the canonical value 5.0±0.2 kpc obtained by photometric methods /wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics ↩

  237. van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600. Vizier catalog entry /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

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