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Windows 11
Computer operating system by Microsoft

Windows 11, released on October 5, 2021, is the latest major version of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system, succeeding Windows 10. It features a redesigned Windows shell with a centered Start menu, integrated Microsoft Teams, and support for Android apps via the Amazon Appstore. Windows 11 requires modern hardware with features like UEFI, Secure Boot, and TPM 2.0, supporting only 64-bit architectures. While praised for its visual design and security, it faced criticism for higher system requirements and some UI changes. As of May 2025, Windows 11 held 43.23% of the desktop Windows market share.

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Development

At the 2015 Ignite conference, Microsoft employee Jerry Nixon stated that Windows 10 would be the "last version of Windows".34 The operating system was considered to be a service, with new builds and updates to be released over time.5 PC World argued that the widely reported comment was however taken out of context, noting that the official event transcript marks it only as a segue rather than a core part of the talk. It argues that Nixon was referring to the fact that he could talk freely at the event because 10 was the last version in current development.6

In October 2019, Microsoft announced "Windows 10X", a future edition of Windows 10 designed exclusively for dual-touchscreen devices such as the then-upcoming Surface Neo. It featured a modified user interface designed around context-sensitive "postures" for different screen configurations and usage scenarios, and changes such as a centered taskbar and updated Start menu without Windows 10's "live tiles". Legacy Windows applications would also be required to run in "containers" to ensure performance and power optimization. Microsoft stated that it planned to release Windows 10X devices by the end of 2020.789

In May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Panos Panay, Microsoft's chief product officer for Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office, stated that "as we continue to put customers' needs at the forefront, we need to focus on meeting customers where they are now", and announced that Windows 10X would only launch on single-screen devices at first, and that Microsoft would "continue to look for the right moment, in conjunction with our OEM partners, to bring dual-screen devices to market".1011

In October 2020, reports emerged that Microsoft was working on a user interface refresh for Windows 10 codenamed "Sun Valley", scheduled to be included in a late-2021 feature update codenamed "Cobalt". Internal documentation stated that the aim for "Sun Valley" was to "reinvigorat[e]" the Windows user interface and make it more "fluid", with a more consistent application of WinUI, while reports suggested Microsoft planned to adapt UI elements seen in Windows 10X.12 In January 2021, it was reported that a job listing referring to a "sweeping visual rejuvenation of Windows" had been posted by Microsoft.13

By December 2020, Microsoft had begun to implement and announce some of these visual changes and other new features on Windows 10 Insider Preview builds, such as new system icons (which also included the replacement of shell resources dating back as far as Windows 95),14 improvements to Task View to allow changing the wallpaper on each virtual desktop, x86-64 emulation on ARM, and adding the Auto HDR feature from Xbox Series X.151617

On May 18, 2021, Head of Windows Servicing and Delivery John Cable stated that Windows 10X had been canceled and that Microsoft would be "accelerating the integration of key foundational 10X technology into other parts of Windows and products at the company".18

Announcement

At the Microsoft Build 2021 developer conference, CEO and chairman Satya Nadella teased about the existence of the next generation of Windows during his keynote speech. According to Nadella, he had been self-hosting it for several months. He also teased that an official announcement would come very soon.19 Just a week after Nadella's keynote, Microsoft started sending invitations for a dedicated Windows media event at 11:00 a.m. ET on June 24, 2021.2021 Microsoft also posted an 11-minute video of Windows start-up sounds to YouTube on June 10, 2021, with many people speculating both the time of the Microsoft event and the duration of the Windows start-up sound video to be a reference to the name of the operating system as Windows 11.2223

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was officially announced at a virtual event hosted by Chief Product Officer Panos Panay.242526 According to Nadella, Windows 11 is "a re-imagining of the operating system".27 Further details for developers such as updates to the Microsoft Store, the new Windows App SDK (code-named "Project Reunion"), new Fluent Design guidelines, and more were discussed during another developer-focused event on the same day.282930

Release and marketing

The Windows 11 name was accidentally released in an official Microsoft support document in June 2021.3132 Leaked images of a purported beta build of Windows 11's desktop surfaced online later on June 15, 2021,3334 which were followed by a leak of the aforementioned build on the same day.35 The screenshots and leaked build show an interface resembling that of the canceled Windows 10X, alongside a redesigned out-of-box experience (OOBE) and Windows 11 branding.36 Microsoft would later confirm the authenticity of the leaked beta, with Panay stating that it was an "early weird build".3738

At the June 24 media event, Microsoft also announced that Windows 11 would be released in "Holiday 2021".3940 Its release will be accompanied by a free upgrade for compatible Windows 10 devices through Windows Update.41 On June 28, Microsoft announced the release of the first preview build and SDK of Windows 11 to Windows Insiders.42

On August 31, 2021, Microsoft announced that Windows 11 was to be released on October 5, 2021.43 The release would be phased, with newer eligible devices to be offered the upgrade first.44 Since its predecessor Windows 10 was released on July 29, 2015, more than six years earlier, this is the longest time span between successive releases of Microsoft Windows operating systems, beating the time between Windows XP (released on October 25, 2001) and Windows Vista (released on January 30, 2007).45

The first television commercial for Windows 11 premiered during the 2021 NFL Kickoff Game on September 9, 2021; it was intended to showcase a "feeling of immersion and fluidity", with imagery of operating system features and Xbox Game Studios' Halo Infinite.46 Other promotional campaigns on release day included the Burj Khalifa in Dubai being illuminated with imagery of the Windows 11 logo and default "Bloom" wallpaper,47 and Mikey Likes It ice cream parlors in New York City distributing free cups of "Bloomberry" ice cream.4849

Though a support document listed October 4, 2021, as the initial release date,50 Microsoft officially released Windows 11 on October 5, 2021,5152 as an opt-in, in-place upgrade through either the Windows 11 Installation Assistant application (which can perform the upgrade, or generate an ISO image or USB install media), or via Windows Update in a phased rollout; Microsoft anticipated that Windows 11 would be available via Windows Update to all eligible devices by mid-2022.535455 New installations of Windows 10 on eligible hardware may present an option to upgrade during the OOBE.56 Retail copies of Windows 11 (consisting of a license key and USB flash drive) were released on May 9, 2022,5758 and digital licenses became available via Microsoft Store on July 28, 2022.59 On September 20, 2023, around two years after the release date of Windows 11, Microsoft announced that users would no longer be able to use Windows 7 or Windows 8/8.1 product keys to activate Windows 10/11.60 However, as of 2024, there are some reports that they still work, under certain conditions.6162

Features

Main article: Features new to Windows 11

See also: List of features removed in Windows 11

Windows 11, the first major Windows release since 2015, builds upon its predecessor by revamping the user interface to follow Microsoft's new Fluent Design guidelines. The redesign, which focuses on ease of use and flexibility,63 comes alongside new productivity and social features and updates to security and accessibility, addressing some of the deficiencies of Windows 10.64

The Microsoft Store, which serves as a unified storefront for apps and other content, is also redesigned in Windows 11. Microsoft now allows developers to distribute Win32, progressive web applications, and other packaging technologies in the Microsoft Store, alongside Universal Windows Platform apps.65 Microsoft also announced plans to allow third-party application stores (such as Epic Games Store) to distribute their clients on Microsoft Store.66 Windows 11 supports x86-64 software emulation on ARM-based platforms.67

The collaboration platform Microsoft Teams is integrated into the Windows 11 user interface, and is accessible via the taskbar.68 Skype will no longer be bundled with the OS by default.697071 In early 2023, the Phone Link app gained limited support for iMessage.727374

Microsoft claims performance improvements such as smaller update sizes, faster web browsing in "any browser", faster wake time from sleep mode, and faster Windows Hello authentication.7576

Windows 11 ships with the Chromium-based Microsoft Edge web browser (for compatibility7778 with Google Chrome web browser79), and does not include or support Internet Explorer.80 Its rendering engine MSHTML (Trident) is still included with the operating system for backwards compatibility reasons, and Edge can be configured with Group Policy to render whitelisted websites in "IE Mode" (which still uses IE's rendering engine MSHTML, instead of Blink layout engine).81 Windows 11 is the first version of Windows since the original retail release of Windows 95 to not ship with Internet Explorer.82 To comply with the Digital Markets Act, Microsoft is allowing users in the European Economic Area to remove the Microsoft Edge browser, Microsoft Bing search engine, and advertisements to comply with users' interests.838485

The updated Xbox app,8687 along with the Auto HDR and DirectStorage technologies introduced by the Xbox Series X and Series S, will be integrated into Windows 11; the latter requiring a graphics card supporting DirectX 12 and an NVMe solid-state drive.8889

User interface

A redesigned user interface is present frequently throughout the operating system, building upon the Fluent Design System; translucency, shadows, a new color palette, and a rounded geometry are prevalent throughout the UI. A prevalent aspect of the design is an appearance known as "Mica", described as an "opaque, dynamic material that incorporates theme and desktop wallpaper to paint the background of long-lived windows such as apps and settings".9091 Much of the interface and start menu takes heavy inspiration from the now-canceled Windows 10X.92 The Segoe UI font used since Windows Vista has been updated to a variable version, improving its ability to scale between different display resolutions.93

The taskbar's buttons are center-aligned by default, and it is permanently pinned to the bottom edge of the screen; it cannot be moved to the top, left, or right edges of the screen as in previous versions of Windows without manual changes to the registry.94 The notifications sidebar is now accessed by clicking the date and time, with other Quick Actions toggles, as well as volume, brightness, and media playback controls, moved to a new settings pop-up displayed by clicking on the system tray. The "Widgets" button on the taskbar displays a panel with Microsoft Start,95 a news aggregator with personalized stories and content (expanding upon the "news and interests" panel introduced in later builds of Windows 10).9697 Microsoft Teams is similarly integrated with the taskbar, with a pop-up showing a list of recent conversations.98

The Start menu has been significantly redesigned, replacing the "live tiles" used by Windows 8.x and 10 with a grid of "pinned" applications, and a list of recent applications and documents.99100 File Explorer was updated to replace its ribbon toolbar with a more traditional toolbar, while its context menus have been redesigned to move some tasks (such as copy and paste) to a toolbar along the top of the menu, and hide other operations under an overflow menu.101

Task View, a feature introduced in Windows 10, features a refreshed design, and supports giving separate wallpapers to each virtual desktop. The window snapping functionality has been enhanced with two additional features; hovering over a window's maximize button displays pre-determined "Snap Layouts" for tiling multiple windows onto a display, and tiled arrangement of windows can be minimized and restored from the taskbar as a "snap group".102103 When a display is disconnected in a multi-monitor configuration, the windows that were previously on that display will be minimized rather than automatically moved to the main display. If the same display is reconnected, the windows are restored to their prior location.104

In June 2025, Microsoft unveiled a new user experience for Windows 11 designed for handheld gaming PCs such as the then-upcoming ROG Xbox Ally; similarly to SteamOS, it can boot directly into the Xbox app and bypass the Windows desktop entirely, reducing resource consumption and providing a more console-like interface. The task switcher and lock screen also have optimizations for gamepad input. The new mode will initially be available the ROG Xbox Ally, and become available to other devices in 2026.105106107

Windows Subsystem for Android

Further information: Project Astoria and Windows Subsystem for Linux

On October 21, 2021, Windows Subsystem for Android (WSA) became available to Beta channel builds of Windows 11 for users in the United States,108 which allowed users to install and run Android apps on their devices. Users could install Android apps through any source using the APK file format.109 An Amazon Appstore client for Microsoft Store was also available.110111112113 The Windows Subsystem for Android and Amazon Appstore became available to Release channel users in the United States on February 15, 2022, in Windows 11 Release build 22000.527.114 On March 5, 2024, Microsoft announced deprecation of WSA with support ending on March 5, 2025.115

WSA was based on the Intel Bridge runtime compiler; Intel stated that the technology was not dependent on its CPUs, and would also be supported on x86-64 and ARM CPUs from other vendors.116

Setup

Home and Pro (since version 22H2) edition installation requires internet connection and Microsoft account login (only if for personal use on Pro) is mandatory unless manually bypassed to create a local user.117118119120121 However, Microsoft has since blocked one of the last remaining easy bypass methods that allowed local account creation during initial setup, complicating the bypass process further.122123 All other editions are excluded from this requirement.124125

System security

As part of the minimum system requirements, Windows 11 only runs on devices with a Trusted Platform Module 2.0 security coprocessor,126127 albeit with some exceptions, see § System requirements for details. According to Microsoft, the TPM 2.0 coprocessor is a "critical building block" for protection against firmware and hardware attacks. In addition, Microsoft now requires devices with Windows 11 to include virtualization-based security (VBS), hypervisor-protected code integrity (HVCI), and Secure Boot built-in and enabled by default.128 The operating system also features hardware-enforced stack protection for supported Intel and AMD processors for protection against zero-day exploits.129

Like its predecessor, Windows 11 also supports multi-factor authentication and biometric authentication through Windows Hello.130

Artificial intelligence

In subsequent updates, Microsoft added several features based on artificial intelligence (AI), like live captions, background noise removal in videoconferencing, webcam auto-framing that follows the user's movements,131 and AI-powered Bing Chat in the taskbar's search field.132 Following the integration of GPT-4 in Microsoft's other products, the company announced that by summer 2023, the newly released Microsoft Copilot would add GPT-4 integration to the Windows taskbar.133

On May 20, 2024, Microsoft officially announced Recall, a feature that uses a hardware AI accelerator to locally store snapshots of the user's activity (including content transcribed using live captions), and which allows users to search through them. This feature is exclusive to devices certified under the "Copilot+ PC" branding.134135136 Following concerns over the security implications of Recall, Microsoft announced in June 2024 that it would delay the release of the feature to allow for testing and feedback via the Windows Insider program.137

Editions

Windows 11 is available in two main editions; the Home edition, which is intended for consumer users, and the Pro edition, which contains additional networking and security features (such as BitLocker), as well as the ability to join a domain.138 Windows 11 Home may be restricted by default to verified software obtained from Microsoft Store ("S Mode").139 Windows 11 Home requires an Internet connection and a Microsoft account in order to complete first-time setup.140 This restriction is also applied to Windows 11 Pro since version 22H2141 as it was announced in February 2022, although a Microsoft account isn't required if it's not for personal use.142

Windows 11 SE was announced on November 9, 2021, as an edition exclusively for low-end devices sold in the education market; it is intended as a successor to Windows 10 S, and also competes primarily with ChromeOS. It is designed to be managed via Microsoft Intune. Based on feedback from educators, Windows 11 SE has multiple UI differences and limitations, including Snap Layouts not containing layouts for more than two applications at once, all applications opening maximized by default, and Widgets being removed. It is bundled with applications such as Microsoft Office for Microsoft 365, Minecraft Education Edition, and Flipgrid, while OneDrive is used to save files by default. Windows 11 SE does not include Microsoft Store; third-party software is provisioned or installed by administrators. To target organizations migrating from Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge is configured by default to enable the installation of extensions from the Chrome Web Store.143144

Other editions

See also: Windows 10 editions

Other editions include Pro Education, Pro for Workstations, Education, Enterprise, Enterprise multi-session, IoT Enterprise, Enterprise LTSC, IoT Enterprise LTSC, Home Single Language, and Team; along with regional variations. These editions remain fundamentally the same as their Windows 10 edition counterparts.

Two new edition variants called IoT Enterprise Subscription and IoT Enterprise Subscription LTSC have been introduced in version 24H2.145

Supported languages

Before the launch of Windows 11, OEMs (as well as mobile operators) and businesses were offered two options for device imaging: Component-Based Servicing lp.cab files (for the languages to be preloaded on the first boot) and Local Experience Pack .appx files (for the languages available for download on supported PCs). The 38 fully-localized Language Pack (LP) languages were available as both lp.cab and .appx packages, while the remaining 72 partially-localized Language Interface Pack (LIP) languages were only available as .appx packages.146

With Windows 11, that process has changed. Five new LP languages were added — Catalan, Basque, Galician, Indonesian, and Vietnamese — bringing the total number of LP languages to 43. Furthermore, these 43 languages can only be imaged using lp.cab packages. This is to ensure a fully supported language-imaging and cumulative update experience.

The remaining 67 LIP languages that are LXP-based will move to a self-service model, and can only be added by Windows users themselves via the Microsoft Store and Windows Settings apps, not during the Windows imaging process. Any user, not just admins, can now add both the display language and its features, which can help users in business environments, but these exact options for languages (both LP and LIP) still depend on the OEM and mobile operator.

Updates and support

Main article: Windows 11 version history

Like Windows 10, Windows 11 follows Microsoft's Modern Lifecycle Policy. Each annual feature update has its own support lifecycle: two years for the Home and Pro editions, and three years for the Education and Enterprise editions. Microsoft has stated that Windows 11 provides no lifecycle guarantee if it has been installed on a machine that does not meet its minimum hardware requirements.147

Windows 11 receives annual major updates, though Microsoft sometimes adds major features in mid-cycle releases. Starting in 2022, in the Enterprise and Education editions, major features added in yearly releases will be turned off by default until the next yearly release, though these features can be manually enabled as a group policy.148

Preview releases

The Windows Insider program carries over from Windows 10, with pre-release builds divided into "Dev" (unstable builds used to test features for future feature updates), "Beta" (test builds for the next feature update; relatively stable in comparison to Dev channel), and "Release Preview" (pre-release builds for final testing of upcoming feature updates) channels.149

Versions

Windows 11 versions
  • v
  • t
  • e
VersionCodenameMarketing nameBuildRelease dateSupported until (and support status by color)
GAC150LTSC151
  • Home, Pro, SE,
  • Pro Education,
  • Pro for Workstations
  • Education,
  • Enterprise,
  • IoT Enterprise
EnterpriseIoT Enterprise
21H2Sun Valley—22000October 5, 2021October 10, 2023October 8, 2024—
22H2Sun Valley 22022 Update15222621September 20, 2022October 8, 2024October 14, 2025
23H2Sun Valley 32023 Update15322631October 31, 2023November 11, 2025November 10, 2026
24H2Hudson Valley2024 Update26100October 1, 2024154October 13, 2026October 12, 2027October 9, 2029October 10, 2034155
Legend:   Unsupported version156   Old version, still maintained157   Latest version158
Notes:

Known issues

Version 24H2, notably, has a longer than usual list of known issues. Some require updated drivers or [free] software updates to fix, while others have yet to be fixed as of March 2025. E.g., broken biometrics and camera support on a limited number of devices, and some older games and applications not functioning properly or not working at all; e.g., Asphalt 8 and Dirac audio improvement software (if cridspapo.dll is utilized).159160161

System requirements

Hardware requirements for Windows 11162163164(excludes IoT Enterprise version 24H2 editions)
ComponentMinimum
ProcessorA compatible 64-bit processor (x86-64 or ARM64) with at least 1 GHz clock rate and at least 2 processor cores165
Memory (RAM)At least 4 GB
Storage spaceAt least 64 GB
System firmwareUnified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
SecuritySecure Boot (recommended and required to be available, but does not need to be enabled)
Trusted Platform Module (TPM) version 2.0
Graphics cardCompatible with DirectX 12 or later with WDDM 2.0 driver
DisplayHigh definition (720p) display that is greater than 9" diagonally, 8 bits per color channel166
Internet connection and Microsoft accountsInternet connection and Microsoft account required to complete first-time setup on Home and Pro (for personal use) editions.167168169
Additional requirements for optional functionality
FeatureRequirements
5G support5G capable modem
Auto HDRHDR capable monitor
Biometric authentication and Windows HelloIlluminated infrared camera or fingerprint reader
BitLocker to GoUSB flash drive (available in Windows 11 Pro and higher editions)
Hyper-VSecond Level Address Translation (SLAT) (available in Windows 11 Pro and higher editions)
DirectStorageNVMe Solid-state drive170
DirectX 12 UltimateAvailable with supported games and graphics cards
Spatial soundSupporting hardware and software
Two-factor authenticationUse of PIN, biometric authentication, or a phone with Wi-Fi or Bluetooth capabilities
Speech recognitionMicrophone
Wi-Fi 6E supportNew WLAN IHV hardware and driver, Wi-Fi 6E capable AP/router
Windows ProjectionWi-Fi adapter that supports Wi-Fi Direct, WDDM 2.0
Windows Subsystem for Android (public preview)A supported processor and a solid-state driveAt least 8 GB of RAM (minimum)At least 16 GB of RAM (recommended)

Official

The basic system requirements of Windows 11 differ significantly from Windows 10. Windows 11 only supports 64-bit systems such as those using an x86-64 or ARM64 processor; IA-32 and ARM32 processors are no longer supported.171 Thus, Windows 11 is the first consumer version of Windows not to support 32-bit processors (although Windows Server 2008 R2 is the first version of Windows Server to not support them).172173 The minimum RAM and storage requirements were also increased; Windows 11 now requires at least 4 GB of RAM and 64 GB of storage.174 Also for the first time, TPM 2.0 is now required, however, Original equipment manufacturers (OEM) can still ship computers without TPM 2.0 enabled upon Microsoft's approval.175176 S mode is only supported for the Home edition of Windows 11.177

In addition, for the first time, Microsoft enforces a processor model check before installation (although not on all editions, e.g., some IoT editions are excluded), where the processor model is checked against a Microsoft whitelist. As of March 2025, the officially supported lists of processors includes eighth generation Intel Core CPUs (Coffee Lake) and later, AMD Zen+ CPUs/APUs and later (which include the "AF" revisions of Ryzen 1000 CPUs, which are underclocked Zen+ CPUs that supplant Ryzen 1000 parts that could no longer be manufactured due to a change in process),178 and Qualcomm Snapdragon 850 and later.179180181 The Intel compatibility list also includes the Intel Core i7-7820HQ, a seventh-generation processor used by the Surface Studio 2,182 although only on devices that shipped with DCH-based drivers.183

The processor compatibility lists Microsoft provides are cumulative, e.g., all processors listed as compatible with version 21H2 are also compatible with version 24H2. However, newer version lists (post version 21H2) may omit older processor models, as these lists are primarily intended for use by OEMs, for newly manufactured devices. Regardless, as of February 2025, Microsoft now recommends that consumers simply ignore these lists and instead verify processor compatibility via the Microsoft PC Health Check app. This change was due to previous consumer confusion, initially perpetuated by erroneous reports from some news outlets.184185

On May 20, 2024, Microsoft announced "Copilot+ PC"—a brand of Windows 11 devices that are designed to support enhanced artificial intelligence features. Copilot+ PCs require an on-board AI accelerator, at least 256 GB of storage, and at least 16 GB of RAM. The first wave of Copilot+ PCs run the Qualcomm Snapdragon X Elite system-on-chip. x86-64-based Copilot+ PCs began to be announced later in the year, which are based on AMD Ryzen AI and Intel Core Ultra CPUs.186187188189

Unofficial

Devices with unsupported 64-bit processors are not blocked from installing or running Windows 11; however, a clean install or upgrade using ISO installation media must be performed as Windows Update will not offer an upgrade from Windows 10.190 Additionally, users must also accept an on-screen disclaimer stating that they will not be entitled to receive updates, and that damage caused by using Windows 11 on an unsupported configuration are not covered by the manufacturer's warranty.191192

In addition, various unofficial methods to bypass other Windows 11 official requirements, such as, but not limited to, TPM 2.0 exist; furthermore there also exists an official bypass method provided directly by Microsoft (whereas the installation itself remains unofficially supported).193

In April 2024, Windows Insider version 24H2 builds began to have a dependency of the SSE4.2 and POPCNT CPU instructions (corresponding to the x86-64 v2 microarchitecture level), increasing the unofficial minimum compatibility to Bulldozer microarchitecture-based processors like the AMD FX (2011) processors and first-generation Intel Core i (2008) processors. Intel Core 2 (like the Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Quad), AMD K10 CPUs (such as Phenom II and Athlon II) and older are no longer supported.194195 Finally, version 24H2 now requires ARMv8.1, dropping unofficial support for ARMv8.0, e.g., the Snapdragon 835 and older are no longer supported.196

Firmware compatibility

Legacy BIOS is no longer officially supported; a UEFI system and a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 security coprocessor is now officially required.197198199200 The TPM requirement in particular has led to confusion as many motherboards do not have TPM support, or require a compatible TPM to be physically installed onto the motherboard. Many newer CPUs also include a TPM implemented at the CPU level (with AMD referring to this as "fTPM", and Intel referring to it as "Platform Trust Technology" [PTT]),201 which might be disabled by default and require changing settings in the computer's UEFI firmware,202 or a UEFI firmware update that changes the default settings to reflect these requirements.203

ARM64 version of Windows 11 requires the UEFI firmware with ACPI protocol.

Starting with version 24H2, IoT Enterprise editions have officially reintroduced legacy BIOS support and eliminated the requirement for a TPM.204

Third-party software

Some third-party software may refuse to run on configurations of Windows 11 that do not comply with the hardware security requirement. After the release of Windows 11, Riot Games' kernel-level anti-cheat system Vanguard—used in Valorant and since May 2024 by League of Legends205—began to enforce the operating system security requirements, and will not allow the games to be run on the OS if secure boot and a TPM 2.0-compliant coprocessor are not enabled.206

IoT Enterprise editions

Hardware requirements for Windows 11 IoT Enterpriseversion 24H2 editions207208
ComponentMinimum
ProcessorA 64-bit processor (x86-64 v2209210 or ARMv8.1211) with at least 1 GHz clock rate and at least 2 processor cores.
Memory (RAM)LTSC: At least 2 GBNon-LTSC: At least 4 GB
Storage spaceLTSC: At least 16 GBNon-LTSC: At least 64 GB
System firmwareBasic Input/Output System (BIOS)
SecurityOptional
Graphics cardCompatible with DirectX 10/Not required
DisplayOptional
Internet connection and Microsoft accountsNot required

While IoT Enterprise editions have always had slightly reduced official requirements compared to other Windows 11 editions, notably starting with version 24H2, minimum requirements were further reduced and now differ significantly. These updated 24H2 requirements were announced on May 22, 2024, for both LTSC and non-LTSC editions.

For the first time since Windows 11 release, Microsoft has officially eliminated a TPM and UEFI minimum requirement for all systems running these editions and dropped the minimum DirectX version down to 10 (version 12 was previously required on 23H2). Finally, the IoT Enterprise LTSC edition further drops the minimum required RAM to 2 GB and storage space to 16 GB.212213

Reception

Pre-release

Reception of Windows 11 upon its reveal was positive, with critics praising the new design and productivity features.214 However, Microsoft was criticized for creating confusion over the minimum system requirements for Windows 11.215 The increased system requirements (compared to those of Windows 10) initially published by Microsoft meant that up to 60% of existing Windows 10 PCs were unable to upgrade to Windows 11,216 which has faced concerns that this will contribute to electronic waste.217

Microsoft has not specifically acknowledged this when discussing the cutoff, it was also acknowledged that the sixth and seventh generation of Intel Core processors were prominently afflicted by CPU-level security vulnerabilities such as Meltdown and Spectre, and that newer CPUs manufactured since then had increased mitigations against the flaws.218219

Speaking to IT news outlet CRN, a dozen solution providers all felt that they "believe Windows 11 will be a meaningful step up in security, and they agree with Microsoft's strategy of putting security first."220

Research Vice President of Gartner Stephen Kleynhans felt that Microsoft was "looking at the entire stack from the hardware up through the applications and the user experience and trying to make the entire stack work better and more securely.221

Launch

Andrew Cunningham of Ars Technica gave a mixed but overall cautiously positive review of Windows 11 upon its release. He praised the improvements to its visual design (describing the new "Mica" appearance as reminiscent of the visual appearance of iOS and macOS, and arguing that Microsoft had "[made] a serious effort" at making the user-facing aspects of Windows 11 more consistent visually. He also praised window management, performance (assessed as being equivalent to if not better than Windows 10), other "beneficial tweaks". Criticism was raised towards Widgets' lack of support for third-party content, thus limiting it to Microsoft services only, regressions in taskbar functionality and customization. He also noted the inability to easily select default applications for common tasks such as web browsing, as it requires the user to select the browser application for each file type individually. Apart from the user interface, system requirements and Microsoft's unclear justification for its processor compatibility criteria remained a major sticking point for him. While some of the system requirements have brought greater public attention to hardware security features present on modern PCs, he argued that these could already be employed on Windows 10, albeit optionally. Cunningham concluded that "as I've dug into [Windows 11] and learned its ins and outs for this review, I've warmed to it more", but argued that the OS was facing similar "public perception" issues to Windows Vista and Windows 8. However, he noted that 11 did not have as many performance issues or bugs as Vista had upon its release, nor was as "disjointed" as 8, and recommended that users who were unsure about the upgrade should stay on Windows 10 in anticipation of future updates to 11.222

Tom Warren of The Verge described Windows 11 as being akin to a house in the middle of renovations, but that "actually using Windows 11 for the past few months hasn't felt as controversial as I had expected"—praising its updated user interface as being more modern and reminiscent of iOS and ChromeOS, the new start menu for feeling less cluttered than the Windows 10 iteration, updates to some of its stock applications, and Snap Assist. Warren noted that he rarely used the Widgets panel or Microsoft Teams, citing that he preferred the weather display that later versions of Windows 10 offered, and did not use Teams to communicate with his friends and family. He also acknowledged the expansion of the Microsoft Store to include more "traditional" desktop applications. However, he felt that Windows 11 still felt like a work in progress, noting UI inconsistencies (such as dark mode and new context menu designs not being uniform across all dialogues and applications, and the UWP Settings app still falling back upon legacy Control Panel applets for certain settings), regressions to the taskbar (including the inability to move it, drag files onto taskbar buttons to focus the corresponding application, and the clock only shown on the primary display in multi-monitor configurations), and promised features (such as dynamic refresh rate support and a universal microphone mute button) not being present on the initial release. Overall, he concluded that "I wouldn't rush out to upgrade to Windows 11, but I also wouldn't avoid it. After all, Windows 11 still feels familiar and underneath all the UI changes, it's the same Windows we've had for decades."223

Mark Hatchman of PC World was more critical of Windows 11, arguing that it "sacrifices productivity for personality, but without cohesion", commenting upon changes such as the inability to use local "offline" accounts on Windows 11 Home, regressions to the taskbar, a "functionally worse" start menu, Microsoft Teams integration having privacy implications and being a ploy to coerce users into switching to the service, File Explorer obscuring common functions under unclear icons, forcing users to scroll through many options to discourage changing the default web browser from Microsoft Edge, and that the OS "anecdotally feels less responsive, slower, and heavier than Windows 10". He concluded that Windows 11 "feels practical and productive, but less so than its predecessor in many aspects", while its best features were either "hidden deeper within", required specific hardware (DirectStorage, Auto HDR) or were not available on launch (Android app support).224

Longer term views

Windows 11 was slow to be adopted, with Microsoft relying on "annoying" ads and pop-ups to convince Windows 10 users to upgrade. Adoption remained slow until early 2025, ahead of the end-of-life for Windows 10.225226 PC Mag commented that "Windows 10 does everything just as well, and in some cases even better."227

Critics have also noted that as of 2024, Windows 11 was slower for gaming than Windows 10. Some games, such as Cyberpunk 2077 and A Plague Tale: Requiem, ran 10% faster on Windows 10 than on Windows 11. This was a reversal of early profiling which suggested an advantage for Windows 11.228 Adoption briefly overtook Windows 10 among Steam users in early 2025, only for this to be dramatically reversed that March with a 10% rise in Windows 10 users. This may be related to consumer changes in China.229 The poor performance of Windows 11 for gaming has been highlighted as an issue for handheld gaming computers with the launch of the ROG Xbox Ally. Valve's SteamOS performs faster, has a more cohesive interface, and a larger install base thanks to the success of the Steam Deck.230231

Market share

As of February 2025, Windows 11, accounting for 38% of Windows installations worldwide,232 is the second most popular Windows version in use, with its predecessor Windows 10 still being the most used version in virtually all countries (with Guyana being an exception, where Windows 11 is the most used233), having over 2 times the market share globally. Windows 11 has an estimated 23% share of all PCs (the rest being other Windows editions and other operating systems such as macOS and Linux), and an estimated 8.6% share of all devices (including mobile, tablet and console)234 are running Windows 11.

See also

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft Windows 11.

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  150. General Availability Channel. ↩

  151. Long-Term Servicing Channel. ↩

  152. Five updates were released:"Moment 1" with build 22621.675 on October 18, 2022"Moment 2" with build 22621.1344 on February 28, 2023"Moment 3" with build 22621.1778 on May 24, 2023"Moment 4" with build 22621.2361 on September 26, 2023"Moment 5" with build 22621.3235 on February 29, 2024 ↩

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