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Hasselt dialect
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<h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <h3>Consonants</h3> Consonant phonemes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">Postalveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Dorsal_consonant/mene9hFt">Dorsal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Stop_consonant/okC9pztc">Plosive</a> /<a href="/facts/Affricate_consonant/Fn2y7FIA">affricate</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">dʒ</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_glottal_fricative/hFPhBCaq">ɦ</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Liquid_consonant/NLaIlh7R">Liquid</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_trill/NKbclM6g">ʀ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant_consonant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_approximant/2ljHM92m">w</a></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Obstruents are <a href="/facts/Final-obstruent_devoicing/IKphdbIF">devoiced</a> word-finally. However, when the next word starts with a vowel and is pronounced without a pause, both voiced and voiceless word-final obstruents are realized as voiced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>/m, p, b/ are <a href="/facts/Bilabial_consonant/q2H5MUAe">bilabial</a>, whereas /f, v/ are <a href="/facts/Labiodental_consonant/tbsml4ED">labiodental</a>. /w/ is a bilabial approximant [<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_approximant/2ljHM92m">β̞</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In this article, it is transcribed with ⟨w⟩, following the recommendations of Carlos Gussenhoven regarding transcribing the corresponding Standard Dutch phone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>In the palatal sequences /ntʃ, ndʒ/, the affricates tend to be realized as palatalized stops. Affricates are used in other positions and, in the case of conservative speakers, also in /ntʃ, ndʒ/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>/ɦ/ is often dropped,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> though this is not marked in transcriptions in this article.</li></ul> <h4>Realization of /ʀ/</h4> <p>According to Peters (2006), /ʀ/ is realized as a voiced trill, either uvular [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_trill/NKbclM6g">ʀ</a>] or alveolar [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a>]. Between vowels, it is sometimes realized with one contact (i.e. as a tap) [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap/BVWJFmUf">ʀ̆</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>],<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> whereas word-finally, it can be devoiced to [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_trill/w3ld3Qnj">ʀ̥</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_trill/JRbdqnWV">r̥</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>According to Sebregts (2014), about two thirds of speakers have a uvular /ʀ/, whereas about one third has a categorical alveolar /ʀ/. There are also a few speakers who mix uvular and alveolar articulations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Among uvular articulations, he lists uvular trill [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_trill/NKbclM6g">ʀ</a>], uvular fricative trill [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative_trill/EPs0IHK3">ʀ̝</a>], uvular fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a>] and uvular approximant [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_approximant/EPs0IHK3">ʁ̞</a>], which are used more or less equally often in all contexts. Almost all speakers with a uvular /ʀ/ use all four of these realizations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Among alveolar articulations, he lists alveolar tap [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>], voiced alveolar fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative/TtHwyzp6">ɹ̝</a>], alveolar approximant [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_approximant/f1wQ41RI">ɹ</a>], voiceless alveolar trill [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_trill/JRbdqnWV">r̥</a>], alveolar tapped or trilled fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_tapped_fricative/TtHwyzp6">ɾ̞</a> ~ <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative_trill/rDplJobc">r̝</a>], voiceless alveolar tap [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_tap/xGbnIhXu">ɾ̥</a>] and voiceless alveolar fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative/WLKtEYDe">ɹ̝̊</a>]. Among these, the tap is most common, whereas the tapped/trilled fricative is the second most common realization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>Elsewhere in the article, the consonant is transcribed ⟨ʀ⟩ for the sake of consistency with IPA transcriptions of other dialects of Limburgish. </p> <h3>Vowels</h3> <table><tbody><tr><td>Vocalic phonemes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th>short</th><th>long</th><th>short</th><th>long</th><th>short</th><th>long</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a> ⟨ie⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">iː</a> ⟨iê⟩</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a> ⟨oe⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">uː</a> ⟨oê⟩</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close-mid_vowel/rK07wQEd">Close-mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel/1eQAfkDy">e</a> ⟨i⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">eː</a> ⟨ee⟩</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mid_central_vowel/CCx0wYy3">ə</a> ⟨e⟩</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open-mid_vowel/qkco8QqT">Open-mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/aDRvwE46">ɛ</a> ⟨è⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/aDRvwE46">ɛː</a> ⟨ae⟩</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mid_back_rounded_vowel/kYk2fqAY">ɔ</a> ⟨o⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/yMNUClGt">ɔː</a> ⟨ao⟩</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel/YFxhvcEV">æ</a> ⟨e⟩</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">aː</a> ⟨aa⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑ</a> ⟨a⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑː</a> ⟨â⟩</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Diphthong/K8tWRvsx">Diphthongs</a></th><td colspan="6">uj ⟨oei⟩ ej ⟨ej⟩ ow ⟨oow⟩ ɔj ⟨oi⟩ iə ⟨ieë⟩</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td>Marginal vowel system<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="3"></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">rounded</th></tr><tr><th>short</th><th>long</th><th>long</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_rounded_vowel/fAyNrUxL">y</a> ⟨uu⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_rounded_vowel/fAyNrUxL">yː</a> ⟨uû⟩</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close-mid_vowel/rK07wQEd">Close-mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel/pNpR6XNS">ø</a> ⟨u⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel/pNpR6XNS">øː</a> ⟨eu⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">oː</a> ⟨oo⟩</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open-mid_vowel/qkco8QqT">Open-mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel/AK5Dq8Vl">œ</a> ⟨ö⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel/AK5Dq8Vl">œː</a> ⟨äö⟩</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Nasal_vowel/E8MYuu0T">Nasal vowels</a></th><td colspan="3">œ̃ː ⟨un⟩ ɔ̃ː ⟨on⟩ æ̃ː ⟨in⟩ ɑ̃ː ⟨en⟩</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Diphthong/K8tWRvsx">Diphthongs</a></th><td colspan="3">øj ⟨uj⟩ aj ⟨ai⟩</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The Hasselt dialect has undergone both the Old Saxon monophthongization (which has turned the older <i>eik</i> and <i>boum</i> into <i>eek</i> and <i>boom</i>) and the monophthongization of the former /ɛj/ and /œj/ to /ɛː/ and /œː/ (which was then mostly merged with /ɛː/ due to the unrounding described below).</li> <li>Among the marginal vowels, the nasal ones occur only in French loanwords (note that /æ̃ː/ is typically transcribed with ⟨ɛ̃⟩ in transcriptions of French and that /œ̃ː/ is very rare, as in Standard Dutch), whereas /oː/ is restricted to loanwords from standard Dutch and English. As in about 50 other dialects spoken in Belgian Limburg, the rounded front vowels /y, yː, ø, øː, œ, œː/ have largely been replaced with their unrounded counterparts /i, iː, e, eː, ɛ, ɛː/ and are mostly restricted to loanwords from French. The marginal diphthong /aj/ occurs only in loanwords from French and interjections. /øj/ is also rare, and like /aj/ occurs only in the word-final position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>Phonetically, /aː/ is near-front [<a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a̠ː</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>All of the back vowels are almost fully back.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Among these, /u, uː, ɔ, ɔː/ and the non-native /oː/ are rounded, whereas /ɑ, ɑː/ are unrounded.</li> <li>Before alveolar consonants, the long monophthongs /uː, øː, œː/ and the diphthongs /ej, ow/ are realized as centering diphthongs [uə, øə, œə, eə, oə]. In the case of /ej/, this happens only before sonorants, with the disyllabic [ejə] being an alternative pronunciation. Thus, <i>noêd</i> /ˈnuːt/ 'distress', <i>meud</i> /ˈmøːt/ 'fashion', <i>näöts</i> /ˈnœːts/ 'news', <i>kejl</i> /ˈkejl/ 'cool' and <i>moowd</i> /ˈmowt/ 'tired' surface as [ˈnuət], [ˈmøət], [ˈnœəts], [ˈkeəl ~ ˈkejəl] and [ˈmoət]. The distinction between a long monophthong and a centering diphthong is only phonemic in the case of the /iː–iə/ pair, as exemplified by the minimal pair <i>briêd</i> /ˈbʀiːt˨/ 'broad' vs. <i>brieëd</i> /ˈbʀiət˨/ 'plank'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>/ə, ɔ/ are mid [<a href="/facts/Mid_central_vowel/CCx0wYy3">ə</a>, <a href="/facts/Mid_back_rounded_vowel/kYk2fqAY">ɔ̝</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> <ul><li>/ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>/æ/ is near-open, whereas /aː, ɑ, ɑː/ are open.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>/uj/ and /ɔj/ have somewhat advanced first elements ([u̟] and [ɔ̟], respectively). The latter diphthong occurs only in the word-final position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>Among the closing-fronting diphthongs, the ending points of /ɔj/ and /aj/ tend to be closer to [<a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">e̠</a>] than [<a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a>]; in addition, the first element of /aj/ is closer to [<a href="/facts/Near-open_central_vowel/GUR9Nk56">ɐ</a>]: [ɔ̟e̠, ɐe̠].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li></ul> <p>There are three combinations of long monophthongs with coda /j/ - those are /uːj/, /ɔːj/ and /ɑːj/, with the latter two occurring only in the word-final position, as in <i>kaoj</i> /ˈkɔːj/ 'harm' (pl.) and <i>lâj</i> /ˈlɑːj/ 'drawer'. An example word for the sequence /uːj/ is <i>noêj</i> /ˈnuːj/ 'unwillingly'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h3>Stress and tone</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Pitch-accent_language/aIQu5zse">Pitch-accent language § Franconian dialects</a></p> <p>The location of stress is the same as in Belgian Standard Dutch. In compound nouns, the stress is sometimes shifted to the second element (the head noun), as in <i>stadhäös</i> /stɑtˈɦœːs/ 'town hall'. Loanwords from French sometimes preserve the original final stress.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>As many other Limburgish dialects, the Hasselt dialect features a phonemic <a href="/facts/Pitch_accent/aIQu5zse">pitch accent</a>, a distinction between the 'push tone' (<i>stoottoon</i>) and the 'dragging tone' (<i>sleeptoon</i>). It can be assumed that the latter is a lexical low tone, whereas the former is lexically toneless. Examples of words differing only by pitch accent include <i>hin</i> /ˈɦen/ 'hen' vs. <i>hin</i> /ˈɦen˨/ 'them' as well as <i>berreg</i> /ˈbæʀx/ 'mountains' vs. <i>berreg</i> /ˈbæʀx˨/ 'mountain'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Phonetically, the push tone rises then falls ([ˈɦen˧˦˧], [ˈbæʀ˧˦˧əx]), whereas the dragging tone falls, then rises, then falls again ([ˈɦen˥˩˩˥˥˩], [ˈbæʀ˥˩˩˥˥˩əx]). This phonetic realization of pitch accent is called <i>Rule 0</i> by Björn Köhnlein.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Elsewhere in the article, the broad transcription ⟨ˈɦen, ˈbæʀəx, ˈɦen˨, ˈbæʀ˨əx⟩ is used even in phonetic transcription. </p><p>A unique feature of this dialect is that all stressed syllables can bear either of the accents, even the CVC syllables with a non-sonorant coda. In compounds, all combinations of pitch accent are possible: <i>Aastraot</i> /ˈaːˌstʀɔːt/ 'Old Street', <i>Vèsmerrek</i> /ˈvɛsˌmæʀk˨/ 'Fish Market', <i>Ekestraot</i> /ˈeː˨kəˌstʀɔːt/ 'Oak Street' and <i>Freetmerrek</i> /ˈfʀeːt˨ˌmæʀk˨/ 'Fruit Market'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sample</h3> <p>The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of <a href="/facts/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun/7cTs2SPG">The North Wind and the Sun</a>. </p> "The north wind and the sun were discussing which of the two was the strongest. Just then someone came past who had a thick, warm, winter coat on." <p>Phonetic transcription: </p> [də ˈnɔːʀdəʀˌwɛntʃ˨ ən də ˈzɔn | wøːʀən ɑn deskəˈtɛːʀə | ˈeː˨vəʀ ˈwiə vɔn en ˈtwɛː ət ˈstæʀ˨əkstə wøːʀ || ˈtuːn ˈkum təʀ ˈdʒys ˈej˨mɑnt vʀ̩ˈbɛː˨ | ˈdiː nən ˈdɪkə ˈwæʀmə ˈjɑs ˈɑːn˨ɦaː]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> <p>Orthographic version: </p> De naorderwèndj en de zon weuren an disketaere ever wieë von hin twae het sterrekste weur, toên koem ter dzjuus ejmand verbae diê nen dikke, werme jas ânhaa. <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Belemans, Rob; Keulen, Ronny (2004), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4_GRBd2z8C"><i>Belgisch-Limburgs</i></a>, Lannoo Uitgeverij, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9020958553</li> <li>Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007). <a href="http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/wat_is_de_beste_transcriptie.pdf">"Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands?"</a> (PDF) (in Dutch). Nijmegen: Radboud University. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325013034/http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/wat_is_de_beste_transcriptie.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2023.</li> <li>Köhnlein, Björn (2013), <a href="https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/b/23850/files/2015/10/Koehnlein_Lingua_final-2kj4gvy.pdf">"Optimizing the relation between tone and prominence: Evidence from Franconian, Scandinavian, and Serbo-Croatian tone accent systems"</a> (PDF), <i>Lingua</i>, 131: 1–28, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2013.03.002">10.1016/j.lingua.2013.03.002</a></li> <li>Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 36 (1): 117–124, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428">10.1017/S0025100306002428</a></li> <li>Sebregts, Koen (2014), <a href="http://koensebregts.nl/FullTextSEBREGTSLOT379.pdf">"3.4.4 Hasselt"</a> (PDF), <i>The Sociophonetics and Phonology of Dutch </i>r<i></i>, Utrecht: LOT, pp. 96–99, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-94-6093-161-1</li> <li>Staelens, Xavier (1989), <i>Dieksjenèèr van 't (H)essels</i> (3rd ed.), Hasselt: de Langeman</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Grootaers, Ludovic; Grauls, Jan (1930), <i>Klankleer van het Hasseltsch dialect</i>, Leuven: de Vlaamsche Drukkerij</li> <li>Peters, Jörg (2008), <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249933447">"Tone and intonation in the dialect of Hasselt"</a>, <i>Linguistics</i>, 46 (5): 983–1018, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FLING.2008.032">10.1515/LING.2008.032</a>, <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F68267">2066/68267</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3302630">3302630</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Staelens (1989). - Staelens, Xavier (1989), Dieksjenèèr van 't (H)essels (3rd ed.), Hasselt: de Langeman <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Peters (2006), p. 117. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Peters (2006), p. 117. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Sebregts (2014), pp. 96–97. - Sebregts, Koen (2014), "3.4.4 Hasselt" (PDF), The Sociophonetics and Phonology of Dutch r, Utrecht: LOT, pp. 96–99, ISBN 978-94-6093-161-1 <a href="http://koensebregts.nl/FullTextSEBREGTSLOT379.pdf" target="_blank">http://koensebregts.nl/FullTextSEBREGTSLOT379.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Peters (2006), p. 118. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Peters (2006), p. 117. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Gussenhoven (2007), pp. 336–337. - Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007). "Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands?" (PDF) (in Dutch). Nijmegen: Radboud University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2023. <a href="http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/wat_is_de_beste_transcriptie.pdf" target="_blank">http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/wat_is_de_beste_transcriptie.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Peters (2006), p. 118. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Peters (2006), p. 118. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Peters (2006), p. 118. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Peters (2006). While the author does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol ⟨r̥⟩ for many instances of the word-final /ʀ/. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Sebregts (2014), p. 96. - Sebregts, Koen (2014), "3.4.4 Hasselt" (PDF), The Sociophonetics and Phonology of Dutch r, Utrecht: LOT, pp. 96–99, ISBN 978-94-6093-161-1 <a href="http://koensebregts.nl/FullTextSEBREGTSLOT379.pdf" target="_blank">http://koensebregts.nl/FullTextSEBREGTSLOT379.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Sebregts (2014), p. 97. - Sebregts, Koen (2014), "3.4.4 Hasselt" (PDF), The Sociophonetics and Phonology of Dutch r, Utrecht: LOT, pp. 96–99, ISBN 978-94-6093-161-1 <a href="http://koensebregts.nl/FullTextSEBREGTSLOT379.pdf" target="_blank">http://koensebregts.nl/FullTextSEBREGTSLOT379.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Sebregts (2014), p. 97. - Sebregts, Koen (2014), "3.4.4 Hasselt" (PDF), The Sociophonetics and Phonology of Dutch r, Utrecht: LOT, pp. 96–99, ISBN 978-94-6093-161-1 <a href="http://koensebregts.nl/FullTextSEBREGTSLOT379.pdf" target="_blank">http://koensebregts.nl/FullTextSEBREGTSLOT379.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Peters (2006), pp. 118–119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Belemans & Keulen (2004), p. 34. - Belemans, Rob; Keulen, Ronny (2004), Belgisch-Limburgs, Lannoo Uitgeverij, ISBN 978-9020958553 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4_GRBd2z8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4_GRBd2z8C</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Belemans & Keulen (2004), p. 34. - Belemans, Rob; Keulen, Ronny (2004), Belgisch-Limburgs, Lannoo Uitgeverij, ISBN 978-9020958553 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4_GRBd2z8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4_GRBd2z8C</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Peters (2006), p. 119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Belemans & Keulen (2004), p. 34. - Belemans, Rob; Keulen, Ronny (2004), Belgisch-Limburgs, Lannoo Uitgeverij, ISBN 978-9020958553 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4_GRBd2z8C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4_GRBd2z8C</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Peters (2006), p. 119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Peters (2006), p. 119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Peters (2006), pp. 118–119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Peters (2006), p. 119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Peters (2006), p. 119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Peters (2006), p. 118. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Peters (2006), p. 119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Peters (2006), p. 119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Peters (2006), p. 119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Peters (2006), p. 119. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Peters (2006), pp. 119–120. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Peters (2006), pp. 120–121. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Köhnlein (2013), pp. 5–7. - Köhnlein, Björn (2013), "Optimizing the relation between tone and prominence: Evidence from Franconian, Scandinavian, and Serbo-Croatian tone accent systems" (PDF), Lingua, 131: 1–28, doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.03.002 <a href="https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/b/23850/files/2015/10/Koehnlein_Lingua_final-2kj4gvy.pdf" target="_blank">https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/b/23850/files/2015/10/Koehnlein_Lingua_final-2kj4gvy.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Peters (2006), p. 120. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Peters (2006), p. 123. - Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>