Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
George Town, Penang
open-in-new
<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>George Town was named in honour of <a href="/facts/George_III/1RGERms7">King George III</a>, the ruler of <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain/5yBEtQIt">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Ireland/bQ5PhuTB">Ireland</a> between 1760 and 1820.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Prior to the arrival of the British, the geographical area had been known as <i>Tanjung Penaga</i>, due to the abundance of <i>penaga laut</i> trees (<i><a href="/facts/Calophyllum_inophyllum/6j9pyonM">Calophyllum inophyllum</a></i>) found at the cape (<i>tanjung</i>) of the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>The city is often mistakenly spelled as "Georgetown", which was never the city's official name. This misspelling may be due to confusion with other places worldwide that share the same name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In common parlance, the city of George Town is also called "<a href="/facts/Penang/IWJa6K33">Penang</a>", which is the name of the larger state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_George_Town%2c_Penang/c6cY8ARH">History of George Town, Penang</a></p> <h3>Establishment</h3> <p>In 1771, <a href="/facts/Francis_Light/a4zEyCKX">Francis Light</a>, a former <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a> captain, was instructed by the <a href="/facts/East_India_Company/jpfw533d">British East India Company</a> (EIC) to establish trade relations in the <a href="/facts/Malay_Peninsula/BrBger2u">Malay Peninsula</a>. He arrived in <a href="/facts/Kedah_Sultanate/1Soc26fz">Kedah</a>, a <a href="/facts/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%25E2%2580%25931932)/008IpyQN">Siamese</a> <a href="/facts/Suzerainty/jzSCjQe4">vassal state</a> facing threats from the <a href="/facts/Bugis/NKllxk9Y">Bugis</a> of <a href="/facts/Selangor/5gKNfr9G">Selangor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Kedah's ruler <a href="/facts/Muhammad_Jiwa_Zainal_Adilin_II_of_Kedah/eSe9vjIp">Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II</a> offered Light <a href="/facts/Penang_Island/eDlrUql2">Penang Island</a> in exchange for British military protection. Light noted the strategic potential of the island as a "convenient magazine for trade" that could enable the British to check Dutch and French <a href="/facts/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia/8lPKIRB1">territorial ambitions</a> in Southeast Asia, and tried unsuccessfully to persuade his superiors to accept the Sultan's offer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Light was finally authorised to negotiate the British acquisition of Penang Island in 1786.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> After the cession was finalised with Muhammad Jiwa's successor <a href="/facts/Abdullah_Mukarram_Shah_of_Kedah/BQDRFzh9">Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah</a>, Light and his entourage landed on the island on 17 July that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> They took formal possession of the island "in the name of <a href="/facts/George_III/1RGERms7">King George III of England</a>" on 11 August.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Penang Island was renamed Prince of Wales Island after the <a href="/facts/George_IV/X2gworIu">heir to the British throne</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> George Town was the first British colonial possession in Southeast Asia and marked the beginning of the gradual British colonisation in <a href="/facts/British_Malaya/SwMnjlFx">Malaya</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>When Light first landed on the cape, it was densely covered in jungle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> After the area was cleared, Light oversaw the construction of <a href="/facts/Fort_Cornwallis/G3GDm5BF">Fort Cornwallis</a>, the first structure in the newly established settlement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The first roads of George Town – <a href="/facts/Light_Street%2c_George_Town/CV5JuQ62">Light</a>, <a href="/facts/Beach_Street%2c_George_Town/H707wsNo">Beach</a>, <a href="/facts/Chulia_Street%2c_George_Town/38mA5NEn">Chulia</a> and <a href="/facts/Pitt_Street%2c_George_Town/E1p4Ku3K">Pitt</a> streets – were created in a <a href="/facts/Grid_plan/uuQv1xdM">grid-like</a> configuration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> This urban planning method facilitated the easy division, transaction and assessment of land, as well as efficient military deployment. The grid pattern was also <a href="/facts/Jackson_Plan/dFukfAy4">replicated in Singapore</a> following the <a href="/facts/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore/6X5Jp7PL">acquisition of the island by Stamford Raffles</a> in 1819.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>British rule</h3> <p>As Light intended, George Town grew rapidly as a <a href="/facts/Free_economic_zone/4DRyR0Mu">free port</a> and a conduit for <a href="/facts/Spice_trade/Al4oz2x4">spice trade</a>, taking maritime commerce from <a href="/facts/Dutch_East_Indies/1vl6kw8p">Dutch</a> posts in the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> The spice trade allowed the EIC to cover the administrative costs of Penang.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The threat of French invasion in the midst of the <a href="/facts/Napoleonic_Wars/jo0MdaTD">Napoleonic Wars</a> forced the British to enlarge and reinforce <a href="/facts/Fort_Cornwallis/G3GDm5BF">Fort Cornwallis</a> as the garrison for the settlement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>Local governance committees were formed from 1796 to resolve specific matters of administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> However, there were no unified legal systems in place to maintain order in the settlement. Light, who believed that feudal laws instituted by the newly-immigrated settlers were incompatible with <a href="/facts/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom/YeTMb29C">British law</a>, initially implemented a system in 1792 whereby matters of justice were partially delegated to local leaders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> This decision was ratified by <a href="/facts/George_Alexander_William_Leith/yVS0pDqY">Lieutenant-Governor George Leith</a> in 1800. However, further legal disputes meant that under the directives of the <a href="/facts/Bengal_Presidency/YXqP1CF0">Bengal Presidency</a>, this system was replaced by a set of regulations in 1805, drafted by Leith and revised by John Dickens, the presidency's appointed judge and magistrate for Penang.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>In 1807, a Charter of Justice was granted which mandated the establishment of a "Court of Judicature" composed of the Governor, a <a href="/facts/List_of_recorders_of_Penang%2c_Singapore%2c_and_Malacca/gQoxGJsg">recorder</a> and three councillors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The high court was inaugurated at Fort Cornwallis in the following year, with <a href="/facts/Edmond_Stanley/4ISA28G8">Edmond Stanley</a> as recorder.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> With the establishment of the court, George Town became the first settlement in <a href="/facts/British_Malaya/SwMnjlFx">British Malaya</a> to possess a modern judicial system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>In 1826, George Town was made the capital of the <a href="/facts/Straits_Settlements/9aJGJuXN">Straits Settlements</a>, which also comprised <a href="/facts/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements/fCaJk6q9">Singapore</a> and <a href="/facts/Malacca/ncvoSb0j">Malacca</a>. In 1832, the administrative centre was relocated to Singapore, as it surpassed George Town in commercial and strategic prominence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Despite its secondary importance to Singapore, George Town continued to play a crucial role as a British entrepôt. Following the opening of the <a href="/facts/Suez_Canal/1zYoNryp">Suez Canal</a> in 1869 and a tin mining boom in the <a href="/facts/Malay_Peninsula/BrBger2u">Malay Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/facts/Port_of_Penang/nbDlKCRt">Port of Penang</a> became a leading exporter of tin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> By the end of the 19th century, George Town emerged as the foremost financial centre of British Malaya, as mercantile firms and international banks were established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>Throughout the century, George Town's population grew rapidly in tandem with economic prosperity. Between 1797 and 1830, an influx of immigrants from all over Asia quadrupled its population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> A cosmopolitan population emerged, comprising <a href="/facts/Penangite_Chinese/jPP4Bexz">Chinese</a>, <a href="/facts/Malays_(ethnic_group)/QK3bY6uT">Malay</a>, <a href="/facts/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang/DrCsLkK5">Indian</a>, <a href="/facts/Peranakan_Chinese/0zzwmt72">Peranakan</a>, <a href="/facts/Malaysian_Siamese/0A9RfEUS">Siamese</a> and migrants of mixed European-Asian lineage referred to as "Eurasians". The population growth also created social problems, such as inadequate health facilities and rampant crime, with the latter culminating in <a href="/facts/1867_Penang_riots/we2TNe1x">rioting in 1867</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>George Town came under direct British rule when the Straits Settlements <a href="/facts/Transfer_of_the_Straits_Settlements/s74YpEYy">became a British crown colony</a> in 1867.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Law enforcement and immigration control were gradually strengthened to suppress <a href="/facts/Triad_(organized_crime)/LLcfM95T">organised crime</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> More investments were also made on the settlement's health care and public transportation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>Advances in education and living standards gave rise to a non-European gentry and middle class, which in turn fostered nascent intellectual activities and political movements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> George Town, according to historian <a href="/facts/Mary_Turnbull/mmWQmIg4">Mary Turnbull</a>, emerged as "a Mecca for Asian intellectuals", who perceived it to be more intellectually receptive than Singapore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> The settlement was a centre for reformist newspapers, and attracted political and intellectual figures such as <a href="/facts/Rudyard_Kipling/jmHXpRzn">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="/facts/W._Somerset_Maugham/RBQaJVjF">W. Somerset Maugham</a> and <a href="/facts/Sun_Yat-sen/VRUYA75e">Sun Yat-sen</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> However, political turmoil in <a href="/facts/Qing_dynasty/5j6r4p5m">Qing China</a> and the influx of Chinese migrants posed security concerns among the British authorities. Sun chose George Town as the headquarters for revolutionary activities by the <a href="/facts/Tongmenghui/wx1u9dln">Tongmenghui</a> in Southeast Asia that eventually launched the <a href="/facts/Wuchang_Uprising/stxW19tE">Wuchang Uprising</a>, a precursor to the <a href="/facts/1911_Revolution/lCnPzBWo">Xinhai Revolution</a> that ushered in the beginning of <a href="/facts/Republic_of_China_(1912%25E2%2580%25931949)/NgEhkXWz">Republican China</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p> <h3>World wars</h3> <p>George Town emerged from <a href="/facts/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I/r8nf64DV">World War I</a> relatively unscathed, except for the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Penang/eYod9pHE">Battle of Penang</a> where the <a href="/facts/Imperial_German_Navy/wNhU6Hlo">Imperial German Navy</a> cruiser <a href="/facts/SMS_Emden/NDwXPatx">SMS <i>Emden</i></a> sank two <a href="/facts/Allies_of_World_War_I/HBo9sw1M">Allied</a> warships off the settlement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> <a href="/facts/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II/Do8ugfYK">World War II</a>, on the other hand, caused unprecedented social and political turmoil in George Town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p><p>In mid-December 1941, the settlement was subjected to severe <a href="/facts/Malayan_campaign/e2p0UHVQ">Japanese aerial bombardment</a>, forcing inhabitants to flee George Town and take refuge in the jungles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> While <a href="/facts/Penang_Island/eDlrUql2">Penang Island</a> had been designated a fortress before the outbreak of fighting, the <a href="/facts/Malaya_Command/rs5fXXdM">British high command</a> led by <a href="/facts/Arthur_Percival/dpaYtcqd">Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival</a> decided to abandon the island and secretly evacuate George Town's European population, leaving the settlement's Asian residents undefended against the Japanese advance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> According to historian Raymond Callahan, "the moral collapse of British rule in Southeast Asia came not at Singapore, but at Penang".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Imperial_Japanese_Army/11l04P9p">Imperial Japanese Army</a> (IJA) seized George Town on 19 December without encountering any resistance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> During <a href="/facts/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya/kkQQSp6t">Japanese occupation</a>, George Town was only lightly garrisoned by the IJA, while the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Japanese_Navy/smLn7IyT">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> converted <a href="/facts/Swettenham_Pier/Jr4xmqtx">Swettenham Pier</a> into a major submarine base for the <a href="/facts/Axis_powers/Q3z1D8R9">Axis powers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Kempeitai/gINavmHm">Japanese military police</a> imposed order by massacring <a href="/facts/Penangite_Chinese/jPP4Bexz">Chinese civilians</a> under the <a href="/facts/Sook_Ching/tPaAgQ5d">Sook Ching</a> policy; the victims were buried in mass graves all over the island, such as at <a href="/facts/Rifle_Range%2c_Penang/yc623dMN">Rifle Range</a>, <a href="/facts/Bukit_Dumbar/TBGQVqbI">Bukit Dumbar</a> and <a href="/facts/Batu_Ferringhi/quMBIcS3">Batu Ferringhi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> Poverty and wanton Japanese brutality towards the local population also forced women into <a href="/facts/Comfort_women/kPFHLFAh">sexual slavery</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p><p>Between 1944 and 1945, Allied bombers based in India <a href="/facts/Air_raids_on_Penang/jQornA0f">targeted naval and administrative buildings in George Town</a>, damaging and destroying several colonial buildings in the process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Penang_Strait/BKxd6kLf">Penang Strait</a> was mined to constrict Japanese shipping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> Following <a href="/facts/Surrender_of_Japan/SM4dd1M9">Japan's surrender</a>, on 3 September 1945, <a href="/facts/Royal_Marines/2HmTrRnx">British Royal Marines</a> launched <a href="/facts/Operation_Jurist/qBlu0cJz">Operation Jurist</a> to retake George Town, making it the first settlement in British Malaya to be liberated from the Japanese.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> </p> <h3>Post-war</h3> <p>After a period of <a href="/facts/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)/Mqt5Tmmu">military administration</a>, the British dissolved the <a href="/facts/Straits_Settlements/9aJGJuXN">Straits Settlements</a> in 1946 and merged the <a href="/facts/Crown_Colony_of_Penang/fdQJMebr">Crown Colony of Penang</a> into the <a href="/facts/Malayan_Union/8EBvRfN7">Malayan Union</a>, which was then replaced with the <a href="/facts/Federation_of_Malaya/e2Gq9gGe">Federation of Malaya</a> in 1948. At first, the impending annexation of the British colony of Penang into the vast Malay heartland proved unpopular among Penangites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> Partly due to concerns that George Town's free port status would be at risk in the event of Penang's absorption into Malaya's customs union, the <a href="/facts/Penang_secessionist_movement/QpIs9203">Penang Secessionist Committee</a> was founded in 1948 and attempted to avert Penang's merger with Malaya.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> A petition at the time warned that the incorporation of Penang into Malaya would "reduce it to the churn of filth of a fishing village... trade assiduously built up during the last one and a half centuries will be turned to nothing, entailing untold monetary losses and hardship to the merchants in Penang".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> </p><p>The secessionist movement was ultimately met with British disapproval.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> To assuage the concerns raised by the secessionists, the British government guaranteed George Town's free port status and promised greater decentralisation. Meanwhile, municipal elections, which had been abolished in 1913, were <a href="/facts/1951_Malayan_local_elections/2sTadqNv">reintroduced in 1951</a>, further diminishing the secessionists' commitment to their cause.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> Nine councillors were to be elected from George Town's three electoral wards, while the <a href="/facts/List_of_high_commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Malaya/w1Teoz39">British High Commissioner</a> held the power to appoint six more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> In 1957, George Town became Malaya's first fully-elected municipality and was granted city status by <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_II/os6eB47B">Queen Elizabeth II</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> This made George Town the first city within the Malayan Federation, and by extension, Malaysia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> </p> <h3>Post-independence</h3> <p>During the early years of Malaya's independence, George Town retained its free port status, which had been guaranteed by the British. The <a href="/facts/George_Town_City_Council/6N527IBT">George Town City Council</a> enjoyed full financial autonomy and by 1965, it was the wealthiest local government in Malaysia, with an annual revenue almost double that of the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Penang/HeYD4IwJ">Penang state government</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> This financial strength allowed the <a href="/facts/Labour_Party_of_Malaya/pMqbNjqQ">Labour</a>-led city government to implement progressive policies, and to take control of George Town's infrastructure and public transportation. These included the maintenance of its own public bus service, as well as the construction of public housing schemes and the <a href="/facts/Ayer_Itam_Dam/h48j5Wnv">Ayer Itam Dam</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> </p><p>However, longstanding political differences between the George Town City Council and the <a href="/facts/Alliance_Party_(Malaysia)/LGBxQ380">Alliance</a>-controlled state government led to allegations of maladministration against the city government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> In response, <a href="/facts/Chief_Minister_of_Penang/IW1nKu3x">Chief Minister of Penang</a>, <a href="/facts/Wong_Pow_Nee/A07qMMoY">Wong Pow Nee</a>, took over the powers of the George Town City Council in 1966.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> Local government elections nationwide were also suspended in the aftermath of the <a href="/facts/Indonesia%25E2%2580%2593Malaysia_confrontation/LB8z4RXq">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a>, never to be reinstated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> </p><p>The period of relative prosperity vis-à-vis the rest of Malaysia came to an end in 1969, when the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Malaysia/SXHVymYC">Malaysian federal government</a> rescinded George Town's free port status.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> This sparked massive unemployment, <a href="/facts/Human_capital_flight/ISXuNRE2">brain drain</a> and urban decay within the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a> The federal government also began channelling resources towards the development of <a href="/facts/Kuala_Lumpur/2dCzRWjL">Kuala Lumpur</a> and <a href="/facts/Port_Klang/QLxFW5jA">Port Klang</a>, leading to George Town's protracted decline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> </p><p>To revive Penang's fortunes, newly-elected Chief Minister <a href="/facts/Lim_Chong_Eu/goIt4hjg">Lim Chong Eu</a> launched the <a href="/facts/Komtar/JyEUs20J">Komtar</a> project in 1974 and spearheaded the establishment of the <a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone/8YlAWv31">Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone</a> (Bayan Lepas FIZ) which, at the time, was outside the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a> Although these were successful in transforming Penang into a <a href="/facts/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy/IbtKqotL">tertiary-based economy</a>, they also led to the decentralisation of the urban population as residents gravitated towards newer suburban townships closer to the Bayan Lepas FIZ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a> The destruction of hundreds of <a href="/facts/Shophouse/n85sCsGz">shophouses</a> and whole streets for the construction of Komtar further exacerbated the hollowing out of George Town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> </p><p>Between 1974 and 1976, the George Town City Council and the <a href="/facts/Penang_Island_Rural_District_Council/uEUgu06G">Penang Island Rural District Council</a> were <a href="/facts/Merger_(politics)/a4XvAx3F">merged</a> to form the Penang Island Municipal Council. This led to a prolonged debate over George Town's city status, in spite of Clause 3 of the Local Government (Merger of the City Council of George Town and the Rural District Council of Penang Island) Order, 1974, which stated that "the status of the City of George Town as a city shall continue to be preserved and maintained and shall remain unimpaired by the merger hereby effected".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> </p> <h3>Renaissance</h3> <p>George Town had benefitted from a real estate boom towards the end of the 20th century, but in 2001, the Rent Control Act was repealed, worsening the depopulation of the city's historical core and leaving colonial-era buildings in disrepair.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> The city also suffered from incoherent urban planning, poor traffic management and a brain drain which left it without the expertise to regulate urban development and arrest its decline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> </p><p>In response, George Town's civil societies banded together and galvanised public support for the conservation of historic buildings, and to restore the city to its former glory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> Following subsequent heritage conservation efforts, a portion of the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a> was <a href="/facts/Historic_Cities_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca/Pf62rA4s">designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> </p><p>Widespread resentment over the city's decline also resulted in the then opposition <a href="/facts/Pakatan_Rakyat/FIEzEIm8">Pakatan Rakyat</a> bloc (now <a href="/facts/Pakatan_Harapan/Um7MV03z">Pakatan Harapan</a>) wresting power in Penang from the incumbent <a href="/facts/Barisan_Nasional/gvsBvgnS">Barisan Nasional</a> (BN) administration in the <a href="/facts/2008_Penang_state_election/z1s3nnYy">2008 state election</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> The newly-elected <a href="/facts/Government_of_Penang/HeYD4IwJ">state government</a> took a more inclusive approach to heritage conservation and sustainable urban development, while concurrently pursuing <a href="/facts/Economic_diversity/8KHCE7Ss">economic diversification</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> The city has since witnessed an economic rejuvenation, boosted by a growth in the private sector.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a> </p><p>George Town's jurisdiction was expanded by the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Malaysia/SXHVymYC">Malaysian federal government</a> to encompass the entirety of <a href="/facts/Penang_Island/eDlrUql2">Penang Island</a> and the surrounding islets in 2015.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> This expansion resulted in an enlargement of the city government's manpower and responsibilities, as well as enhancing the regulation of heritage conservation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <p>The jurisdiction of George Town covers an area of approximately 306 km2 (118 sq mi), encompassing the entirety of <a href="/facts/Penang_Island/eDlrUql2">Penang Island</a> and nine surrounding islets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a> George Town is slightly more than two-fifths the size of <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a>.α The 295 km2 (114 sq mi) Penang Island has an uneven terrain with a mountainous topography down the middle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a> The island's coastal plains are narrow, with the most extensive plain located at the northeastern cape, where the 25.5 km2 (9.8 sq mi) <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a> is situated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> Over the centuries, the built-up area of George Town has expanded in three directions – along the island's northern coast, south down the eastern shoreline and towards <a href="/facts/Penang_Hill/RfSlRC9T">Penang Hill</a> to the west.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> </p><p>The surrounding islets within George Town's jurisdiction are <a href="/facts/Jerejak_Island/FCe8Tny2">Jerejak</a>, <a href="/facts/Andaman_Island%2c_Penang/963wxKJ0">Andaman</a>, <a href="/facts/Gazumbo_Island/Tc1AKP99">Udini</a>, <a href="/facts/Tikus_Island/tnkUKGbt">Tikus</a>, <a href="/facts/Lovers%2527_Isle/oGelNDVI">Lovers'</a>, <a href="/facts/Betong_Island/gmCkhTjC">Betong</a>, Betong Kecil, <a href="/facts/Kendi_Island/R2dd6UAC">Kendi</a> and <a href="/facts/Rimau_Island/aaXhcPe2">Rimau</a> islands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> The riverine systems within the city include the Kluang, Dua, Glugor and <a href="/facts/Pinang_River_(Penang)/MUFmA1gt">Pinang</a> rivers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> The Pinang River, which is 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long, flows through the city centre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a> </p><p>Penang Hill, with a height of 833 m (2,733 ft), is the highest point in Penang, serving as a water catchment area and a green lung for the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> In 2021, the 12,481 ha (124.81 km2) Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, which includes the <a href="/facts/Penang_Botanic_Gardens/eqdsR1Y6">Penang Botanic Gardens</a> and the 2,562 ha (25.62 km2) <a href="/facts/Penang_National_Park/QDb0TLtm">Penang National Park</a>, was inscribed as a <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> <a href="/facts/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves/m1hLF5Bh">Biosphere Reserve</a> in recognition of the area's biodiversity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> </p><p>As land scarcity is a pressing issue in George Town, <a href="/facts/Land_reclamation/taYL4BjI">land reclamation</a> has been extensively undertaken at high-demand areas, such as at <a href="/facts/Tanjong_Tokong/1vfIbejl">Tanjong Tokong</a> and <a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas/n13evoWI">Bayan Lepas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a> Between 1960 and 2015, George Town expanded by more than 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi) due to land reclamation that altered much of the city's eastern shoreline.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> In 2023, a massive reclamation project commenced off <a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas/n13evoWI">Bayan Lepas</a> to build the 920 ha (9.2 km2) <a href="/facts/Silicon_Island/g0drIAbn">Silicon Island</a>, envisioned as a new hub for high-tech manufacturing and commerce.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> Reclamation projects to create <a href="/facts/Gurney_Bay/EFMU4twK">Gurney Bay</a> and the nearby mixed-use precinct of Andaman Island are also ongoing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> </p> 2km1.2miles18<a href="/facts/Silicon_Island/g0drIAbn">Silicon I.</a><a href="/facts/Silicon_Island/g0drIAbn"></a><a href="/facts/Silicon_Island/g0drIAbn"></a>17<a href="/facts/Teluk_Kumbar/D2R6XAWx">Teluk Kumbar</a><a href="/facts/Teluk_Kumbar/D2R6XAWx"></a><a href="/facts/Teluk_Kumbar/D2R6XAWx"></a>16<a href="/facts/Teluk_Bahang/jPTQMvum">Teluk Bahang</a><a href="/facts/Teluk_Bahang/jPTQMvum"></a><a href="/facts/Teluk_Bahang/jPTQMvum"></a>15<a href="/facts/Tanjong_Tokong/1vfIbejl">Tanjong Tokong</a><a href="/facts/Tanjong_Tokong/1vfIbejl"></a><a href="/facts/Tanjong_Tokong/1vfIbejl"></a>14<a href="/facts/Tanjong_Pinang/MUr6GzmI">Tanjong Pinang</a><a href="/facts/Tanjong_Pinang/MUr6GzmI"></a><a href="/facts/Tanjong_Pinang/MUr6GzmI"></a>13<a href="/facts/Tanjong_Bungah/m2dwCejc">Tanjong Bungah</a><a href="/facts/Tanjong_Bungah/m2dwCejc"></a><a href="/facts/Tanjong_Bungah/m2dwCejc"></a>12<a href="/facts/Relau/P14sxJ4u">Relau</a><a href="/facts/Relau/P14sxJ4u"></a><a href="/facts/Relau/P14sxJ4u"></a>11<a href="/facts/Penang_Hill/RfSlRC9T">Penang Hill</a><a href="/facts/Penang_Hill/RfSlRC9T"></a><a href="/facts/Penang_Hill/RfSlRC9T"></a>10<a href="/facts/Paya_Terubong/fcLtSNk4">Paya Terubong</a><a href="/facts/Paya_Terubong/fcLtSNk4"></a><a href="/facts/Paya_Terubong/fcLtSNk4"></a>9<a href="/facts/Pantai_Acheh/j37ArnHl">Pantai Acheh</a><a href="/facts/Pantai_Acheh/j37ArnHl"></a><a href="/facts/Pantai_Acheh/j37ArnHl"></a>8<a href="/facts/Jelutong%2c_Penang/LUXcyh99">Jelutong</a><a href="/facts/Jelutong%2c_Penang/LUXcyh99"></a><a href="/facts/Jelutong%2c_Penang/LUXcyh99"></a>7<a href="/facts/Gertak_Sanggul/h1nuK1kN">Gertak Sanggul</a><a href="/facts/Gertak_Sanggul/h1nuK1kN"></a><a href="/facts/Gertak_Sanggul/h1nuK1kN"></a>6<a href="/facts/Gelugor/5sSt8mk8">Gelugor</a><a href="/facts/Gelugor/5sSt8mk8"></a><a href="/facts/Gelugor/5sSt8mk8"></a>5<a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas/n13evoWI">Bayan Lepas</a><a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas/n13evoWI"></a><a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas/n13evoWI"></a>4<a href="/facts/Batu_Ferringhi/quMBIcS3">Batu Ferringhi</a><a href="/facts/Batu_Ferringhi/quMBIcS3"></a><a href="/facts/Batu_Ferringhi/quMBIcS3"></a>3<a href="/facts/Balik_Pulau/sp0BGvXH">Balik Pulau</a><a href="/facts/Balik_Pulau/sp0BGvXH"></a><a href="/facts/Balik_Pulau/sp0BGvXH"></a>2<a href="/facts/Ayer_Itam/9p76XGwl">Ayer Itam</a><a href="/facts/Ayer_Itam/9p76XGwl"></a><a href="/facts/Ayer_Itam/9p76XGwl"></a>1<a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">Citycentre</a><a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA"></a><a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA"></a>Map of subdistricts within George Town.Click link at the top right corner to zoom in.1 <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">City centre</a>2 <a href="/facts/Ayer_Itam/9p76XGwl">Ayer Itam</a>3 <a href="/facts/Balik_Pulau/sp0BGvXH">Balik Pulau</a>4 <a href="/facts/Batu_Ferringhi/quMBIcS3">Batu Ferringhi</a>5 <a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas/n13evoWI">Bayan Lepas</a>6 <a href="/facts/Gelugor/5sSt8mk8">Gelugor</a>7 <a href="/facts/Gertak_Sanggul/h1nuK1kN">Gertak Sanggul</a>8 <a href="/facts/Jelutong%2c_Penang/LUXcyh99">Jelutong</a>9 <a href="/facts/Pantai_Acheh/j37ArnHl">Pantai Acheh</a>10 <a href="/facts/Paya_Terubong/fcLtSNk4">Paya Terubong</a>11 <a href="/facts/Penang_Hill/RfSlRC9T">Penang Hill</a>12 <a href="/facts/Relau/P14sxJ4u">Relau</a>13 <a href="/facts/Tanjong_Bungah/m2dwCejc">Tanjong Bungah</a>14 <a href="/facts/Tanjong_Pinang/MUr6GzmI">Tanjong Pinang</a>15 <a href="/facts/Tanjong_Tokong/1vfIbejl">Tanjong Tokong</a>16 <a href="/facts/Teluk_Bahang/jPTQMvum">Teluk Bahang</a>17 <a href="/facts/Teluk_Kumbar/D2R6XAWx">Teluk Kumbar</a>18 <a href="/facts/Silicon_Island/g0drIAbn">Silicon Island</a> <h3>Climate</h3><p> George Town features a <a href="/facts/Tropical_rainforest_climate/vI2p5JFK">tropical rainforest climate</a>, under the <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25B6ppen_climate_classification/VDcr86hF">Köppen climate classification</a> (<i>Af</i>). Weather forecast in George Town is served by the Penang Meteorological Office at <a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas/n13evoWI">Bayan Lepas</a>, which acts as the primary weather forecast facility for northwestern Peninsular Malaysia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> The city experiences relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year, with an average high of about 32 °C and an average low of 24°C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> It sees on average about 2,477 millimetres (97.5 in) of precipitation annually.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a> Its proximity to the island of <a href="/facts/Sumatra/Fo192kJb">Sumatra</a> makes George Town susceptible to dust particles carried by wind from transient forest fires that cause the perennial <a href="/facts/Southeast_Asian_haze/A2crGC3D">Southeast Asian haze</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for George Town (<a href="/facts/Penang_International_Airport/TEveda2Y">Penang International Airport</a>) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1934–present)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record high °C (°F)</th><td>35.2(95.4)</td><td>35.8(96.4)</td><td>36.2(97.2)</td><td>36.0(96.8)</td><td>36.0(96.8)</td><td>34.7(94.5)</td><td>34.8(94.6)</td><td>34.3(93.7)</td><td>34.1(93.4)</td><td>34.5(94.1)</td><td>34.0(93.2)</td><td>34.1(93.4)</td><td>36.2(97.2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th><td>31.9(89.4)</td><td>32.4(90.3)</td><td>32.6(90.7)</td><td>32.3(90.1)</td><td>32.1(89.8)</td><td>32.0(89.6)</td><td>31.6(88.9)</td><td>31.4(88.5)</td><td>31.1(88.0)</td><td>31.0(87.8)</td><td>31.1(88.0)</td><td>31.3(88.3)</td><td>31.7(89.1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Daily mean °C (°F)</th><td>27.8(82.0)</td><td>28.1(82.6)</td><td>28.4(83.1)</td><td>28.4(83.1)</td><td>28.4(83.1)</td><td>28.3(82.9)</td><td>27.9(82.2)</td><td>27.7(81.9)</td><td>27.4(81.3)</td><td>27.2(81.0)</td><td>27.2(81.0)</td><td>27.4(81.3)</td><td>27.8(82.0)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th><td>24.6(76.3)</td><td>24.7(76.5)</td><td>25.0(77.0)</td><td>25.2(77.4)</td><td>25.3(77.5)</td><td>25.2(77.4)</td><td>24.9(76.8)</td><td>24.7(76.5)</td><td>24.4(75.9)</td><td>24.3(75.7)</td><td>24.4(75.9)</td><td>24.5(76.1)</td><td>24.8(76.6)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record low °C (°F)</th><td>19.0(66.2)</td><td>18.0(64.4)</td><td>20.5(68.9)</td><td>22.0(71.6)</td><td>20.5(68.9)</td><td>20.0(68.0)</td><td>20.0(68.0)</td><td>21.0(69.8)</td><td>20.0(68.0)</td><td>20.5(68.9)</td><td>19.5(67.1)</td><td>19.5(67.1)</td><td>18.0(64.4)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th><td>80.3(3.16)</td><td>85.8(3.38)</td><td>145.5(5.73)</td><td>188.4(7.42)</td><td>229.1(9.02)</td><td>163.5(6.44)</td><td>189.8(7.47)</td><td>246.3(9.70)</td><td>316.4(12.46)</td><td>336.6(13.25)</td><td>232.8(9.17)</td><td>116.5(4.59)</td><td>2,331(91.77)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)</th><td>6.8</td><td>6.0</td><td>9.8</td><td>13.6</td><td>13.0</td><td>9.9</td><td>10.0</td><td>13.2</td><td>15.5</td><td>18.3</td><td>15.7</td><td>10.8</td><td>142.6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Relative_humidity/Nwb28VlT">relative humidity</a> (%)</th><td>75</td><td>78</td><td>81</td><td>84</td><td>85</td><td>84</td><td>84</td><td>85</td><td>86</td><td>87</td><td>85</td><td>78</td><td>83</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean monthly <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">sunshine hours</a></th><td>191</td><td>204</td><td>201</td><td>191</td><td>178</td><td>171</td><td>172</td><td>169</td><td>167</td><td>161</td><td>164</td><td>169</td><td>2,138</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 1: <a href="/facts/World_Meteorological_Organization/NWrDcKbl">World Meteorological Organization</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 2: Ogimet<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a><a href="/facts/Deutscher_Wetterdienst/MzGAKxKR">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="governance-and-politics">Governance and politics</h2> <h3>Local governance</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Penang_Island_City_Council/BKfDLmjq">Penang Island City Council</a></p> <p>In 1796, a committee was formed to record trade revenue, and another committee responsible for property valuation was established in 1800. The latter committee was assembled through an election of ratepaying representatives, making it the first political election ever held in the settlement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> Although the committees were organised ad hoc and lacked regulatory power, these early measures marked the beginning of a systematic approach to municipal governance in Penang.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a> </p><p>In 1856, the <a href="/facts/India_Board/zCqrDuph">India Board</a>, an administrative body of <a href="/facts/Company_rule_in_India/Y4EqFHr0">British India</a>, passed Act No. XXVII, which mandated the appointment of Municipal Commissioners and taxation of the <a href="/facts/Straits_Settlements/9aJGJuXN">Straits Settlements</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> A Municipal Commission for George Town came into being the following year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a> In 1957, prior to <a href="/facts/Federation_of_Malaya/e2Gq9gGe">Malaya's independence</a>, Queen Elizabeth II granted George Town city status, making it the first city in the new nation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a> By then, George Town had also become the first municipality in Malaya to have a fully-elected local government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a> Following the <a href="/facts/Indonesia%25E2%2580%2593Malaysia_confrontation/LB8z4RXq">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a>, local government elections across the country have been suspended since 1965.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Penang_Island_City_Council/BKfDLmjq">Penang Island City Council</a> (MBPP), headquartered in the <a href="/facts/City_Hall%2c_George_Town/du7HVMc8">City Hall</a>, carries out the official administrative and legislative duties of the city. One of the two city governments in Penang, MBPP is led by a <a href="/facts/Mayor_of_Penang_Island/onkdolWm">mayor</a>, assisted by a secretary and 24 councillors who perform oversight responsibilities over 19 departments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a> Each councillor is appointed by the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Penang/HeYD4IwJ">Penang state government</a> under an extendable one-year term.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a> As of 2023, one of the 24 councillor positions has been allocated to the city's non-governmental organisations (NGOs), while the remaining 23 are occupied by component parties of the ruling state government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a> The mayor since 2023 is Rajendran P. Anthony, the second mayor of <a href="/facts/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang/DrCsLkK5">Indian</a> descent in the city's history after <a href="/facts/D._S._Ramanathan/2yu2m8VR">D. S. Ramanathan</a> and the first since 2015.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a> </p><p>MBPP's current <a href="/facts/Urban_planning/dcuv8eTp">urban planning</a> strategy is set out in the <i>Penang Island Local Plan 2030</i>, first published in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a> The city government is responsible for municipal services including waste management, public maintenance and community service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a> It is also involved in major infrastructural projects such as the <a href="/facts/Jalan_Bukit_Kukus_Paired_Road/anNhPY2x">Jalan Bukit Kukus Paired Road</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a> Since 2009, it has operated the Central Area Transit (CAT) bus service in collaboration with <a href="/facts/Rapid_Penang/xukSd49W">Rapid Penang</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a> In 2025, MBPP projected its estimated revenue at RM433.3 million and an estimated expenditure of RM466.3 million, which included allocations for smart city projects, economic growth, cleanliness, sustainability and urban mobility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a>γ </p><p>After <a href="/facts/Pakatan_Rakyat/FIEzEIm8">Pakatan Rakyat</a> (predecessor to the incumbent <a href="/facts/Pakatan_Harapan/Um7MV03z">Pakatan Harapan</a>) was <a href="/facts/2008_Penang_state_election/z1s3nnYy">voted into power in 2008</a>, the newly-elected state government attempted to reinstate local government elections within Penang.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a> Backed by strong support from George Town's NGOs, the Local Government Elections (Penang Island and Province Wellesley) Enactment was passed in 2012, which would have allowed city government elections for the first time since the 1960s. However, the <a href="/facts/Barisan_Nasional/gvsBvgnS">Barisan Nasional</a>-controlled <a href="/facts/Government_of_Malaysia/SXHVymYC">federal government</a> objected to the move and the <a href="/facts/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia/Burz6gCj">Federal Court</a> later ruled that local government elections are not within the purview of state governments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a> </p> <h3>State and national representation</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Government_of_Penang/HeYD4IwJ">Government of Penang</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_electoral_districts_in_Penang/LkRU4jyS">List of electoral districts in Penang</a></p> <p>George Town is the administrative capital of Penang. The offices of the <a href="/facts/Chief_Minister_of_Penang/IW1nKu3x">Chief Minister of Penang</a> and the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Penang/HeYD4IwJ">Penang state government</a> are located in <a href="/facts/Komtar/JyEUs20J">Komtar</a>, while the <a href="/facts/The_Residency%2c_Penang/RJubuXgY">official residence</a> of the <a href="/facts/List_of_governors_of_Penang/4scSdkPH">Governor of Penang</a> is located in Scotland Road.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Penang_State_Legislative_Assembly/TumpPjTY">Penang's legislature</a> has been convened in the <a href="/facts/Penang_State_Assembly_Building/WcS7l6Cr">State Assembly Building</a> in <a href="/facts/Light_Street%2c_George_Town/CV5JuQ62">Light Street</a> since 1959.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a> </p><p>George Town is represented by <a href="/facts/List_of_Malaysian_electoral_districts/vELQm8PN">six Members of Parliament</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_electoral_districts_in_Penang/LkRU4jyS">19 state constituencies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a> Prior to 2023, state elections had been conducted simultaneously with <a href="/facts/Elections_in_Malaysia/c2YAzDkB">nationwide general elections</a> every five years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Tanjong_(federal_constituency)/2aJKrSbW">Tanjong</a> is the smallest parliamentary constituency in Malaysia by area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Padang_Kota_(state_constituency)/UXos3ljX">Padang Kota</a> is the least populated state constituency by population, while <a href="/facts/Pengkalan_Kota_(state_constituency)/9Ube2mwA">Pengkalan Kota</a> is the densest in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Batu_Lancang_(state_constituency)/PGD1Iv3m">Batu Lancang</a> has the largest proportion of <a href="/facts/Penangite_Chinese/jPP4Bexz">Chinese residents</a> in any state constituency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a> </p><p>Due to George Town's predominantly Chinese population and the longstanding political consciousness, the city has been regarded as a stronghold for the incumbent <a href="/facts/Pakatan_Harapan/Um7MV03z">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) coalition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a> As of 2023, non-Malays formed the majority in 15 out of the 19 state constituencies in George Town, particularly around the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/2023_Penang_state_election/W3V4VYyd">2023 state election</a>, PH retained 17 of George Town's state constituencies, with the <a href="/facts/Far-right_politics/QpBMz5Ss">far-right</a> <a href="/facts/Perikatan_Nasional/mn8HqmRj">Perikatan Nasional</a> (PN) opposition bloc seizing two of the Malay-majority seats at the western edge of the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a> </p> <p>Parliamentary constituencies<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a></p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bukit_Bendera_(federal_constituency)/sugB39nH">Bukit Bendera</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tanjong_(federal_constituency)/2aJKrSbW">Tanjong</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jelutong_(federal_constituency)/hndcw9gR">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bukit_Gelugor_(federal_constituency)/IczalPV4">Bukit Gelugor</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bayan_Baru_(federal_constituency)/c5uQ5kl3">Bayan Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Balik_Pulau_(federal_constituency)/AcQ2nRLL">Balik Pulau</a></li></ul><p>State constituencies<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a></p> <li><a href="/facts/Padang_Kota_(state_constituency)/UXos3ljX">Padang Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pengkalan_Kota_(state_constituency)/9Ube2mwA">Pengkalan Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Komtar_(state_constituency)/EGo5kmI7">Komtar</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kebun_Bunga_(state_constituency)/HPxz5wIF">Kebun Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pulau_Tikus_(state_constituency)/KXEAgIV9">Pulau Tikus</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tanjong_Bunga_(state_constituency)/7LkV1t7l">Tanjong Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Air_Putih_(Penang_state_constituency)/2K2yeRg6">Air Putih</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Air_Itam_(Penang_state_constituency)/c6CNWPhA">Air Itam</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Paya_Terubong_(state_constituency)/wsIRk1nj">Paya Terubong</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Seri_Delima_(state_constituency)/m4AzMDBH">Seri Delima</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Datok_Keramat_(state_constituency)/Je44BPXr">Datok Keramat</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sungai_Pinang_(Penang_state_constituency)/t3g97SRX">Sungai Pinang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Batu_Lancang_(state_constituency)/PGD1Iv3m">Batu Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Batu_Uban_(state_constituency)/6dBS1tlq">Batu Uban</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pantai_Jerejak_(state_constituency)/SSxDl7xL">Pantai Jerejak</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Batu_Maung_(state_constituency)/IHvXyFVJ">Batu Maung</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas_(state_constituency)/o4atPMXa">Bayan Lepas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pulau_Betong_(state_constituency)/tcxFvCtk">Pulau Betong</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Telok_Bahang_(state_constituency)/CMvDws1E">Telok Bahang</a> </li> <h3>Judiciary</h3> <p>George Town is the judicial capital of Penang. The city's judicial system consists of the magistrate, sessions and the <a href="/facts/High_court_(Malaysia)/e0a70zYA">high court</a>. The <a href="/facts/Penang_High_Court/FT8Jkcdq">Penang High Court</a>, the state's supreme judicial authority, is located in Light Street. Established in 1808, the high court is regarded as the birthplace of the <a href="/facts/Judiciary_of_Malaysia/z358wV2R">modern Malaysian judiciary</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a> Notable lawyers who served the Penang High Court include <a href="/facts/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman/6mwUVTrR">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, <a href="/facts/Cecil_Rajendra/n7myPPPS">Cecil Rajendra</a> and <a href="/facts/Karpal_Singh/FvpLHCrk">Karpal Singh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a> </p><p>The city also has two magistrate and sessions courts serving the <a href="/facts/Northeast_District_(Penang)/UKqezAo8">Northeast</a> and <a href="/facts/Southwest_District_(Penang)/enbXk1dw">Southwest</a> districts respectively, with the former located in Light Street and the latter housed in <a href="/facts/Balik_Pulau/sp0BGvXH">Balik Pulau</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Royal_Malaysia_Police/88xtMWhe">Royal Malaysia Police</a> is responsible for law enforcement within George Town, establishing a total of 22 police stations throughout the city as of 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a> Traffic law enforcement is augmented by MBPP's traffic warden unit, the first unit of its kind outside Kuala Lumpur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2> Historical population<table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Pop.</th><th>±%</th></tr><tr><th>1890</th><td>86,900</td><td>— </td></tr><tr><th>1901</th><td>94,409</td><td>+8.6%</td></tr><tr><th>1911</th><td>101,182</td><td>+7.2%</td></tr><tr><th>1921</th><td>123,069</td><td>+21.6%</td></tr><tr><th>1931</th><td>149,408</td><td>+21.4%</td></tr><tr><th>1947</th><td>189,068</td><td>+26.5%</td></tr><tr><th>1957</th><td>234,903</td><td>+24.2%</td></tr><tr><th>1970</th><td>269,247</td><td>+14.6%</td></tr><tr><th>1980</th><td>250,578</td><td>−6.9%</td></tr><tr><th>1991</th><td>219,603</td><td>−12.4%</td></tr><tr><th>2000</th><td>180,573</td><td>−17.8%</td></tr><tr><th>2010</th><td>198,298</td><td>+9.8%</td></tr><tr><th>2020β</th><td>794,313</td><td>+300.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Source: <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Demographics_of_Penang/9FJctRNA">Demographics of Penang</a></p> <p>According to the 2020 <a href="/facts/Census_in_Malaysia/mWfWqvDw">Malaysian census</a>, George Town's population was 794,313, out of which 158,336 – or almost 20% – resided within the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a> With a population density of approximately 2,595.8/km2 (6,723/sq mi), George Town is also one of the most densely populated <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_Malaysia/eCWmHSwD">cities in Malaysia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a> The city's identity has been largely shaped by centuries of intermingling between the various cultures on its shores.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/George_Town_Conurbation/R11b9BkB">George Town Conurbation</a>, which also covers <a href="/facts/Seberang_Perai/s7DPrDgg">Seberang Perai</a>, and parts of neighbouring <a href="/facts/Kedah/bopDPHka">Kedah</a> and <a href="/facts/Perak/rXGTUWwq">Perak</a>, was home to 2,843,344 residents as of 2020, making it the <a href="/facts/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population/fGMSLa1C">second largest metropolitan area in Malaysia</a> after the <a href="/facts/Klang_Valley/WsNo4gmI">Klang Valley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a> </p> <h3>Ethnicities</h3> <p>Historically, George Town has been a predominantly <a href="/facts/Penangite_Chinese/jPP4Bexz">Chinese</a> city. According to the 1891 <a href="/facts/Straits_Settlements/9aJGJuXN">Straits Settlements</a> census, about 68% of George Town's population of 51,627 were ethnic Chinese.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a> As of 2020, Chinese formed more than half of the city's population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a> </p><p>During British rule, the Chinese in George Town were categorised based on their dialects, such as <a href="/facts/Hokkien/zUtFFsnL">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/facts/Cantonese/y5UhgScP">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/facts/Hainanese/w2zXgR5S">Hainanese</a> and <a href="/facts/Teochew_dialect/jG7sSH2z">Teochew</a>, as well as place of birth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a> In contrast to newer arrivals known colloquially as <i>sinkheh</i>, the <a href="/facts/Peranakan_Chinese/0zzwmt72">Peranakan Chinese</a>, descendants of mixed Malay and Chinese ancestries who had inhabited the Straits Settlements for generations, formed an influential group within the Chinese community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a> They generally preferred Western education, and held leadership positions in some of George Town's commercial and community associations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a> As the Peranakan Chinese tended to be more loyal to the <a href="/facts/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom/hLC5tHrf">British Crown</a> than to China, they were also known as the "King's Chinese".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a> Although Malaysia's ethnic policies have effectively forced the Peranakan Chinese to identify themselves with the larger Chinese community, Peranakan Chinese culture still thrives in the city, visible in Straits Chinese architectural styles and dishes like <a href="/facts/Laksa/Io48Izrm">asam laksa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)/xv3MyU1w"><i>Bumiputeras</i></a>, which include <a href="/facts/Malaysian_Malays/2kKHyHyE">ethnic Malays</a> and <a href="/facts/East_Malaysia/bU7TkkdE">East Malaysian</a> <a href="/facts/Orang_Asal/Qn67JRen">indigenous races</a> like the <a href="/facts/Dayak_people/XqHVknuo">Dayaks</a> and <a href="/facts/Kadazan_people/Wfu80pbn">Kadazans</a>, collectively made up 31% of the city's population in 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a> As of 2022, George Town has seen growing arrivals of Sabahan and Sarawakian natives migrating to the city for employment opportunities in sectors like manufacturing, healthcare and the civil service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang/DrCsLkK5">Ethnic Indians</a> comprised another 8% of George Town's population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a> Additionally, there are small but prominent Eurasian and <a href="/facts/Malaysian_Siamese/0A9RfEUS">Siamese</a> enclaves such as <a href="/facts/Kampung_Siam%2c_Penang/fUCUyhB1">Kampung Siam</a> and <a href="/facts/Kampong_Serani/wnHXFzlC">Kampong Serani</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a> </p><p>Close to 8.5% of the city's population consisted of non-Malaysian citizens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a> George Town's affordable living costs, natural destinations, advanced healthcare infrastructure, its established ecosystem of <a href="/facts/Multinational_corporation/qrMQSMTb">multinational companies</a> (MNCs) and the widespread use of English have been cited as factors that made the city attractive to expatriates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a> As of 2023, George Town was ranked second in Malaysia after <a href="/facts/Kuala_Lumpur/2dCzRWjL">Kuala Lumpur</a> and 122nd globally for liveability by <a href="/facts/ECA_International/9YxYBVM4">ECA International</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a> It has also been described by news outlets such as <i><a href="/facts/CNN/kEYsUQqr">CNN</a></i> as one of the best cities for retirement in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a> </p><p>Throughout George Town's history as a cosmopolitan port of clearance and departure, it attracted a polyglot society consisting of various other communities such as <a href="/facts/Bamar_people/gaW4Bcpm">Burmese</a>, Acehnese, <a href="/facts/Arabs/E77duPsg">Arabs</a>, <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jews</a>, <a href="/facts/Japanese_people/MSKDKv3J">Japanese</a> and <a href="/facts/Armenians/SxHfJF8N">Armenians</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a> While most of these other communities no longer exist, they left their legacy to several landmarks and street names such as the <a href="/facts/Dhammikarama_Burmese_Temple/f7hKhPYH">Dhammikarama Burmese Temple</a>, <a href="/facts/Armenian_Street%2c_George_Town/9EHERPes">Armenian Street</a> and the Jewish Cemetery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252"><sup>252</sup></a> </p> <h3>Languages</h3> <p>Major languages in common use by George Town's multilingual, cosmopolitan society are <a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a>, <a href="/facts/British_English/ymJR5Rnd">English</a>, <a href="/facts/Hokkien/zUtFFsnL">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/facts/Malaysian_Mandarin/HCwE3F2k">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253"><sup>253</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254"><sup>254</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Penang_Hokkien/qr0MfsgW">Penang Hokkien</a>, a local variant of the Hokkien dialect, is widely used as the unofficial <i><a href="/facts/Lingua_franca/dlGrD7ra">lingua franca</a></i> between the various ethnic groups in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255"><sup>255</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256"><sup>256</sup></a> </p><p>During British rule, English was the official language in Penang, and was used as the medium of instruction in secular and <a href="/facts/Mission_school/MWIz8p59">mission schools</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257"><sup>257</sup></a> The combination of Western education and the importance of English for global trade has created distinct English-speaking groups within the <a href="/facts/Penangite_Chinese/jPP4Bexz">Chinese</a> and <a href="/facts/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang/DrCsLkK5">Indian</a> communities, in contrast to those who have received vernacular education.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258"><sup>258</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259"><sup>259</sup></a> </p><p>Like in the rest of Malaysia, Malay is currently Penang's official language. The Malays and <a href="/facts/Jawi_Peranakan/zNJAFj9V">Jawi Peranakans</a> in the city often use <i>Bahasa Tanjong</i>, a variant of the <a href="/facts/Kedah_Malay/qyPGmRg0">Kedah Malay</a> dialect that is slightly modified to suit the conditions of a cosmopolitan society.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260"><sup>260</sup></a> Meanwhile, the Tamils form the bulk of George Town's Indian community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261"><sup>261</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a> is used as the medium of instruction in Tamil-medium primary schools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262"><sup>262</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263"><sup>263</sup></a> Other Indian languages that are spoken in the city include <a href="/facts/Telugu_language/yV5dQWhw">Telugu</a> and <a href="/facts/Punjabi_language/Dps9vRRe">Punjabi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264"><sup>264</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265"><sup>265</sup></a> </p><p>George Town's Chinese community uses a variety of Chinese dialects, including <a href="/facts/Teochew_Chinese/jG7sSH2z">Teochew</a>, <a href="/facts/Hakka_Chinese/NW5mGD6K">Hakka</a> and <a href="/facts/Cantonese/y5UhgScP">Cantonese</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266"><sup>266</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267"><sup>267</sup></a> Mandarin is the medium of instruction in Chinese schools, contributing to its more prevalent use among youths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268"><sup>268</sup></a> Originally a variant of the <a href="/facts/Southern_Min/bgvVNyDB">Southern Min</a> group of languages, Penang Hokkien has absorbed numerous loanwords from Malay and English, yet another legacy of the <a href="/facts/Peranakan_Chinese/0zzwmt72">Peranakan Chinese</a> culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269"><sup>269</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270"><sup>270</sup></a> Although Penang Hokkien is still widely spoken within the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a>, its use has been waning in recent years in the face of the increasing prevalence of Mandarin and English.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271"><sup>271</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272"><sup>272</sup></a> </p><p>In 2008, the newly-elected <a href="/facts/Pakatan_Rakyat/FIEzEIm8">Pakatan Rakyat</a> <a href="/facts/Government_of_Penang/HeYD4IwJ">state government</a> introduced bilingual street signs throughout George Town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273"><sup>273</sup></a> These street signs display the names of streets in either English, Chinese, Tamil or Arabic alongside the official Malay language, highlighting the city's multilingual character.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274"><sup>274</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275"><sup>275</sup></a> However, this move was not without controversy, as the street signs occasionally became targets of vandalism by political extremists opposing the city's cosmopolitanism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276"><sup>276</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277"><sup>277</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Economy_of_Penang/DWTM4arF">Economy of Penang</a></p> <p>As the capital city of <a href="/facts/Penang/IWJa6K33">Penang</a>, one of the only four high-income territories in Malaysia, George Town has a diversified <a href="/facts/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy/IbtKqotL">service sector</a>. The city's economy is largely driven by services and manufacturing, particularly <a href="/facts/Electronics_industry/YX8VCvKC">electronics</a> and <a href="/facts/Optical_manufacturing_and_testing/7c7vUGFl">optical manufacturing</a>, <a href="/facts/Hospitality_industry/gtNEIdFI">hospitality</a>, <a href="/facts/Wholesaling/WcqQwls0">wholesale</a> and <a href="/facts/Retail/unzV9sPF">retail</a> trade, <a href="/facts/Logistics/0Hr2w55W">logistics</a>, <a href="/facts/Financial_services/azqCQelN">finance</a>, and <a href="/facts/Real_estate/fngFAqrR">real estate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278"><sup>278</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279"><sup>279</sup></a> In 2020, George Town's <a href="/facts/Gross_domestic_product/zQRgyFKc">GDP</a> was RM51.935 billion (US$12.464 billion), accounting for 53.5% of Penang's total GDP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280"><sup>280</sup></a> George Town's GDP per capita was RM65,383 (US$15,692), surpassing the <a href="/facts/World_Bank/hIH9uUb2">World Bank</a>'s threshold of US$12,696 to be considered a <a href="/facts/World_Bank_high-income_economy/KTrB8swr">high-income economy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281"><sup>281</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282"><sup>282</sup></a> </p><p>With at least 300 <a href="/facts/Multinational_corporation/qrMQSMTb">multinational companies</a> (MNCs), the robust manufacturing sector has contributed to George Town emerging as <a href="/facts/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports/dWHLIQgK">Malaysia's leading exporter</a> and one of the major destinations for <a href="/facts/Foreign_direct_investment/6FC93H4n">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283"><sup>283</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284"><sup>284</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285"><sup>285</sup></a> George Town is the <a href="/facts/Core_city/GvM0zgSU">core city</a> of the <a href="/facts/George_Town_Conurbation/R11b9BkB">George Town Conurbation</a>, which had a GDP worth US$30.2 billion in 2020, the second largest economy in Malaysia after the <a href="/facts/Klang_Valley/WsNo4gmI">Klang Valley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286"><sup>286</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287"><sup>287</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288"><sup>288</sup></a> </p><p>According to <a href="/facts/Euromonitor_International/4S9xYaKX">Euromonitor International</a> in 2023, George Town exhibits the greatest potential among Malaysian cities for revenue growth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289"><sup>289</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Economist_Intelligence_Unit/c8ypqfFR">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> had also reported that in 2015, the city contributed US$12,044 – or almost 8% – of Malaysia's personal disposable income in 2015, second only to <a href="/facts/Kuala_Lumpur/2dCzRWjL">Kuala Lumpur</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290"><sup>290</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Knight_Frank/MDo6XxvK">Knight Frank</a>'s 2016 rankings positioned George Town as Malaysia's most attractive destination for commercial property investment, surpassing even the federal capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291"><sup>291</sup></a> George Town was rated a "Gamma −" level <a href="/facts/Global_city/Lqv5NqA5">global city</a> by the <a href="/facts/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network/xdxbC98a">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> in 2020, due to its capacity in "advanced producer services" – namely finance and insurance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292"><sup>292</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293"><sup>293</sup></a> In 2024, George Town ranked 351st in the Oxford Economics Global Cities Index, the eighth highest within the <a href="/facts/ASEAN/77wDkXmL">ASEAN</a> region and the second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294"><sup>294</sup></a> Additionally, the city has developed extensive logistical connections through the <a href="/facts/Penang_International_Airport/TEveda2Y">Penang International Airport</a> and <a href="/facts/Swettenham_Pier/Jr4xmqtx">Swettenham Pier</a>. </p> <h3>Manufacturing</h3> <p>Following the revocation of George Town's free port status and the fall of the <a href="/facts/Alliance_Party_(Malaysia)/LGBxQ380">Alliance</a>-led state government in <a href="/facts/1969_Malaysian_general_election/zvXAxq37">1969</a>, newly-elected <a href="/facts/Chief_Minister_of_Penang/IW1nKu3x">Chief Minister</a> <a href="/facts/Lim_Chong_Eu/goIt4hjg">Lim Chong Eu</a> sought to revamp Penang's economy and commissioned <a href="/facts/Robert_R._Nathan/kcUMAz9v">Robert R. Nathan Associates</a> to formulate strategies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295"><sup>295</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296"><sup>296</sup></a> The resulting Nathan Report of 1970 recommended an export-led growth strategy and the strengthening of linkages with the global economy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297"><sup>297</sup></a> </p><p>As a part of this economic transformation, the <a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone/8YlAWv31">Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone</a> (Bayan Lepas FIZ) was established in 1972.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298"><sup>298</sup></a> The zone has played a significant role in Penang's economic growth over the decades since.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299"><sup>299</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300"><sup>300</sup></a> It is regarded as the <i>Silicon Valley of the East</i>, home to more than 300 multinational companies (MNCs) including 39 <a href="/facts/Fortune_1000/V73Hrflx">Fortune 1000</a> companies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301"><sup>301</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302"><sup>302</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303"><sup>303</sup></a> Among the MNCs within the Bayan Lepas FIZ are <a href="/facts/Technology_company/qdfDdm2m">technology firms</a> such as <a href="/facts/AMD/CB1G7QTb">AMD</a>, <a href="/facts/Bosch_(company)/wPuk1Udv">Bosch</a>, <a href="/facts/HP_Inc./68EHIDIa">HP Inc.</a>, <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a>, <a href="/facts/Motorola/ztqczx68">Motorola</a>, <a href="/facts/Osram_Opto_Semiconductors_GmbH/0tn8stpq">Osram</a> and <a href="/facts/Renesas_Electronics/ujhb9Dcz">Renesas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304"><sup>304</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305"><sup>305</sup></a> </p><p>The electronics ecosystem and supply chain comprising both MNCs and large local companies (LLCs) have solidified George Town's position as a major destination for <a href="/facts/Foreign_direct_investment/6FC93H4n">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) and <a href="/facts/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports/dWHLIQgK">Malaysia's top exporter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306"><sup>306</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307"><sup>307</sup></a> In 2021, Penang captured RM74.4 billion in inbound FDI, with the Bayan Lepas FIZ contributing over 95%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308"><sup>308</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309"><sup>309</sup></a> In 2022, the <a href="/facts/Penang_International_Airport/TEveda2Y">Penang International Airport</a> (PIA), which lies adjacent to the zone, saw an estimated RM385 billion worth of exports, making it the <a href="/facts/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports/dWHLIQgK">largest exporter of all ports of entry in Malaysia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310"><sup>310</sup></a> The successful electronics manufacturing sector has also encouraged a growth in <a href="/facts/Startup_company/9lsjFELt">start-ups</a>, driven by home-grown companies like <a href="/facts/Piktochart/RnQEJRNC">Piktochart</a> and DeliverEat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311"><sup>311</sup></a> </p> <h3>Finance</h3> <p>George Town was once the financial centre of <a href="/facts/British_Malaya/SwMnjlFx">British Malaya</a>. During the late 19th century, many international banks such as <a href="/facts/Standard_Chartered/p8WbJJ5a">Standard Chartered</a>, <a href="/facts/HSBC/CJgXtKca">HSBC</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland/M2DNwec7">Royal Bank of Scotland</a> established themselves in the city, leading to the clustering of mercantile trade around the northern end of <a href="/facts/Beach_Street%2c_George_Town/H707wsNo">Beach Street</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312"><sup>312</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313"><sup>313</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314"><sup>314</sup></a> Post-independence, George Town continues to function as the financial hub of northern Malaysia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315"><sup>315</sup></a> The city's financial and commercial precincts expanded around <a href="/facts/Northam_Road%2c_George_Town/Bv1HCVpF">Northam Road</a> and <a href="/facts/Pulau_Tikus/Q2XI7C1c">Pulau Tikus</a> by the 1990s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316"><sup>316</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317"><sup>317</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Penang_Island_City_Council/BKfDLmjq">Penang Island City Council</a> formally proposed the <a href="/facts/George_Town_Central_Business_District%2c_Penang/Qr4UUkfv">Central Business District</a> (CBD) as one of the city's four economic zones in its <i>Local Plan 2030</i>, along with the <a href="/facts/Bayan_Baru/FhxPBVkp">Bayan Baru</a>–<a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas/n13evoWI">Bayan Lepas</a>, <a href="/facts/Tanjong_Tokong/1vfIbejl">Tanjong Tokong</a>–<a href="/facts/Tanjong_Bungah/m2dwCejc">Tanjong Bungah</a> and <a href="/facts/Batu_Ferringhi/quMBIcS3">Batu Ferringhi</a>–<a href="/facts/Teluk_Bahang/jPTQMvum">Teluk Bahang</a> corridors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318"><sup>318</sup></a> Designated as a financial and banking district, the CBD covers a significant portion within the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a> up to the northern bank of the <a href="/facts/Pinang_River_(Penang)/MUFmA1gt">Pinang River</a>, including existing financial precincts of Beach Street, Northam Road and Pulau Tikus, as well as a Business Improvement District (BIDS) around <a href="/facts/Komtar/JyEUs20J">Komtar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319"><sup>319</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320"><sup>320</sup></a> Apart from banking and ancillary services, the CBD is home to federal financial institutions like <a href="/facts/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia/8zDx5L4w">Bank Negara</a> and the <a href="/facts/Employees_Provident_Fund_(Malaysia)/CTpe2xAw">Employees Provident Fund</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321"><sup>321</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322"><sup>322</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323"><sup>323</sup></a> In 2022, finance and ancillary services contributed 9.1% of Penang's GDP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324"><sup>324</sup></a> </p> <h3>Services</h3> <p>George Town has traditionally been one of Malaysia's most popular tourist destinations. It has attracted influential personalities like <a href="/facts/Somerset_Maugham/RBQaJVjF">Somerset Maugham</a>, <a href="/facts/Rudyard_Kipling/jmHXpRzn">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="/facts/No%25C3%25ABl_Coward/tq4SojHo">Noël Coward</a>, <a href="/facts/Lee_Kuan_Yew/n5o79XSM">Lee Kuan Yew</a> and <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_II/os6eB47B">Queen Elizabeth II</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325"><sup>325</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326"><sup>326</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327"><sup>327</sup></a> The city is recognised for its architecture and diverse cultures, natural attractions like beaches and hills, and <a href="/facts/Penang_cuisine/un9PSJ7H">its culinary scene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328"><sup>328</sup></a> </p><p>Unlike most cities in Malaysia, George Town is not solely dependent on air transportation for tourist arrivals. <a href="/facts/Swettenham_Pier/Jr4xmqtx">Swettenham Pier</a>, the busiest port-of-call in Malaysia for cruise shipping, serves as a major entry point into the city along with PIA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329"><sup>329</sup></a> In addition to its role as a freight exporter, the PIA ranks as the <a href="/facts/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Malaysia/DVHNeTzq">second busiest airport in the country</a> in aircraft movements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330"><sup>330</sup></a> </p><p>Measures to promote <a href="/facts/Economic_diversity/8KHCE7Ss">economic diversification</a> have led to George Town expanding tourism offerings in specific areas such as <a href="/facts/Medical_tourism/YbJ28TqJ">healthcare</a>, <a href="/facts/MICE_tourism/s9XPnGG4">business events</a>, <a href="/facts/Ecotourism/JPq6Vyz2">ecotourism</a> and cruise arrivals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331"><sup>331</sup></a> The city is home to several private hospitals, contributing to Penang's emergence as the leading destination in Malaysia for <a href="/facts/Medical_tourism/YbJ28TqJ">medical tourism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332"><sup>332</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333"><sup>333</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334"><sup>334</sup></a> George Town has also been identified as a key destination for business events, with the industry generating an economic impact of nearly RM1.3 billion (US$0.31 billion) throughout Penang in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335"><sup>335</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336"><sup>336</sup></a> Some of the major venues for business events within the city are <a href="/facts/Setia_SPICE/WBut9Cz4">Setia SPICE</a>, <a href="/facts/Straits_Quay/pUGWYeAX">Straits Quay</a> and <a href="/facts/Prangin_Mall/HISDL1KT">Prangin Mall</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337"><sup>337</sup></a> </p><p>As the main shopping destination of northwestern Malaysia, George Town's retail scene includes shopping malls like <a href="/facts/Gurney_Plaza/8hbSrmlu">Gurney Plaza</a>, <a href="/facts/Gurney_Paragon/lrXgRY03">Gurney Paragon</a>, <a href="/facts/1st_Avenue_Mall/7Prrq72b">1st Avenue Mall</a>, <a href="/facts/Straits_Quay/pUGWYeAX">Straits Quay</a>, <a href="/facts/Sunshine_Central/LW6dXN7z">Sunshine Central</a> and <a href="/facts/Queensbay_Mall/jQ4UBuPw">Queensbay Mall</a>. The city's traditional shophouses and markets continue to thrive, offering various local products unique to Penang such as <a href="/facts/Nutmeg/ufqkrJKU">nutmegs</a>, <a href="/facts/Heong_Peng/49tNwuTu">Heong Peng</a> and <a href="/facts/Tambun_biscuit/9X2t9EFd">Tambun biscuits</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338"><sup>338</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339"><sup>339</sup></a> </p><p>In 2004, the Bayan Lepas FIZ and the adjacent township of Bayan Baru were accorded <a href="/facts/MSC_Malaysia/7UHaJrBp">Multimedia Super Corridor</a> Cyber City status, paving the way for George Town's growth as a <a href="/facts/Outsourcing/qa3WgJ7u">shared services and outsourcing</a> (SSO) hub.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340"><sup>340</sup></a> By 2016, Penang attracted the second largest share of investments for global business services (GBS) within Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur, creating over 8,000 high-income jobs in the process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341"><sup>341</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342"><sup>342</sup></a> Newer office spaces at Bayan Baru have attracted multinational companies including <a href="/facts/Cisco/ocDgQt6T">Cisco</a>, <a href="/facts/Citigroup/GjSFJH49">Citigroup</a>, <a href="/facts/Clarivate/jqbJ2Vxl">Clarivate</a>, <a href="/facts/Swarovski/CNN9atIs">Swarovski</a> and <a href="/facts/Teleperformance/azWpwWum">Teleperformance</a> to establish GBS offices at the area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343"><sup>343</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344"><sup>344</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345"><sup>345</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cityscape">Cityscape</h2> Skyline within the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a> c. 2025 <h3>Architecture</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Architecture_of_Penang/TSHBGIsJ">Architecture of Penang</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_George_Town%2c_Penang/jKl5zWMP">List of tallest buildings in George Town, Penang</a></p> <p>In 2008, <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> designated nearly 260 ha (2.6 km2) within the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a> as a <a href="/facts/Historic_Cities_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca/Pf62rA4s">World Heritage Site</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346"><sup>346</sup></a> Recognised for the British-era cityscape, the city centre is notable for its "unique architectural and cultural townscape without parallel anywhere in East and Southeast Asia", according to UNESCO.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347"><sup>347</sup></a> Largely bounded by Transfer Road to the west and <a href="/facts/Prangin_Road%2c_George_Town/VgDHws5d">Prangin Road</a> to the south, the UNESCO-protected site is further demarcated into a 109.38 ha (270.3-acre) core zone surrounded by a 150.04 ha (370.8-acre) buffer zone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348"><sup>348</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349"><sup>349</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350"><sup>350</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Penang_Island_City_Council/BKfDLmjq">Penang Island City Council</a> has officially identified 3,642 heritage buildings inside the UNESCO-demarcated zone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351"><sup>351</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Shophouse/n85sCsGz">Shophouses</a> sit alongside Anglo-Indian bungalows, mosques, temples, churches, and European-style administrative and commercial complexes, shaping the city's multicultural framework.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352"><sup>352</sup></a> Among the landmarks within the zone that feature various Asian architectural styles are the <a href="/facts/Khoo_Kongsi/0zKBUwuc">Khoo Kongsi</a>, <a href="/facts/Kapitan_Keling_Mosque/gWXEBJnN">Kapitan Keling Mosque</a> and <a href="/facts/Sri_Mahamariamman_Temple%2c_Penang/Kjsj0sW8">Sri Mahamariamman Temple</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353"><sup>353</sup></a> Elsewhere in the city, the influence of Siamese and Burmese cultures can be seen at places of worship like <a href="/facts/Wat_Chayamangkalaram/R9U1eeSj">Wat Chayamangkalaram</a>, <a href="/facts/Dhammikarama_Burmese_Temple/f7hKhPYH">Dhammikarama Burmese Temple</a> and <a href="/facts/Kek_Lok_Si/E4GX6YhF">Kek Lok Si</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354"><sup>354</sup></a> </p><p>Apart from the colonial-era architecture, George Town is also home to most of Penang's skyscrapers. The tallest skyscrapers in the city include the <a href="/facts/Komtar/JyEUs20J">Komtar Tower</a>, <a href="/facts/Marriott_Residences_Penang/5hyDFDTu">Marriott Residences</a> and <a href="/facts/Muze_%40_PICC/FNt2A1Jv">Muze @ PICC</a>. There has been a surge in demand for residential high-rises at the suburbs since 2015, driven by the growing need for strata housing and the city's thriving economy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355"><sup>355</sup></a> </p> <h3>Parks</h3> <p>Established in 1884 by botanist <a href="/facts/Nathaniel_Cantley/RzEtlLzv">Nathaniel Cantley</a>, the <a href="/facts/Penang_Botanic_Gardens/eqdsR1Y6">Penang Botanic Gardens</a> was Malaysia's first botanical garden.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356"><sup>356</sup></a> It is dedicated to botanical and horticultural research, as well as wildlife conservation within the area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357"><sup>357</sup></a> The botanical garden forms part of the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, recognised as a <a href="/facts/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves/m1hLF5Bh">UNESCO Biosphere Reserve</a> since 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358"><sup>358</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359"><sup>359</sup></a> Nearby, the <a href="/facts/City_Park%2c_Penang/FjXKQ4mA">City Park</a> was opened in 1972 as a public recreational space in the aftermath of the <a href="/facts/13_May_incident/mXhazc49">1969 race riots in Kuala Lumpur</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360"><sup>360</sup></a> </p><p>Spanning 2,562 ha (25.62 km2) within the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, the <a href="/facts/Penang_National_Park/QDb0TLtm">Penang National Park</a> covers 1,266 ha (12.66 km2) of coastal hills, <a href="/facts/Meromictic_lake/p09WIoD0">meromictic lakes</a>, mangroves, coral reefs, and turtle-nesting beaches like Pantai Kerachut, Pantai Mas, Teluk Kampi and Teluk Ketapang.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361"><sup>361</sup></a> Gazetted by the <a href="/facts/Department_of_Wildlife_and_National_Parks_Peninsular_Malaysia/wbT4CSKJ">Department of Wildlife and National Parks</a> in 2003, this forest reserve has been earmarked by the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Penang/HeYD4IwJ">Penang state government</a> as a key eco-tourism destination within the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362"><sup>362</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363"><sup>363</sup></a> </p><p>Described as "a new iconic waterfront destination for Penang" by then <a href="/facts/Chief_Minister_of_Penang/IW1nKu3x">Chief Minister</a> <a href="/facts/Lim_Guan_Eng/gLxfy6Bn">Lim Guan Eng</a>, <a href="/facts/Gurney_Bay/EFMU4twK">Gurney Bay</a> is a 24.28 ha (0.2428 km2) park being built on reclaimed land off <a href="/facts/Gurney_Drive%2c_George_Town/dM6MkURd">Gurney Drive</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364"><sup>364</sup></a> It is divided into four sections featuring a food and beverage (F&B) area, water gardens, a man-made beach and a coastal grove.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365"><sup>365</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366"><sup>366</sup></a> The first phase of Gurney Bay was opened to public in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367"><sup>367</sup></a> </p><p>As part of efforts to create accessible green spaces and counter climate change within George Town, the <a href="/facts/Penang_Island_City_Council/BKfDLmjq">Penang Island City Council</a> is developing 18,000 ha (180 km2) of interconnecting parks and waterways throughout the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368"><sup>368</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369"><sup>369</sup></a> The Penang Green Connectors Project envisions ecological corridors that include 50 km (31 mi) of coastal parks and 65 km (40 mi) of riverine systems designated as "blue corridors", in addition to the construction of pedestrian and cycling paths in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370"><sup>370</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="culture">Culture</h2> <h3>Arts</h3> <p>The Penang variant of the <a href="/facts/Chingay_parade/wJUAlLGf">Chingay procession</a> was introduced in George Town in 1919. It is characterised by the act of balancing gigantic flags on one's head or hands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371"><sup>371</sup></a> Formerly infused with rituals from the Chinese underworld, Chingay parades are now held annually in the city as a tourist attraction by itself and continue to be a major expression of the <a href="/facts/Penangite_Chinese/jPP4Bexz">Penang Chinese</a> identity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372"><sup>372</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373"><sup>373</sup></a> George Town was also the birthplace of <a href="/facts/Bangsawan/MBgS4VRJ">Bangsawan</a>, a form of Malay theatre that incorporates Indian, Western, Islamic, Chinese and Indonesian influences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374"><sup>374</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Boria_(theatre)/PyuKfzoP">Boria</a>, another unique form of theatre that features singing accompanied by violin, maracas and <a href="/facts/Tabla/xlNP7Cpf">tabla</a>, was first performed in the city in the mid-19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375"><sup>375</sup></a> </p><p>Apart from these, George Town has emerged as a hub for the arts and culture scene in Malaysia. The designation of parts of the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a> as a <a href="/facts/Historic_Cities_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca/Pf62rA4s">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> has enhanced cultural and creative industries within the area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376"><sup>376</sup></a> Since its inception in 2010, the <a href="/facts/George_Town_Festival/H9d47uaj">George Town Festival</a> is one of the major yearly arts events in <a href="/facts/Southeast_Asia/VafwT517">Southeast Asia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377"><sup>377</sup></a> Held annually since 2011, the <a href="/facts/George_Town_Literary_Festival/9UDcmmxv">George Town Literary Festival</a> won the International Literary Festival Award at the <a href="/facts/London_Book_Fair/o2yLc5ub">London Book Fair</a> in 2018, the first such event from Southeast Asia to receive this honour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378"><sup>378</sup></a> </p><p>In 2012, Lithuanian artist <a href="/facts/Ernest_Zacharevic/9l1GWFJW">Ernest Zacharevic</a> created a series of murals showcasing local culture, inhabitants and lifestyles. The city is also adorned with 52 wrought iron caricatures and 18 wall murals that depict its history and the daily lives of the local community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379"><sup>379</sup></a> Additionally, art exhibitions are held at event spaces like the <a href="/facts/Hin_Bus_Depot/tVsJRTYF">Hin Bus Depot</a> and <a href="/facts/Sia_Boey_Urban_Archaeological_Park/rs8FuU41">Sia Boey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380"><sup>380</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381"><sup>381</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cuisine</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Penang_cuisine/un9PSJ7H">Penang cuisine</a></p> <p>George Town's culinary scene incorporates <a href="/facts/Malay_cuisine/qHwvynuS">Malay</a>, <a href="/facts/Chinese_cuisine/deFGefLG">Chinese</a>, <a href="/facts/Indian_cuisine/3kvMt2Nh">Indian</a>, <a href="/facts/Peranakan_cuisine/sKgFtLcB">Peranakan</a> and <a href="/facts/Thai_cuisine/scyyQ3Ur">Thai</a> influences, evident in the range of available street food that includes <a href="/facts/Char_kway_teow/PPIVXhxF">char kway teow</a>, <a href="/facts/Laksa/Io48Izrm">asam laksa</a> and <a href="/facts/Nasi_kandar/qI2s7McD">nasi kandar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382"><sup>382</sup></a> Described by <i><a href="/facts/CNN/kEYsUQqr">CNN</a></i> as "the food capital of Malaysia", the city was also listed by <a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l"><i>Time</i></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Lonely_Planet/8zgE7gcl">Lonely Planet</a></i> as one of the best in Asia for street food.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383"><sup>383</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384"><sup>384</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385"><sup>385</sup></a> According to <i>Time</i> in 2004, only in the city "could food this good be this cheap".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386"><sup>386</sup></a> Robin Barton of the <i>Lonely Planet</i> described George Town as the "culinary epicentre of the many cultures that arrived after it was set up as a trading port in 1786, from Malays to Indians, Acehenese to Chinese, Burmese to Thais".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387"><sup>387</sup></a> </p><p>Over the years, the city's culinary scene has expanded to include fine dining establishments, adding to its already diverse array of street food options.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388"><sup>388</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389"><sup>389</sup></a> In 2022, the <i><a href="/facts/Michelin_Guide/4WvTvc33">Michelin Guide</a></i> made its debut in Penang, in recognition of the state's "small-scale restaurants and street food that embodies Malaysia's distinctive streetside dining culture".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390"><sup>390</sup></a> The 2025 edition of the <i>Michelin Guide</i> features 63 eateries throughout the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391"><sup>391</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sports</h3> <p>George Town is home to a variety of sports facilities. The 20,000-seater <a href="/facts/City_Stadium%2c_Penang/AkuggEAS">City Stadium</a> serves as the home ground for <a href="/facts/Penang_F.C./chzDbCCJ">Penang FC</a>, while the <a href="/facts/Setia_SPICE/WBut9Cz4">Setia SPICE</a> features an indoor arena and an aquatics centre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392"><sup>392</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393"><sup>393</sup></a> Malaysia's oldest equestrian centre, the <a href="/facts/Penang_Turf_Club/Vyalj5yt">Penang Turf Club</a>, is located within the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394"><sup>394</sup></a> Additionally, investments have also been made on dedicated training facilities for badminton and squash.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395"><sup>395</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396"><sup>396</sup></a> George Town has played host to regional and international sports tournaments like the <a href="/facts/2001_SEA_Games/csMQ3Fm8">2001 SEA Games</a>, <a href="/facts/2013_Women%2527s_World_Open_Squash_Championship/lNahyRsj">2013 Women's World Open Squash Championship</a> and <a href="/facts/2018_Asia_Pacific_Masters_Games/U4kmbcxq">Asia's first Masters Games in 2018</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397"><sup>397</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398"><sup>398</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399"><sup>399</sup></a> </p><p>Some of the more significant annual sporting events in the city include the Penang International Dragon Boat Festival and the <a href="/facts/Penang_Bridge_International_Marathon/nN4sLby7">Penang Bridge International Marathon</a>. The Penang International Dragon Boat Festival takes place every December and attracts participants from abroad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400"><sup>400</sup></a> The Penang Bridge International Marathon is an annual event that has also gained international recognition, attracting over 22,000 participants from 65 countries in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401"><sup>401</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="education">Education</h2> <p>As of 2022, George Town is home to 111 primary schools and 49 secondary schools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402"><sup>402</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403"><sup>403</sup></a> British colonial rule had encouraged the growth of <a href="/facts/Mission_school/MWIz8p59">mission schools</a> throughout the city, including <a href="/facts/St._Xavier%2527s_Institution/Ag18r6c4">St. Xavier's Institution</a>, <a href="/facts/St._George%2527s_Girls%2527_School/gBV28Dhv">St. George's Girls' School</a> and <a href="/facts/Methodist_Boys%2527_School%2c_Penang/FUM3BN4L">Methodist Boys' School</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404"><sup>404</sup></a> Founded in 1816, <a href="/facts/Penang_Free_School/S8VQWjcF">Penang Free School</a> (PFS) is the oldest English school in <a href="/facts/Southeast_Asia/VafwT517">Southeast Asia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405"><sup>405</sup></a> </p><p>In 1819, the first Chinese school in George Town was established, marking the start of Malaysia's modern Chinese education system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406"><sup>406</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407"><sup>407</sup></a> While Chinese, English and mission schools have since been brought under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Education_(Malaysia)/zfI3nIae">Malaysian Ministry of Education</a>, the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Penang/HeYD4IwJ">Penang state government</a> also provides annual financial assistance to aid in the maintenance of these schools.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408"><sup>408</sup></a> George Town is also home to 12 international and expatriate schools that offer either British, American or <a href="/facts/International_Baccalaureate/qJv39Qhr">International Baccalaureate</a> syllabuses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409"><sup>409</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410"><sup>410</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411"><sup>411</sup></a> </p><p>In 1969, Universiti Pulau Pinang was established as Malaysia's second university and the first public tertiary institution in George Town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412"><sup>412</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413"><sup>413</sup></a> It was renamed <a href="/facts/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia/7kPDaLjn">Universiti Sains Malaysia</a> (USM) in 1972.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414"><sup>414</sup></a> As of 2025, the university is ranked 146th in the <a href="/facts/QS_World_University_Rankings/FC162Qmf">QS World University Rankings</a>, third in Malaysia after <a href="/facts/University_of_Malaya/0K3HKgPU">Universiti Malaya</a> and <a href="/facts/National_University_of_Malaysia/cDYLY4lD">Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415"><sup>415</sup></a> Most of the other tertiary institutions within the city are privately-run, including <a href="/facts/Wawasan_Open_University/XvhdeeeV">Wawasan Open University</a>, <a href="/facts/Han_Chiang_University_College_of_Communication/RR1AjwMH">Han Chiang University College of Communication</a>, <a href="/facts/DISTED_College/6QFJa2ye">DISTED College</a> and <a href="/facts/RCSI_%2526_UCD_Malaysia_Campus/o4ISfjkJ">RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416"><sup>416</sup></a> Headquartered at <a href="/facts/Gelugor/5sSt8mk8">Gelugor</a>, <a href="/facts/RECSAM/BMQcn8ee">RECSAM</a> is one of the 26 specialist institutions of the <a href="/facts/Southeast_Asian_Ministers_of_Education_Organization/54v1z3qv">Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417"><sup>417</sup></a> </p><p>In 2016, the state government launched Malaysia's first <a href="/facts/Digital_library/aBCP81In">digital library</a> within the grounds of PFS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418"><sup>418</sup></a> Conceptualised as a "library in a park" and a community space, the Penang Digital Library provides structured access to over 3,000 <a href="/facts/Ebook/yrBWpU8E">ebook</a> titles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419"><sup>419</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420"><sup>420</sup></a> Following the success of the Penang Digital Library, similar libraries have been built at other locations within both the city and Seberang Perai.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421"><sup>421</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="healthcare">Healthcare</h2> <p>Healthcare in Penang is provided by a <a href="/facts/Two-tier_healthcare/k3tGUv7p">two-tier system</a> made up of public and private hospitals. Administered and funded by the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Health_(Malaysia)/16sIA19y">Malaysian Ministry of Health</a> (MOH), the 1,100-bed <a href="/facts/Penang_General_Hospital/jFYUarsA">Penang General Hospital</a> within the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a> is the main <a href="/facts/Tertiary_referral_hospital/DwtLdqPN">tertiary referral hospital</a> of northwestern Malaysia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422"><sup>422</sup></a> It is supported by the 81-bed Balik Pulau Hospital that serves the western part of the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423"><sup>423</sup></a> </p><p>In addition, 13 private hospitals are scattered throughout George Town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424"><sup>424</sup></a> Operating independently of the MOH, private hospitals such as <a href="/facts/Penang_Adventist_Hospital/EWaEQd4G">Penang Adventist Hospital</a>, <a href="/facts/Loh_Guan_Lye_Specialists_Centre/oJW3ul1w">Loh Guan Lye Specialists Centre</a> and <a href="/facts/Island_Hospital/cB6naLNa">Island Hospital</a> have played a significant role in making Penang the top destination for medical tourists in Malaysia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425"><sup>425</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426"><sup>426</sup></a> While public and private hospitals typically operate separately, there have been instances of public-private cooperation, such as during the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">COVID-19 pandemic</a> which saw private hospitals sharing equipment and taking in non-COVID-19 patients in need of urgent medical procedures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427"><sup>427</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="media">Media</h2> <h3>Newspapers</h3> <p>George Town was once the centre of Malaysia's print media. The country's first newspaper was the <i>Prince of Wales Island Gazette</i>, founded in the city in 1806.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428"><sup>428</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429"><sup>429</sup></a> The paper was shut down 21 years later, a victim of the stringent censorship that was prevalent in the early 19th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430"><sup>430</sup></a> Greater press freedom eventually emerged by the middle of the century, concurrent with the perceived political freedom in Penang which stood in contrast to the stronger government apparatus in Singapore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431"><sup>431</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432"><sup>432</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433"><sup>433</sup></a> </p><p>Following Malaya's independence in 1957, several major dailies moved to <a href="/facts/Kuala_Lumpur/2dCzRWjL">Kuala Lumpur</a> due to its importance as the country's administrative capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434"><sup>434</sup></a> <a href="/facts/The_Star_(Malaysia)/0IoMX2aK"><i>The Star</i></a>, one of Malaysia's top English dailies, started as a regional newspaper that was first published in George Town in 1971.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435"><sup>435</sup></a> In addition, George Town is home to the nation's oldest Chinese newspaper, <i><a href="/facts/Kwong_Wah_Yit_Poh/q3gTCI8R">Kwong Wah Yit Poh</a></i>, which was established in 1910.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436"><sup>436</sup></a> </p> <h3>Film and television</h3> <p>George Town's well-preserved colonial-era architecture has made the city a popular <a href="/facts/Filming_location/lEAQp4CY">filming location</a> for movies and television series that depict Asian culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437"><sup>437</sup></a> Films and series that were shot within the city include <i><a href="/facts/Crazy_Rich_Asians/A00tNWXQ">Crazy Rich Asians</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Anna_and_the_King/hM3t4rQR">Anna and the King</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Lust%2c_Caution/X5X55keb">Lust, Caution</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Little_Nyonya/F5GU6Nbf">The Little Nyonya</a></i> and <a href="/facts/You_Mean_the_World_to_Me_(film)/NWMXx42t"><i>You Mean the World to Me</i></a>; the latter was the first movie to be produced entirely in <a href="/facts/Penang_Hokkien/qr0MfsgW">Penang Hokkien</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438"><sup>438</sup></a> Additionally, George Town was featured as a pit-stop in <i><a href="/facts/The_Amazing_Race_16/Twt233Yh">The Amazing Race 16</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Amazing_Race_Asia_5/MSFBNfJ1">The Amazing Race Asia 5</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/The_Amazing_Race_Australia_7/fw8WvWqr">The Amazing Race Australia 7</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439"><sup>439</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440"><sup>440</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441"><sup>441</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="transportation">Transportation</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Penang/4FnVEswH">Transport in Penang</a></p> <h3>Land</h3> <p>George Town's oldest roads – <a href="/facts/Light_Street%2c_George_Town/CV5JuQ62">Light</a>, <a href="/facts/Beach_Street%2c_George_Town/H707wsNo">Beach</a>, <a href="/facts/Chulia_Street%2c_George_Town/38mA5NEn">Chulia</a> and <a href="/facts/Pitt_Street%2c_George_Town/E1p4Ku3K">Pitt</a> streets – were arranged nearly at right angles to each other in a grid pattern.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442"><sup>442</sup></a> Rapid urbanisation throughout the 20th century led to a gradual expansion of the city's road network.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443"><sup>443</sup></a> As of 2023, George Town's road system covered a distance of 1,509.4 km (937.9 mi). This included 102.7 km (63.8 mi) of <a href="/facts/Malaysian_Federal_Roads_System/kylejfqc">federal roads</a>, 538.4 km (334.5 mi) of <a href="/facts/Malaysian_State_Roads_system/tw9HLSvC">state roads</a> and 868.4 km (539.6 mi) of municipal roads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444"><sup>444</sup></a> </p><p>George Town is physically connected to mainland <a href="/facts/Malay_Peninsula/BrBger2u">Malay Peninsula</a> by two road bridges – the 13.5 km (8.4 mi) <a href="/facts/Penang_Bridge/aouW5zmM">Penang Bridge</a> and the 24 km (15 mi) <a href="/facts/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Muadzam_Shah_Bridge/qmDC7b5w">Second Penang Bridge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445"><sup>445</sup></a> Within the city, the <a href="/facts/Tun_Dr_Lim_Chong_Eu_Expressway/8E8oWf9c">Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway</a> is an important thoroughfare that runs along its eastern seaboard, connecting the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a> with the two bridges and the <a href="/facts/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone/8YlAWv31">Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446"><sup>446</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Malaysia_Federal_Route_6/TYu1enhT">Federal Route 6</a> is a pan-island trunk road that circles the city, while the <a href="/facts/George_Town_Inner_Ring_Road/nb6XYkvV">George Town Inner Ring Road</a> functions as the main artery within the city centre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447"><sup>447</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448"><sup>448</sup></a> </p> <h4>Public transportation</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Cycling_in_Penang_Island/9j9YL4f4">Cycling in Penang Island</a>; <a href="/facts/List_of_bus_routes_in_Penang/aJvajkPL">List of bus routes in Penang</a>; and <a href="/facts/Trolleybuses_in_George_Town%2c_Penang/rXgveVyE">Trolleybuses in George Town, Penang</a></p> <p>George Town was formerly at the forefront of public transportation in Malaya. The first trams, originally powered by steam, were launched in the 1880s and gradually expanded throughout the settlement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449"><sup>449</sup></a> Although trams became obsolete by 1936, another colonial legacy, the <a href="/facts/Cycle_rickshaw/J3g2F4qc">trishaw</a>, remains in use primarily for tourists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450"><sup>450</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451"><sup>451</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Transit_bus/hmbA4aR2">Public buses</a> form the backbone of the city's public transportation system. Since 2007, <a href="/facts/Rapid_Penang/xukSd49W">Rapid Penang</a> has been the primary public bus operator in the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452"><sup>452</sup></a> As of 2025, it runs 26 routes throughout George Town, and two cross-strait routes between the city and <a href="/facts/Seberang_Perai/s7DPrDgg">Seberang Perai</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453"><sup>453</sup></a> Since 2024, Rapid Penang is also expanding <a href="/facts/Demand-responsive_transport/8UjWXzyd">demand-responsive transport services</a> across the city by deploying vans to improve <a href="/facts/Last_mile_(transportation)/l6Twabyl">last mile connectivity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454"><sup>454</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455"><sup>455</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Penang_Hill_Railway/hanf4Dss">Penang Hill Railway</a>, a <a href="/facts/Funicular/sf96quHC">funicular railway</a> to the peak of <a href="/facts/Penang_Hill/RfSlRC9T">Penang Hill</a>, is the only rail-based transportation system within the city. A <a href="/facts/Penang_Hill_cable_car/NF87fuC3">cable car system is being built</a> as of 2025 to reduce overreliance on the railway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456"><sup>456</sup></a> To further alleviate traffic congestion, which saw average daily traffic reaching 64,144 vehicles in 2018, the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Penang/HeYD4IwJ">Penang state government</a> embarked on the <a href="/facts/Penang_Transport_Master_Plan/JyyuzcQz">Penang Transport Master Plan</a>, which envisions the introduction of <a href="/facts/Urban_rail_transit/5tu2ytyd">urban rail systems</a> throughout George Town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457"><sup>457</sup></a> In 2024, the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Malaysia/SXHVymYC">Malaysian federal government</a> announced a takeover of the <a href="/facts/Mutiara_line/KRGjgP2M">Mutiara LRT line</a> from the state government. The first domestic <a href="/facts/Light_rail/5Sr1FjHu">light rail system</a> outside the <a href="/facts/Klang_Valley/WsNo4gmI">Klang Valley</a>, the 29.5 km (18.3 mi) line will connect the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a> with the <a href="/facts/Penang_International_Airport/TEveda2Y">Penang International Airport</a> and <a href="/facts/Seberang_Perai/s7DPrDgg">Seberang Perai</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458"><sup>458</sup></a> Construction began in 2025 and is expected to be completed by 2031.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459"><sup>459</sup></a> </p><p>Efforts are also being undertaken to promote urban mobility by implementing pedestrianisation and providing cycling infrastructure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460"><sup>460</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461"><sup>461</sup></a> George Town became the first city in Malaysia to operate a <a href="/facts/Bicycle-sharing_system/3dywV13l">public bicycle-sharing service</a>, with the inauguration of <a href="/facts/LinkBike/USgxRvMK">LinkBike</a> in 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462"><sup>462</sup></a> </p> <h3>Air</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Penang_International_Airport/TEveda2Y">Penang International Airport</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Penang_International_Airport/TEveda2Y">Penang International Airport</a> (PIA) is located 16 km (9.9 mi) south of the <a href="/facts/Central_George_Town%2c_Penang/jLtdtnpA">city centre</a>. It serves as the primary airport for northwestern Malaysia. PIA is Malaysia's <a href="/facts/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Malaysia/DVHNeTzq">second busiest airport</a> by aircraft movements and recorded over 7.6 million passengers in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463"><sup>463</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464"><sup>464</sup></a> In 2023, exports worth RM385 billion passed through PIA, making the airport the <a href="/facts/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports/dWHLIQgK">top contributor to Malaysia's export value</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465"><sup>465</sup></a> As of 2025, the airport is undergoing upgrades aimed at raising its annual capacity from 6.5 million passengers to 12 million by 2028.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466"><sup>466</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sea</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Swettenham_Pier/Jr4xmqtx">Swettenham Pier</a> is one of the major entry points into George Town. In 2017, the pier saw 125 port calls by cruise ships, surpassing <a href="/facts/Port_Klang/QLxFW5jA">Port Klang</a> as the busiest cruise shipping terminal in Malaysia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467"><sup>467</sup></a> It has attracted some of the world's largest cruise liners such as the <i><a href="/facts/Queen_Mary_2/MrJPr8Yw">Queen Mary 2</a></i> and also sees occasional port visits by warships.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468"><sup>468</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469"><sup>469</sup></a> </p><p>Prior to the completion of the Penang Bridge in 1985, the <a href="/facts/Penang_ferry_service/ameSG9bj">Penang ferry service</a> was the only transportation link between George Town and mainland Seberang Perai.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470"><sup>470</sup></a> At present, four ferries ply the <a href="/facts/Penang_Strait/BKxd6kLf">Penang Strait</a> between both cities daily, with the <a href="/facts/Raja_Tun_Uda_Ferry_Terminal/4uF5Ay3B">Raja Tun Uda Ferry Terminal</a> serving as the dedicated docking facility in George Town.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471"><sup>471</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="utilities">Utilities</h2> <p>George Town relies heavily on the <a href="/facts/Muda_River/rFJeToeD">Muda River</a>, which forms the northern boundary between mainland <a href="/facts/Seberang_Perai/s7DPrDgg">Seberang Perai</a> and <a href="/facts/Kedah/bopDPHka">Kedah</a>, as its primary source of water. Treated water is delivered from the mainland to the island city via three sets of <a href="/facts/Submarine_pipeline/eV3YdmK4">submarine pipelines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472"><sup>472</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473"><sup>473</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Penang_Water_Supply_Corporation/ASN0RLxz">Penang Water Supply Corporation</a> (PBAPP) is also responsible for managing the 11 reservoirs in George Town, including two at <a href="/facts/Ayer_Itam_Dam/h48j5Wnv">Ayer Itam</a> and <a href="/facts/Teluk_Bahang/jPTQMvum">Teluk Bahang</a> that act as strategic reserves for the surrounding suburbs in the event of dry weather and supply disruptions from the mainland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474"><sup>474</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475"><sup>475</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476"><sup>476</sup></a> </p><p>Electricity in George Town is supplied by <a href="/facts/Tenaga_Nasional/pmS4JGdR">Tenaga Nasional</a> (TNB), the national power company. George Town's power supply is drawn from the mainland via a RM500 million overhead power grid across the <a href="/facts/Penang_Strait/BKxd6kLf">Penang Strait</a> which replaced the older 330 MW <a href="/facts/Gelugor/5sSt8mk8">Gelugor</a> <a href="/facts/Combined_cycle_power_plant/WgEIh89p">Combined Cycle Gas Turbine</a> (CCGT) plant in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477"><sup>477</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478"><sup>478</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479"><sup>479</sup></a> To reduce energy consumption, the <a href="/facts/Penang_Island_City_Council/BKfDLmjq">Penang Island City Council</a> and TNB replaced all 33,101 street lights throughout George Town with <a href="/facts/LED_street_light/FF3VKg6m">LED street lighting</a> by 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480"><sup>480</sup></a> </p><p>In 2020, Penang had become the first Malaysian state to make the installation of <a href="/facts/Fiber-optic_communication/dc6S0Hg5">fibre-optic communication infrastructure</a> mandatory for all development projects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481"><sup>481</sup></a> In 2022, George Town saw the implementation of <a href="/facts/5G/yVb460m4">5G</a>, with the installation of the supporting spectrum infrastructure at 151 sites within the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:482" href="#fn:482"><sup>482</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Penang_International_Airport/TEveda2Y">Penang International Airport</a> became the first airport in Malaysia to offer public 5G services that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:483" href="#fn:483"><sup>483</sup></a> In 2024, <a href="/facts/DE-CIX/U14Rg5bq">DE-CIX</a> inaugurated the Penang Internet Exchange (PIX), with internet traffic being routed through a <a href="/facts/Data_center/DS5wJY41">data centre</a> at <a href="/facts/Bayan_Baru/FhxPBVkp">Bayan Baru</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:484" href="#fn:484"><sup>484</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:485" href="#fn:485"><sup>485</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="international-relations">International relations</h2> <p>George Town is home to a substantial contingent of <a href="/facts/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia/bLsH6A2w">foreign diplomatic missions</a>. As of 2025, a total of 22 countries have either established <a href="/facts/Consulate/6CaylqJe">consulates</a> or appointed honorary consuls within the city. This list is based on information from the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Malaysia)/nQp3EHlY">Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, unless otherwise cited.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:486" href="#fn:486"><sup>486</sup></a> </p> <ul><li> <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a></li></ul> <h3>Sister and friendship cities</h3> <p>George Town was one of the first cities in Malaysia to establish <a href="/facts/Sister_city/NVzDyA7v">sister city</a> relationships, starting in 1973 despite legal ambiguities over their formal authority to do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:487" href="#fn:487"><sup>487</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:488" href="#fn:488"><sup>488</sup></a> George Town is also <a href="/facts/Sister_city/NVzDyA7v">twinned</a> with the following sister and friendship cities. </p><p>Sister cities </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq"></a> <a href="/facts/City_of_Adelaide/exzswfWD">Adelaide</a>, Australia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:489" href="#fn:489"><sup>489</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p"></a> <a href="/facts/Xiamen/h431LYgR">Xiamen</a>, China<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:490" href="#fn:490"><sup>490</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW"></a> <a href="/facts/Medan/H97MoB2C">Medan</a>, Indonesia<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:491" href="#fn:491"><sup>491</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK"></a> <a href="/facts/Bangkok/WRxftcFz">Bangkok</a>, Thailand<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:492" href="#fn:492"><sup>492</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK"></a> <a href="/facts/Phuket_(city)/VpVDdooD">Phuket</a>, Thailand<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:493" href="#fn:493"><sup>493</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Friendship cities </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p"></a> <a href="/facts/Chengdu/0o7w6dvR">Chengdu</a>, China<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:494" href="#fn:494"><sup>494</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p"></a> <a href="/facts/Sanya/LzduYN5u">Sanya</a>, China<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:495" href="#fn:495"><sup>495</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p"></a> <a href="/facts/Zhongshan/xly7yeHE">Zhongshan</a>, China<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:496" href="#fn:496"><sup>496</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT"></a> <a href="/facts/Katsushika/MWnyfunM">Katsushika</a>, Japan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:497" href="#fn:497"><sup>497</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw"></a> <a href="/facts/Changwon/GINjaxsa">Changwon</a>, South Korea<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:498" href="#fn:498"><sup>498</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w"></a> <a href="/facts/Taipei/uxB89v54">Taipei</a>, Taiwan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:499" href="#fn:499"><sup>499</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <p>George Town was the birthplace of prominent Malaysian and Singaporean personalities and professionals, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wu_Lien-teh/160DpWYf">Wu Lien-teh</a> (1879–1960), physician and inventor of the respiratory mask<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:500" href="#fn:500"><sup>500</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hon_Sui_Sen/xdHdKoda">Hon Sui Sen</a> (1916–1983), former <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Finance_(Singapore)/kV8X6o7T">cabinet minister in Singapore</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:501" href="#fn:501"><sup>501</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wee_Chong_Jin/hLWQxCwg">Wee Chong Jin</a> (1917–2005), first <a href="/facts/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore/GLBRBFAt">Chief Justice of Singapore</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:502" href="#fn:502"><sup>502</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/P._Ramlee/3DElpFM0">P. Ramlee</a> (1929–1973), actor, filmmaker, musician, composer and icon of Malay-language entertainment<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:503" href="#fn:503"><sup>503</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi/eE4vx6VP">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a> (1939–2025), fifth <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia/AcaKmRcR">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:504" href="#fn:504"><sup>504</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Karpal_Singh/FvpLHCrk">Karpal Singh</a> (1940–2014), lawyer, politician and former national chairman of the <a href="/facts/Democratic_Action_Party/CkKKK9TM">Democratic Action Party</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:505" href="#fn:505"><sup>505</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jimmy_Choo/3UQ6tvMg">Jimmy Choo</a> (born 1948), fashion designer knighted with the <a href="/facts/Order_of_the_British_Empire/HlY9buuN">Order of the British Empire</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:506" href="#fn:506"><sup>506</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Arumugam/nAXeRz2p">David Arumugam</a> (born 1950), singer and founder of the pop band <a href="/facts/Alleycats_(Malaysian_band)/hWas9V4T">Alleycats</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:507" href="#fn:507"><sup>507</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Khaw_Boon_Wan/AsxAYaHB">Khaw Boon Wan</a> (born 1952), former <a href="/facts/Cabinet_of_Singapore/Aeh5QDUh">cabinet minister in Singapore</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:508" href="#fn:508"><sup>508</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nazrin_Shah_of_Perak/vq2RR6vL">Sultan Nazrin Shah</a> (born 1956), reigning monarch of the neighbouring state of <a href="/facts/Perak/rXGTUWwq">Perak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:509" href="#fn:509"><sup>509</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Keat_Gin_Ooi/59pR6DbR">Ooi Keat Gin</a> (born 1959), academician and historian<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:510" href="#fn:510"><sup>510</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Saw_Teong_Hin/nsdWJSVE">Saw Teong Hin</a> (born 1962), film director<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:511" href="#fn:511"><sup>511</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nicol_David/QY9Bjn6s">Nicol David</a> (born 1983), former world number one female <a href="/facts/Squash_(sport)/hSvWwlFu">squash</a> player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:512" href="#fn:512"><sup>512</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chan_Peng_Soon/HTT3E5d9">Chan Peng Soon</a> (born 1988), Malaysian <a href="/facts/Badminton/abkzqM3h">badminton</a> player and <a href="/facts/2016_Summer_Olympics/Q4AuHGTy">2016 Olympic</a> silver medallist<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:513" href="#fn:513"><sup>513</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Loh_Kean_Yew/j1TakxoM">Loh Kean Yew</a> (born 1997), Singaporean badminton player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:514" href="#fn:514"><sup>514</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> ^α Singapore's land mass is approximately 734 km2 (283 sq mi).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:515" href="#fn:515"><sup>515</sup></a> ^β The massive jump in population is attributable to the expansion of George Town's jurisdiction to its present-day city limits in 2015. See #Renaissance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:516" href="#fn:516"><sup>516</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:517" href="#fn:517"><sup>517</sup></a> ^γ As of 2021, 1 <a href="/facts/Malaysian_ringgit/EhXSh383">Malaysian ringgit</a> was equivalent to 0.24 <a href="/facts/United_States_dollar/naEEDUhC">US dollar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:518" href="#fn:518"><sup>518</sup></a> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Fleming, Tom (May 2021). <a href="https://www.britishcouncil.my/sites/default/files/malaysia_cultural_cities_profile_george_town_penang.pdf">Malaysia: George Town Penang</a> (PDF) (Report). Cultural Cities Profile East Asia. Kuala Lumpur: <a href="/facts/British_Council/zdz5k2sS">British Council Malaysia</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307101529/https://www.britishcouncil.my/sites/default/files/malaysia_cultural_cities_profile_george_town_penang.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2025.</li> <li>Suet Leng Khoo; Narimah Samat; Nurwati Badarulzaman; Sharifah Rohayah Sheikh Dawood The Promise and Perils of the Island City of George Town (Penang) as a Creative City. Urban Island Studies. (2015).</li> <li>Francis, Ric; Ganley, Colin. <i>Penang Trams, Trolleybuses & Railways: Municipal Transport History 1880s–1963</i>. Penang: Areca Books. (2006, 2nd ed. 2012) <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 983-42834-0-7.</li> <li>Khoo Salma Nasution. <i>More Than Merchants: A History of the German-speaking Community in Penang, 1800s–1940s</i>. Areca Books. (2006). <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-983-42834-1-4</li> <li>Ooi Cheng Ghee. <i>Portraits of Penang: Little India</i>. Areca Books. (2011). <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-967-5719-05-9</li> <li></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Town, Penang. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i>George Town, Penang</i>. <ul><li><a href="https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/">Penang Island (George Town) City Council</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223" target="_blank">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ooi, Keat Gin (2010). The A to Z of Malaysia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810876415. <a href="9780810876415" target="_blank">9780810876415</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Everett-Heath, John (2017). The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192556462. <a href="9780192556462" target="_blank">9780192556462</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Penaga Laut trees are Back in George Town". The Star. 28 July 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2008/07/28/penaga-laut-trees-are-back-in-george-town" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2008/07/28/penaga-laut-trees-are-back-in-george-town</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Sanjay, CS (16 July 2015). "The Right Spelling is George Town". The Star. Archived from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Letters/2015/07/16/The-right-spelling-is-George-Town" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Letters/2015/07/16/The-right-spelling-is-George-Town</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Tennant, Paul (March 1973). "The Abolition of Elective Local Government in Penang". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 4 (1): 72–87. doi:10.1017/S0022463400016428. ISSN 1474-0680. S2CID 159521756. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/abolition-of-elective-local-government-in-penang/56E67B1A7D00189AC8E6546C959D382A" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/abolition-of-elective-local-government-in-penang/56E67B1A7D00189AC8E6546C959D382A</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Jenkins, Gwynn (2008). Contested Space: Cultural Heritage and Identity Reconstructions : Conservation Strategies Within a Developing Asian City. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783825813666. <a href="9783825813666" target="_blank">9783825813666</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Samuel Wee, Tien Wang (1992). "British Strategic Interests in the Straits of Malacca 1786–1819" (PDF). Simon Fraser University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56368037.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56368037.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Samuel Wee, Tien Wang (1992). "British Strategic Interests in the Straits of Malacca 1786–1819" (PDF). Simon Fraser University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56368037.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56368037.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Lewis, Su Lin (2016). Cities in Motion: Urban Life and Cosmopolitanism in Southeast Asia, 1920–1940. University of Cambridge. ISBN 9781107108332. <a href="9781107108332" target="_blank">9781107108332</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Samuel Wee, Tien Wang (1992). "British Strategic Interests in the Straits of Malacca 1786–1819" (PDF). Simon Fraser University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56368037.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56368037.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Langdon, Marcus (2014). George Town's Historic Commercial and Civic Precincts. George Town World Heritage Incorporated (published 2015). ISBN 9789671228128. <a href="9789671228128" target="_blank">9789671228128</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Samuel Wee, Tien Wang (1992). "British Strategic Interests in the Straits of Malacca 1786–1819" (PDF). Simon Fraser University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56368037.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56368037.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Merican, Ahmad Murad (29 October 2021). "The 1786 Acquisition of Pulau Pinang: Unveiling the Light Letters, Revisiting Legal History Case Materials and R. Bonney's Kedah 1771–1821" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol28_2_2021/kajh28022021_08.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol28_2_2021/kajh28022021_08.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Hockton, Keith (2012). Penang: An Inside Guide to Its Historic Homes, Buildings, Monuments and Parks. MPH Group. ISBN 978-967-415-303-8. <a href="978-967-415-303-8" target="_blank">978-967-415-303-8</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Ooi, Keat Gin (2010). The A to Z of Malaysia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810876415. <a href="9780810876415" target="_blank">9780810876415</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Everett-Heath, John (2017). The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192556462. <a href="9780192556462" target="_blank">9780192556462</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Pampus, Mareike (September 2021). "Multiple Motives and a Malleable Middleman: The Founding of George Town (Malaysia)". Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_Halle-Wittenberg" target="_blank">/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_Halle-Wittenberg</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Pampus, Mareike (September 2021). "Multiple Motives and a Malleable Middleman: The Founding of George Town (Malaysia)". Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_Halle-Wittenberg" target="_blank">/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_Halle-Wittenberg</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Shennan, Margaret (2000). Out in the Midday Sun: The British in Malaya, 1880-1960. John Murray. ISBN 9780719557163. <a href="9780719557163" target="_blank">9780719557163</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Zhao, Long (2 December 2018). "The Townscape Evolution of Historic Port Settlement of George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia" (PDF). University of Putra Malaysia. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf" target="_blank">https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Samuel Wee, Tien Wang (1992). "British Strategic Interests in the Straits of Malacca 1786–1819" (PDF). Simon Fraser University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56368037.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56368037.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Langdon, Marcus (2014). George Town's Historic Commercial and Civic Precincts. George Town World Heritage Incorporated (published 2015). ISBN 9789671228128. <a href="9789671228128" target="_blank">9789671228128</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Zhao, Long (2 December 2018). "The Townscape Evolution of Historic Port Settlement of George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia" (PDF). University of Putra Malaysia. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf" target="_blank">https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Fadzlin Bakri, Aidatul (October 2018). "Negotiating Identities and 'Sense of Place' in a World Heritage City: The Case of George Town, Penang, Malaysia" (PDF). University of Birmingham. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/9206/7/Bakri2019PhD_Redacted.pdf" target="_blank">https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/9206/7/Bakri2019PhD_Redacted.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Zhao, Long (2 December 2018). "The Townscape Evolution of Historic Port Settlement of George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia" (PDF). University of Putra Malaysia. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf" target="_blank">https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Ashley Jackson (November 2013). Buildings of Empire. OUP Oxford. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-958938-8. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2016. <a href="978-0-19-958938-8" target="_blank">978-0-19-958938-8</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Ooi, Kee Beng (2014). "When Penang Became a Spice Island". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170529215436/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4394&name=when_penang_became_a_spice_island" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170529215436/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4394&name=when_penang_became_a_spice_island</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Khoo, Su Nin (2007). Streets of George Town, Penang. Areca Books. ISBN 978-983-9886-00-9. <a href="978-983-9886-00-9" target="_blank">978-983-9886-00-9</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Ludher, Swaran (2015). They Came to Malaya. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781503500365. <a href="9781503500365" target="_blank">9781503500365</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Langdon, Marcus (2014). George Town's Historic Commercial and Civic Precincts. George Town World Heritage Incorporated (published 2015). ISBN 9789671228128. <a href="9789671228128" target="_blank">9789671228128</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Koay Su Lin, Steven Sim (2014). "A History of Local Elections in Penang Part I: Democracy Comes Early". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Tan, Soo Chye (1950). "A Note on Early Legislation in Penang". Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1 (151): 100–107. JSTOR 41559485. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41559485" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/41559485</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Tan 1950, pp. 104–105. - Tan, Soo Chye (1950). "A Note on Early Legislation in Penang". Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1 (151): 100–107. JSTOR 41559485. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41559485" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/41559485</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Kyshe, Norton (1885). Cases Heard and Determined in Her Majesty's Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements, 1808–1884. Vol. I, Civil Cases. Vol. 1. Singapore and Straits Print. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://eservice.nlb.gov.sg/flipviewer/data/booksg_publish/1/1d705815-ea3f-4bd3-be62-038443bb230f/web/html5/index.html?opf=tablet/BOOKSG.xml&launchlogo=tablet/BOOKSG_BrandingLogo_.png&pn=49" target="_blank">https://eservice.nlb.gov.sg/flipviewer/data/booksg_publish/1/1d705815-ea3f-4bd3-be62-038443bb230f/web/html5/index.html?opf=tablet/BOOKSG.xml&launchlogo=tablet/BOOKSG_BrandingLogo_.png&pn=49</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>The Malaysian Judiciary: Yearbook 2016 (PDF). Federal Court of Malaysia. 2016. p. XV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/sites/default/files/documents/Laporan_Tahunan/YearBook2016.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/sites/default/files/documents/Laporan_Tahunan/YearBook2016.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>"Singapore Becomes Admin Centre of the Straits Settlements". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024. <a href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=e9600931-19db-4a18-8366-8ae5aea35464" target="_blank">https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=e9600931-19db-4a18-8366-8ae5aea35464</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Jaime Koh. "Straits Settlements". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024. <a href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=b0d91ecc-3de3-4e79-a132-b2d0d886bb98#:~:text=The%20Straits%20Settlements%2C%20comprising%20Penang,East%20India%20Company%20in%20India." target="_blank">https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=b0d91ecc-3de3-4e79-a132-b2d0d886bb98#:~:text=The%20Straits%20Settlements%2C%20comprising%20Penang,East%20India%20Company%20in%20India.</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Langdon, Marcus (2014). George Town's Historic Commercial and Civic Precincts. George Town World Heritage Incorporated (published 2015). ISBN 9789671228128. <a href="9789671228128" target="_blank">9789671228128</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Wong, Yee Tuan (2015). Penang Chinese Commerce in the 19th Century: The Rise and Fall of the Big Five. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-4515-02-3. <a href="978-981-4515-02-3" target="_blank">978-981-4515-02-3</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Langdon, Marcus (2014). George Town's Historic Commercial and Civic Precincts. George Town World Heritage Incorporated (published 2015). ISBN 9789671228128. <a href="9789671228128" target="_blank">9789671228128</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Hockton, Keith (2012). Penang: An Inside Guide to Its Historic Homes, Buildings, Monuments and Parks. MPH Group. ISBN 978-967-415-303-8. <a href="978-967-415-303-8" target="_blank">978-967-415-303-8</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Wong, Yee Tuan (2015). Penang Chinese Commerce in the 19th Century: The Rise and Fall of the Big Five. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-4515-02-3. <a href="978-981-4515-02-3" target="_blank">978-981-4515-02-3</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Lewis, Su Lin (2016). Cities in Motion: Urban Life and Cosmopolitanism in Southeast Asia, 1920–1940. University of Cambridge. ISBN 9781107108332. <a href="9781107108332" target="_blank">9781107108332</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Ooi, Giok Ling (2 September 1991). "British Colonial Health Care Development and the Persistence of Ethnic Medicine in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore" (PDF). National University of Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024 – via Kyoto University. <a href="https://kyoto-seas.org/pdf/29/2/290202.pdf" target="_blank">https://kyoto-seas.org/pdf/29/2/290202.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>"The Disturbances at Penang". The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 September 1867. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2017 – via Trove. <a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28607543" target="_blank">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28607543</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Wong, Chun Wai (20 April 2013). "A cowboy town that was old Penang". The Star. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/04/20/a-cowboy-town-that-was-old-penang_1/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/04/20/a-cowboy-town-that-was-old-penang_1/</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Jaime Koh. "Straits Settlements". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024. <a href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=b0d91ecc-3de3-4e79-a132-b2d0d886bb98#:~:text=The%20Straits%20Settlements%2C%20comprising%20Penang,East%20India%20Company%20in%20India." target="_blank">https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=b0d91ecc-3de3-4e79-a132-b2d0d886bb98#:~:text=The%20Straits%20Settlements%2C%20comprising%20Penang,East%20India%20Company%20in%20India.</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>"Straits Settlements". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2017. <a href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2014-07-30_084623.html" target="_blank">http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2014-07-30_084623.html</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Turnbull, C. M. "The Penang Story" (PDF). Penang's Changing Role in the Straits Settlements, 1826–1946. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Turnbull" target="_blank">/wiki/Mary_Turnbull</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>"Asian Studies". Government Legislation for Chinese Secret Societies in the Straits Settlements in the Late 19th. Century. <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Lewis, Su Lin (2016). Cities in Motion: Urban Life and Cosmopolitanism in Southeast Asia, 1920–1940. University of Cambridge. ISBN 9781107108332. <a href="9781107108332" target="_blank">9781107108332</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Ooi, Giok Ling (2 September 1991). "British Colonial Health Care Development and the Persistence of Ethnic Medicine in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore" (PDF). National University of Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024 – via Kyoto University. <a href="https://kyoto-seas.org/pdf/29/2/290202.pdf" target="_blank">https://kyoto-seas.org/pdf/29/2/290202.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Francis, Ric (2006). Penang Trams, Trolleybuses & Railways: Municipal Transport History, 1880s–1963. Areca Books. ISBN 9789834283407. <a href="9789834283407" target="_blank">9789834283407</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Turnbull, C. M. "The Penang Story" (PDF). Penang's Changing Role in the Straits Settlements, 1826–1946. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Turnbull" target="_blank">/wiki/Mary_Turnbull</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Daniel Goh, P. S. (2014). "Between History and Heritage: Post-Colonialism, Globalisation, and the Remaking of Malacca, Penang and Singapore" (PDF). Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf" target="_blank">http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Lewis, Su Lin (2016). Cities in Motion: Urban Life and Cosmopolitanism in Southeast Asia, 1920–1940. University of Cambridge. ISBN 9781107108332. <a href="9781107108332" target="_blank">9781107108332</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Turnbull, C. M. "The Penang Story" (PDF). Penang's Changing Role in the Straits Settlements, 1826–1946. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Turnbull" target="_blank">/wiki/Mary_Turnbull</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Daniel Goh, P. S. (2014). "Between History and Heritage: Post-Colonialism, Globalisation, and the Remaking of Malacca, Penang and Singapore" (PDF). Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf" target="_blank">http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Langdon, Marcus (2014). George Town's Historic Commercial and Civic Precincts. George Town World Heritage Incorporated (published 2015). ISBN 9789671228128. <a href="9789671228128" target="_blank">9789671228128</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Turnbull, C. M. "The Penang Story" (PDF). Penang's Changing Role in the Straits Settlements, 1826–1946. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Turnbull" target="_blank">/wiki/Mary_Turnbull</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>"Chinese Hero's Memory Burns Bright in Penang House". Reuters. 21 January 2007. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-china-revolutionary-idUSKLR3439920070103" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-china-revolutionary-idUSKLR3439920070103</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>"Chinese Hero's Memory Burns Bright in Penang House". Reuters. 21 January 2007. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-china-revolutionary-idUSKLR3439920070103" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-china-revolutionary-idUSKLR3439920070103</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>"Sun Yat Sen". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017. <a href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_845__2009-01-07.html" target="_blank">http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_845__2009-01-07.html</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Ajay Kamalakaran (20 May 2015). "Battle of Penang: When Malay Fishermen Rescued Russian Sailors". Russia Beyond. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016. <a href="http://rbth.com/arts/2015/05/20/battle_of_penang_when_malay_fishermen_rescued_russian_sailors_46165.html" target="_blank">http://rbth.com/arts/2015/05/20/battle_of_penang_when_malay_fishermen_rescued_russian_sailors_46165.html</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>"Penang Evacuated – British Garrison Withdrawn New Jap Thrusts in Malaya London, December 19 – Northern Times (Carnarvon, WA : 1905–1952) – 20 December 1941". Northern Times. 20 December 1941. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2016. <a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75131511" target="_blank">http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75131511</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Bayly, Christopher (2005). Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945. Harvard University. <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>B. Frank, Richard (2020). Tower of Skulls: A History of the Asia-Pacific War: July 1937-May 1942. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9781324002116. <a href="9781324002116" target="_blank">9781324002116</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Stevens, David. "German U-Boat Operations in Australian Waters". Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.navy.gov.au/history/feature-histories/german-u-boat-operations-australian-waters" target="_blank">https://www.navy.gov.au/history/feature-histories/german-u-boat-operations-australian-waters</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Eugene Quah (December 2023). "When Penang Was an Axis Submarine Base". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://penangmonthly.com/article/21056/when-penang-was-an-axis-submarine-base" target="_blank">https://penangmonthly.com/article/21056/when-penang-was-an-axis-submarine-base</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Langdon, Marcus (2014). George Town's Historic Commercial and Civic Precincts. George Town World Heritage Incorporated (published 2015). ISBN 9789671228128. <a href="9789671228128" target="_blank">9789671228128</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Paul H. Kratoska (1998). The Japanese Occupation of Malaya: A Social and Economic History. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-85065-284-7. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2016. <a href="978-1-85065-284-7" target="_blank">978-1-85065-284-7</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Koay, Su Lin (2016). "Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Koay, Su Lin (2016). "Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Koay, Su Lin (1 October 2016). "Penang: The Rebel State (Part Two)". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031555/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=1287&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_two" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031555/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=1287&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_two</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Christie, Clive (1998). A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism and Separatism. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-354-5. <a href="978-1-86064-354-5" target="_blank">978-1-86064-354-5</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Sopiee, Mohd. Noordin (7 April 2011). "The Penang Secession Movement, 1948–1951". Cambridge University Press. 4: 52–71. doi:10.1017/S0022463400016416. S2CID 154817139. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/penang-secession-movement-19481951/59F3FC746C4981BBA5B36DB491A48F11" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/penang-secession-movement-19481951/59F3FC746C4981BBA5B36DB491A48F11</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Koay Su Lin, Steven Sim (2014). "A History of Local Elections in Penang Part I: Democracy Comes Early". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Koay, Su Lin (1 October 2016). "Penang: The Rebel State (Part Two)". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031555/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=1287&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_two" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031555/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=1287&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_two</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>Abdullah, Saifuddin. "George Town: Malaysia's First Local Democracy". Penang Institute. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/913-george-town-malaysia-s-first-local-democracy/" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/913-george-town-malaysia-s-first-local-democracy/</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>"Penang's Big Day—What a Day!". The Straits Times. 2 January 1957. p. 1. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017. <a href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19570102-1.2.3?ST=1&AT=filter&K=George+Town+Penang&KA=George+Town+Penang&DF=31/12/1956&DT=08/01/1957&Display=0&AO=false&NPT=&L=English&CTA=&NID=&CT=ARTICLE&WC=&YR=&QT=george,town,penang&oref=article" target="_blank">http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19570102-1.2.3?ST=1&AT=filter&K=George+Town+Penang&KA=George+Town+Penang&DF=31/12/1956&DT=08/01/1957&Display=0&AO=false&NPT=&L=English&CTA=&NID=&CT=ARTICLE&WC=&YR=&QT=george,town,penang&oref=article</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>Abdullah, Saifuddin. "George Town: Malaysia's First Local Democracy". Penang Institute. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/913-george-town-malaysia-s-first-local-democracy/" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/913-george-town-malaysia-s-first-local-democracy/</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>"Penang's Big Day—What a Day!". The Straits Times. 2 January 1957. p. 1. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017. <a href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19570102-1.2.3?ST=1&AT=filter&K=George+Town+Penang&KA=George+Town+Penang&DF=31/12/1956&DT=08/01/1957&Display=0&AO=false&NPT=&L=English&CTA=&NID=&CT=ARTICLE&WC=&YR=&QT=george,town,penang&oref=article" target="_blank">http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19570102-1.2.3?ST=1&AT=filter&K=George+Town+Penang&KA=George+Town+Penang&DF=31/12/1956&DT=08/01/1957&Display=0&AO=false&NPT=&L=English&CTA=&NID=&CT=ARTICLE&WC=&YR=&QT=george,town,penang&oref=article</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>Wong, Chun Wai (5 October 2013). "George Town's First Mayor Ramanathan was a Fiery Man, Politician, Educationist and Unionist". The Star. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210847/http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/george-towns-first-mayor-ramanathan-was-a-fiery-man-politician-educationist-and-unionist/?search=Penang" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210847/http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/george-towns-first-mayor-ramanathan-was-a-fiery-man-politician-educationist-and-unionist/?search=Penang</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>Abdullah, Saifuddin. "George Town: Malaysia's First Local Democracy". Penang Institute. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/913-george-town-malaysia-s-first-local-democracy/" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/913-george-town-malaysia-s-first-local-democracy/</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>"REFSA Quarterly issue 1 2015" (PDF). REFSA. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://refsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/REFSA-Quarterly-2015.pdf" target="_blank">https://refsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/REFSA-Quarterly-2015.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>"Urban Transport Study in Greater Metropolitan Areas of George Town, Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam" (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. January 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/10766954.pdf" target="_blank">https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/10766954.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>"REFSA Quarterly issue 1 2015" (PDF). REFSA. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://refsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/REFSA-Quarterly-2015.pdf" target="_blank">https://refsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/REFSA-Quarterly-2015.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>"Minister to Take Over City Council". The Straits Times. 10 June 1966. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. <a href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19660610-1.2.39" target="_blank">https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19660610-1.2.39</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>"Minister to Take Over City Council". The Straits Times. 10 June 1966. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. <a href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19660610-1.2.39" target="_blank">https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19660610-1.2.39</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Khor, Cheang Kee (3 August 1966). "City Hall Drama". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. <a href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19660803-1.2.4" target="_blank">https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19660803-1.2.4</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>Abdullah, Saifuddin. "George Town: Malaysia's First Local Democracy". Penang Institute. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/913-george-town-malaysia-s-first-local-democracy/" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/913-george-town-malaysia-s-first-local-democracy/</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Daniel Goh, P. S. (2014). "Between History and Heritage: Post-Colonialism, Globalisation, and the Remaking of Malacca, Penang and Singapore" (PDF). Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf" target="_blank">http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>Christie, Clive (1998). A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism and Separatism. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-354-5. <a href="978-1-86064-354-5" target="_blank">978-1-86064-354-5</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Singh, Chet; Rasiah, Rajah; Wong, Yee Tuan (2019). From Free Port to Modern Economy: Economic Development and Social Change in Penang, 1969 to 1990. Penang Institute. ISBN 9789814843966. <a href="9789814843966" target="_blank">9789814843966</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>Ooi, Kee Beng (December 2009). "Tun Lim Chong Eu: The Past is Not Passé". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808051103/https://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7680&name=tun_lim_chong_eu_the_past_is_not_pass" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200808051103/https://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7680&name=tun_lim_chong_eu_the_past_is_not_pass</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>Evelyn Teh (July 2016). "Where the Sea Meets the City is Where the World Meets Penang". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://penangmonthly.com/article/2568/where-the-sea-meets-the-city-is-where-the-world-meets-penang-1" target="_blank">https://penangmonthly.com/article/2568/where-the-sea-meets-the-city-is-where-the-world-meets-penang-1</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:112"><p>Daniel Goh, P. S. (2014). "Between History and Heritage: Post-Colonialism, Globalisation, and the Remaking of Malacca, Penang and Singapore" (PDF). Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf" target="_blank">http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:113"><p>Daniel Goh, P. S. (2014). "Between History and Heritage: Post-Colonialism, Globalisation, and the Remaking of Malacca, Penang and Singapore" (PDF). Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf" target="_blank">http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>Athukorala, Prema-chandra. "Growing with Global Production Sharing: The Tale of Penang Export Hub, Malaysia" (PDF). Australian National University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023. <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/malaysia-conference/prema-chandra-athukorala.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/malaysia-conference/prema-chandra-athukorala.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>Evelyn Teh (July 2016). "Where the Sea Meets the City is Where the World Meets Penang". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://penangmonthly.com/article/2568/where-the-sea-meets-the-city-is-where-the-world-meets-penang-1" target="_blank">https://penangmonthly.com/article/2568/where-the-sea-meets-the-city-is-where-the-world-meets-penang-1</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:116"><p>Athukorala, Prema-chandra. "Growing with Global Production Sharing: The Tale of Penang Export Hub, Malaysia" (PDF). Australian National University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023. <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/malaysia-conference/prema-chandra-athukorala.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/malaysia-conference/prema-chandra-athukorala.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>Nancy Duxbury, W.F. Garrett-Petts, David MacLennan (2015). Cultural Mapping as Cultural Inquiry. Routledge. ISBN 9781317588016. <a href="9781317588016" target="_blank">9781317588016</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Daniel Goh, P. S. (2014). "Between History and Heritage: Post-Colonialism, Globalisation, and the Remaking of Malacca, Penang and Singapore" (PDF). Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf" target="_blank">http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>Goh, Ban Lee (February 2010). "Remember the City Status of George Town". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152315/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=9315&name=remember_the_city_status_of_george_town" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152315/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=9315&name=remember_the_city_status_of_george_town</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:120"><p>Daniel Goh, P. S. (2014). "Between History and Heritage: Post-Colonialism, Globalisation, and the Remaking of Malacca, Penang and Singapore" (PDF). Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf" target="_blank">http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>Li, Ho Fai (September 2011). "The Politics of Heritage Conservation in a Southeast Asian Postcolonial City: The Case of Georgetown in Penang, Malaysia" (PDF). Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48550279.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48550279.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>Rananawa, Arjuna (30 March 2000). "A City at a Crossroad". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020200214/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0331/as.heritage.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20231020200214/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0331/as.heritage.html</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>Jenkins, Gwynn (2008). Contested Space: Cultural Heritage and Identity Reconstructions : Conservation Strategies Within a Developing Asian City. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783825813666. <a href="9783825813666" target="_blank">9783825813666</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>Sue-Ching Jou, Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, Natacha Aveline-Dubach (2014). Globalization and New Intra-Urban Dynamics in Asian Cities. National Taiwan University. ISBN 9789863500216. <a href="9789863500216" target="_blank">9789863500216</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>Li, Ho Fai (September 2011). "The Politics of Heritage Conservation in a Southeast Asian Postcolonial City: The Case of Georgetown in Penang, Malaysia" (PDF). Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48550279.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48550279.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>Ng, Su-Ann (7 November 2004). "Penang Losing Its Tourism Lustre". The Star. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/11/07/penang-losing-its-tourism-lustre/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/11/07/penang-losing-its-tourism-lustre/</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>"Penang – Who Should Stop the Rot?". Malaysiakini. 16 December 2004. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017. <a href="https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/32226" target="_blank">https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/32226</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:128"><p>"Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223" target="_blank">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:129"><p>Li, Ho Fai (September 2011). "The Politics of Heritage Conservation in a Southeast Asian Postcolonial City: The Case of Georgetown in Penang, Malaysia" (PDF). Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48550279.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48550279.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:130"><p>Li, Ho Fai (September 2011). "The Politics of Heritage Conservation in a Southeast Asian Postcolonial City: The Case of Georgetown in Penang, Malaysia" (PDF). Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48550279.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48550279.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:131"><p>Ooi, Kee Beng (2010). Pilot Studies for a New Penang. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814279697. <a href="9789814279697" target="_blank">9789814279697</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>Saravanamuttu Jayaratnam, Lee Hock Guan, Ooi Kee Beng (2008). March 8: Eclipsing May 13. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812308962. <a href="9789812308962" target="_blank">9789812308962</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>"From Port City to World Heritage Site: Case Study of George Town (Malaysia)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/canopy/georgetown-2/" target="_blank">https://whc.unesco.org/en/canopy/georgetown-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:134"><p>Tricia Yeoh, Su-Wern (January 2022). "Opposition Subnational Strongholds in Dominant Party Authoritarian Regimes (DPARs): The Pakatan Coalition in Selangor and Penang from 2008 to 2018" (PDF). University of Nottingham. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/69483/1/FINAL%20PHD%20THESIS%20SUBMISSION%20POST-VIVA%20June2022_Yeoh%20Su%20Wern.pdf" target="_blank">https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/69483/1/FINAL%20PHD%20THESIS%20SUBMISSION%20POST-VIVA%20June2022_Yeoh%20Su%20Wern.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:135"><p>Hutchinson, Francis (23 November 2023). "The August Poll in Penang: A Perspective on Pakatan, its Partners and its Prospects" (PDF). ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:136"><p>Eileen Ng (14 May 2016). "The Big Read: Penang Takes a Leaf from S'pore, and Bids to Become a Competitor". Today. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/big-read-penang-takes-leaf-spore-and-bids-become-competitor" target="_blank">https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/big-read-penang-takes-leaf-spore-and-bids-become-competitor</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:137"><p>"Singapore Investors 'Invading' Pre-War Properties in Penang". The Straits Times. 12 June 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017. <a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-investors-invading-pre-war-properties-in-penang" target="_blank">https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-investors-invading-pre-war-properties-in-penang</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:138"><p>Looi, Sue Chern (25 March 2015). "George Town A City Again". The Edge. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/george-town-city-again" target="_blank">https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/george-town-city-again</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>"George Town Meliputi 'Pulau', Jelas Datuk Bandar" (PDF). Buletin Mutiara (in Malay). 1 May 2015. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Dari segi sejarah, pengiktirafan George Town sebagai 'bandar raya' oleh Ratu Elizabeth II pada 1 Januari 1957 tidak pernah ditarik balik hingga kini. Bagaimanapun, Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP) pula ditubuhkan semula pada 15 Disember 1976 berdasarkan Akta Kerajaan Tempatan, 1976. Justeru, sempadan sebenar George Town meliputi seluruh bahagian 'pulau', sebagaimana kekal dipertanggungjawabkan ke atas MBPP. <a href="http://www.buletinmutiara.com/download/2015/BuletinMutiaraMay12015-BM.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.buletinmutiara.com/download/2015/BuletinMutiaraMay12015-BM.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>Katahenggam, Nagathisen. "Fiscal Analysis and Governance of the City Council of Penang Island 2002–2011" (PDF). Taylor's University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. <a href="http://eprints.usm.my/40851/1/ART_68.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.usm.my/40851/1/ART_68.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>Opalyn Mok (31 March 2015). "Council president now Penang's first mayor". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2024. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2015/03/31/council-president-now-penangs-first-mayor/869717" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2015/03/31/council-president-now-penangs-first-mayor/869717</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:142"><p>"Draf Rancangan Tempatan Pulau Pinang (Pulau) 2030 Jilid 1". Penang Island City Council. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" target="_blank">/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:143"><p>Looi, Sue Chern (25 March 2015). "George Town A City Again". The Edge. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/george-town-city-again" target="_blank">https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/george-town-city-again</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:144"><p>"George Town Meliputi 'Pulau', Jelas Datuk Bandar" (PDF). Buletin Mutiara (in Malay). 1 May 2015. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Dari segi sejarah, pengiktirafan George Town sebagai 'bandar raya' oleh Ratu Elizabeth II pada 1 Januari 1957 tidak pernah ditarik balik hingga kini. Bagaimanapun, Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP) pula ditubuhkan semula pada 15 Disember 1976 berdasarkan Akta Kerajaan Tempatan, 1976. Justeru, sempadan sebenar George Town meliputi seluruh bahagian 'pulau', sebagaimana kekal dipertanggungjawabkan ke atas MBPP. <a href="http://www.buletinmutiara.com/download/2015/BuletinMutiaraMay12015-BM.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.buletinmutiara.com/download/2015/BuletinMutiaraMay12015-BM.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:145"><p>Zhao, Long (2 December 2018). "The Townscape Evolution of Historic Port Settlement of George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia" (PDF). University of Putra Malaysia. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf" target="_blank">https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:146"><p>Lim, H. S. (2011). "TSS Mapping Using THEOS Imagery over Penang Island, Malaysia". Universiti Sains Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Science,_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/University_of_Science,_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:147"><p>Lim, H. S. (2011). "TSS Mapping Using THEOS Imagery over Penang Island, Malaysia". Universiti Sains Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Science,_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/University_of_Science,_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:148"><p>Chau, Loon Wai (2005). "Probing Different Centralities in City Regions: A Space-Syntactic Approach" (PDF). Techne Press. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="http://eprints.utm.my/6177/1/Chau_5SSS_FAB.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.utm.my/6177/1/Chau_5SSS_FAB.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:149"><p>"Draf Rancangan Tempatan Pulau Pinang (Pulau) 2030 Jilid 1". Penang Island City Council. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" target="_blank">/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:150"><p>Zhao, Long (2 December 2018). "The Townscape Evolution of Historic Port Settlement of George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia" (PDF). University of Putra Malaysia. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf" target="_blank">https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:151"><p>Hilmy, Imran (5 October 2023). "Long Road to Improved Water from a Clean Sg Pinang". The Star. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/10/05/long-road-to-improved-water-from-a-clean-sg-pinang" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/10/05/long-road-to-improved-water-from-a-clean-sg-pinang</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:152"><p>"Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve". UNESCO. June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023. <a href="https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/penang-hill" target="_blank">https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/penang-hill</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:153"><p>"Statistics". Penang Water Supply Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://pba.com.my/penang-water-supply-statistics-infrastructure/" target="_blank">https://pba.com.my/penang-water-supply-statistics-infrastructure/</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:154"><p>"Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve". UNESCO. June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023. <a href="https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/penang-hill" target="_blank">https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/penang-hill</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:155"><p>Kevin Vimal (11 June 2022). "Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve Officially Receives Its Recognition Certificate". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-hill-biosphere-reserve-officially-receives-its-recognition-certificate/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-hill-biosphere-reserve-officially-receives-its-recognition-certificate/</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:156"><p>Ramly, Salwa (January 2008). "Impact on the Coastal Areas of the Tanjung Tokong Land Reclamation Project, Penang, Malaysia". Lund University. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023. <a href="https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1317634&fileOId=1317635" target="_blank">https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1317634&fileOId=1317635</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:157"><p>Chee, Su Yin (13 August 2017). "Land Reclamation and Artificial Islands: Walking the Tightrope Between Development and Conservation" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. 12: 80. Bibcode:2017GEcoC..12...80C. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2017.08.005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131015356.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131015356.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:158"><p>Chee, Su Yin (13 August 2017). "Land Reclamation and Artificial Islands: Walking the Tightrope Between Development and Conservation" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. 12: 80. Bibcode:2017GEcoC..12...80C. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2017.08.005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131015356.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131015356.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:159"><p>Opalyn Mok (1 September 2023). "Penang CM: Preliminary Works on Man-Made Silicon Island Starts Today". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/09/01/penang-cm-preliminary-works-on-man-made-silicon-island-starts-today/88405" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/09/01/penang-cm-preliminary-works-on-man-made-silicon-island-starts-today/88405</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:160"><p>Opalyn Mok (23 February 2016). "Gurney Wharf, Penang's New Waterfront Park-in-the-City". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/02/23/gurney-wharf-penangs-new-waterfront-park-in-the-city/1066141" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/02/23/gurney-wharf-penangs-new-waterfront-park-in-the-city/1066141</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:161"><p>Kevin Vimal (26 May 2023). "E&O's Andaman Island Project a Great Push for Penang Green Agenda, Says CM Chow". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/eos-andaman-island-project-a-great-push-for-penang-green-agenda-says-cm-chow/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/eos-andaman-island-project-a-great-push-for-penang-green-agenda-says-cm-chow/</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:162"><p>"Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018. <a href="http://ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewInstitutionRecord&institutionID=18555" target="_blank">http://ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewInstitutionRecord&institutionID=18555</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:163"><p>The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Charles Knight. 1840. p. 400. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2016. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h17MWNlkEcwC&pg=PA400" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=h17MWNlkEcwC&pg=PA400</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:164"><p>Tijs Neutens; Philippe de Maeyer (16 October 2009). Developments in 3D Geo-Information Sciences. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 206. ISBN 978-3-642-04791-6. <a href="978-3-642-04791-6" target="_blank">978-3-642-04791-6</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:165"><p>"Why is South-East Asia's Annual Haze So Hard to Deal with?". The Economist. 7 July 2013. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2016. <a href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/07/economist-explains-3" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/07/economist-explains-3</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:166"><p>"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 19 October 2023. <a href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/Malaysia/CSV/BayanLepas_48601.csv" target="_blank">https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/Malaysia/CSV/BayanLepas_48601.csv</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:167"><p>"CLIMAT summary for 48601: Penang/Bayan Lepas (Malaysia) – Section 2: Monthly Normals". CLIMAT monthly weather summaries. Ogimet. Retrieved 21 January 2021. <a href="https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gclimat?lang=en&mode=0&ind=48601&ord=DIR&year=2020&mes=12&months=12" target="_blank">https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gclimat?lang=en&mode=0&ind=48601&ord=DIR&year=2020&mes=12&months=12</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:168"><p>"Klimatafel von Penang (George Town) / Malaysia" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 23 May 2016. <a href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_486010_kt.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_486010_kt.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:169"><p>Koay Su Lin, Steven Sim (2014). "A History of Local Elections in Penang Part I: Democracy Comes Early". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:170"><p>Koay Su Lin, Steven Sim (2014). "A History of Local Elections in Penang Part I: Democracy Comes Early". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:171"><p>Act No. XXVII of 1856 (PDF). Legislative Council of India. 1856. pp. 1–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023. An Act to comprise in one Act the provisions necessary for the assessment and collection of Municipal rates and taxes in the Towns of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, and the several stations of the Settlement of Prince of Wales' Island, Singapore, and Malacca, is incorporated with this act. <a href="https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealed-act/repealed_act_documents/A1856-27.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealed-act/repealed_act_documents/A1856-27.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:172"><p>Koay Su Lin, Steven Sim (2014). "A History of Local Elections in Penang Part I: Democracy Comes Early". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:173"><p>"Penang's Big Day—What a Day!". The Straits Times. 2 January 1957. p. 1. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017. <a href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19570102-1.2.3?ST=1&AT=filter&K=George+Town+Penang&KA=George+Town+Penang&DF=31/12/1956&DT=08/01/1957&Display=0&AO=false&NPT=&L=English&CTA=&NID=&CT=ARTICLE&WC=&YR=&QT=george,town,penang&oref=article" target="_blank">http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19570102-1.2.3?ST=1&AT=filter&K=George+Town+Penang&KA=George+Town+Penang&DF=31/12/1956&DT=08/01/1957&Display=0&AO=false&NPT=&L=English&CTA=&NID=&CT=ARTICLE&WC=&YR=&QT=george,town,penang&oref=article</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:174"><p>Wong, Chun Wai (5 October 2013). "George Town's First Mayor Ramanathan was a Fiery Man, Politician, Educationist and Unionist". The Star. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210847/http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/george-towns-first-mayor-ramanathan-was-a-fiery-man-politician-educationist-and-unionist/?search=Penang" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210847/http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/george-towns-first-mayor-ramanathan-was-a-fiery-man-politician-educationist-and-unionist/?search=Penang</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:175"><p>Wong, Chun Wai (5 October 2013). "George Town's First Mayor Ramanathan was a Fiery Man, Politician, Educationist and Unionist". The Star. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210847/http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/george-towns-first-mayor-ramanathan-was-a-fiery-man-politician-educationist-and-unionist/?search=Penang" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210847/http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/george-towns-first-mayor-ramanathan-was-a-fiery-man-politician-educationist-and-unionist/?search=Penang</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:176"><p>Koay Su Lin, Steven Sim (2014). "A History of Local Elections in Penang Part I: Democracy Comes Early". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154421/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4390&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penangpart_i_democracy_comes_early</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:177"><p>Abdullah, Saifuddin. "George Town: Malaysia's First Local Democracy". Penang Institute. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/913-george-town-malaysia-s-first-local-democracy/" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/913-george-town-malaysia-s-first-local-democracy/</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:178"><p>"Carta Organisasi". Penang Island City Council. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.mbpp.gov.my/ms/korporat/pengurusan/carta-organisasi" target="_blank">https://www.mbpp.gov.my/ms/korporat/pengurusan/carta-organisasi</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:179"><p>"Councillor's Profile". Penang Island City Council. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/pengurusan/pengurusan-tertinggi/profil-ahli-majlis" target="_blank">https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/pengurusan/pengurusan-tertinggi/profil-ahli-majlis</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:180"><p>"Background". Penang Island City Council. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/background" target="_blank">https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/background</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:181"><p>Hilmy, Imran (2 October 2023). "23 MBPP Councillors Sworn In for 2023–2024 Term". The Star. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/10/02/23-mbpp-councillors-sworn-in-for-2023-2024-term" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/10/02/23-mbpp-councillors-sworn-in-for-2023-2024-term</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:182"><p>"Councillor's Profile". Penang Island City Council. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/pengurusan/pengurusan-tertinggi/profil-ahli-majlis" target="_blank">https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/pengurusan/pengurusan-tertinggi/profil-ahli-majlis</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:183"><p>Trisha, N. (9 May 2023). "Rajendran Sworn In as Fourth Mayor of Penang Island City Council". The Star. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/09/rajendran-sworn-in-as-fourth-mayor-of-penang-island-city-council" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/09/rajendran-sworn-in-as-fourth-mayor-of-penang-island-city-council</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:184"><p>"Draf Rancangan Tempatan Pulau Pinang (Pulau) 2030 Jilid 1". Penang Island City Council. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" target="_blank">/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:185"><p>McIntyre, Ian (20 October 2022). "Penang Unveils Island's Draft Local Plan after Long Delay". The Vibes. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/74769/penang-unveils-islands-draft-local-plan-after-long-delay" target="_blank">https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/74769/penang-unveils-islands-draft-local-plan-after-long-delay</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:186"><p>"Function". Penang Island City Council. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/function" target="_blank">https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/function</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:187"><p>Lo, Tern Chern (14 January 2022). "In Awe of Tallest Elevated Road". The Star. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2022/01/14/in-awe-of-tallest-elevated-road" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2022/01/14/in-awe-of-tallest-elevated-road</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:188"><p>"Age Friendly City – Page 2 of 8". Penang Island City Council. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/services/bandar-mesra-usia?start=1" target="_blank">https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/services/bandar-mesra-usia?start=1</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:189"><p>Edmund Lee (11 September 2024). "MBPP's Budget 2025 Focuses on Cleanliness and Sustainability". Buletin Mutiara. Retrieved 3 November 2024. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/mbpps-budget-2025-focuses-on-cleanliness-and-sustainability/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/mbpps-budget-2025-focuses-on-cleanliness-and-sustainability/</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:190"><p>Gooi Hsiao Leung. "Enabling Decentralisation and Improving Federal-State Relations in the Federation of Malaysia" (PDF). Penang Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="/wiki/Gooi_Hsiao_Leung" target="_blank">/wiki/Gooi_Hsiao_Leung</a> <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:191"><p>Gooi Hsiao Leung. "Enabling Decentralisation and Improving Federal-State Relations in the Federation of Malaysia" (PDF). Penang Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="/wiki/Gooi_Hsiao_Leung" target="_blank">/wiki/Gooi_Hsiao_Leung</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:192"><p>"Chor: Penang Local Govt Polls Act Not Valid". The Edge. 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/chor-penang-local-govt-polls-act-not-valid" target="_blank">https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/chor-penang-local-govt-polls-act-not-valid</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:193"><p>Khoo, Su Nin (2007). Streets of George Town, Penang. Areca Books. ISBN 978-983-9886-00-9. <a href="978-983-9886-00-9" target="_blank">978-983-9886-00-9</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:194"><p>Jennifer Choo (28 September 2021). "Architectural Icon: How Komtar, Penang's First Modernist Skyscraper, Changed The Face Of George Town". Tatler. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.tatlerasia.com/homes/architecture-design/architecture-icon-komtar-penang" target="_blank">https://www.tatlerasia.com/homes/architecture-design/architecture-icon-komtar-penang</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:195"><p>Ong, K. H. (3 October 2020). "Visitor Restriction for Coming Penang State Legislative Assembly Sitting". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/visitor-restriction-for-coming-penang-state-legislative-assembly-sitting/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/visitor-restriction-for-coming-penang-state-legislative-assembly-sitting/</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:196"><p>Hutchinson, Francis (23 November 2023). "The August Poll in Penang: A Perspective on Pakatan, its Partners and its Prospects" (PDF). ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:197"><p>Hutchinson, Francis (23 November 2023). "The August Poll in Penang: A Perspective on Pakatan, its Partners and its Prospects" (PDF). ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:198"><p>Ahmad, Razak (1 November 2022). "Interactive: Interesting Facts on Malaysia's Parliamentary Seats". The Star. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/11/01/interactive-interesting-facts-on-malaysias-parliamentary-seats" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/11/01/interactive-interesting-facts-on-malaysias-parliamentary-seats</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:199"><p>"Pengkalan Kota is State Constituency with Highest Population Density, Says Stats Dept". The Star. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/23/pengkalan-kota-is-state-constituency-with-highest-population-density-says-stats-dept" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/23/pengkalan-kota-is-state-constituency-with-highest-population-density-says-stats-dept</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:200"><p>"Pengkalan Kota is State Constituency with Highest Population Density, Says Stats Dept". The Star. 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/23/pengkalan-kota-is-state-constituency-with-highest-population-density-says-stats-dept" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/23/pengkalan-kota-is-state-constituency-with-highest-population-density-says-stats-dept</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:201"><p>Mahmud, Aqil Haziq (16 April 2023). "In Penang, Pakatan Harapan Braces for Inroads by Perikatan Nasional During Upcoming State Polls". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-penang-state-election-dap-ph-pn-green-wave-3416916" target="_blank">https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-penang-state-election-dap-ph-pn-green-wave-3416916</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:202"><p>Karee Chan (4 April 2018). "Our Study Trip to Penang". Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/cag/news/details/our-study-trip-to-penang" target="_blank">https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/cag/news/details/our-study-trip-to-penang</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:203"><p>Hutchinson, Francis (23 November 2023). "The August Poll in Penang: A Perspective on Pakatan, its Partners and its Prospects" (PDF). ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:204"><p>Hutchinson, Francis (23 November 2023). "The August Poll in Penang: A Perspective on Pakatan, its Partners and its Prospects" (PDF). ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:205"><p>Hutchinson, Francis (23 November 2023). "The August Poll in Penang: A Perspective on Pakatan, its Partners and its Prospects" (PDF). ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:206"><p>Hutchinson, Francis (23 November 2023). "The August Poll in Penang: A Perspective on Pakatan, its Partners and its Prospects" (PDF). ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023. <a href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:207"><p>Langdon, Marcus (2014). George Town's Historic Commercial and Civic Precincts. George Town World Heritage Incorporated (published 2015). ISBN 9789671228128. <a href="9789671228128" target="_blank">9789671228128</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:208"><p>The Malaysian Judiciary: Yearbook 2016 (PDF). Federal Court of Malaysia. 2016. p. XV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/sites/default/files/documents/Laporan_Tahunan/YearBook2016.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/sites/default/files/documents/Laporan_Tahunan/YearBook2016.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:209"><p>Hockton, Keith (2012). Penang: An Inside Guide to Its Historic Homes, Buildings, Monuments and Parks. MPH Group. ISBN 978-967-415-303-8. <a href="978-967-415-303-8" target="_blank">978-967-415-303-8</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:210"><p>"Thousands Pay Last Respects to Karpal Singh". The Borneo Post. 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023. <a href="https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/04/21/thousands-pay-last-respects-to-karpal-singh/" target="_blank">https://www.theborneopost.com/2014/04/21/thousands-pay-last-respects-to-karpal-singh/</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:211"><p>"Court Directory". penangbar.org. Penang Bar Committee. 15 January 2018. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203002653/http://penangbar.org/court-directory/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161203002653/http://penangbar.org/court-directory/</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:212"><p>"My Local Stats Barat Daya Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2023. ISSN 2735-2528. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:213"><p>"My Local Stats Timur Laut Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2023. ISSN 2735-2536. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:214"><p>Nambiar, Predeep (16 January 2020). "Penang Unveils Traffic Wardens with Powers over 44 offences". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023. <a href="https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2020/01/16/penang-unveils-traffic-wardens-with-powers-over-44-offences/" target="_blank">https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2020/01/16/penang-unveils-traffic-wardens-with-powers-over-44-offences/</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:215"><p>"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3. <a href="978-967-2000-85-3" target="_blank">978-967-2000-85-3</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:216"><p>Penang Past and Present, 1786-1963 (PDF). George Town City Council. 1966 – via Wasabi Technologies. <a href="https://s3.us-west-1.wasabisys.com/p-library/singapore-malaysia/City%20Council%20Of%20Georgetown/Penang%20Past%20Present%20%281712%29/Penang%20Past%20Present%20-%20City%20Council%20Of%20Georgetown.pdf" target="_blank">https://s3.us-west-1.wasabisys.com/p-library/singapore-malaysia/City%20Council%20Of%20Georgetown/Penang%20Past%20Present%20%281712%29/Penang%20Past%20Present%20-%20City%20Council%20Of%20Georgetown.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:217"><p>Usman Yaakob; Tarmiji Masron; Fujimaki Masami. "Ninety Years of Urbanization in Malaysia: A Geographical Investigation of Its Trends and Characteristics" (PDF). Ritsumeikan University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2023. <a href="https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/k-rsc/hss/book/pdf/vol04_05.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/k-rsc/hss/book/pdf/vol04_05.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:218"><p>"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3. <a href="978-967-2000-85-3" target="_blank">978-967-2000-85-3</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:219"><p>"MyCensus 2020: Mukim/Town/Pekan". Department of Statistics Malaysia: 174–175. February 2024. ISBN 9789672537069. <a href="9789672537069" target="_blank">9789672537069</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:220"><p>"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3. <a href="978-967-2000-85-3" target="_blank">978-967-2000-85-3</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:221"><p>Chee, Su Yin (13 August 2017). "Land Reclamation and Artificial Islands: Walking the Tightrope Between Development and Conservation" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. 12: 80. Bibcode:2017GEcoC..12...80C. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2017.08.005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131015356.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131015356.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:222"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:223"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:224"><p>"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3. <a href="978-967-2000-85-3" target="_blank">978-967-2000-85-3</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:225"><p>"Achieving A System of Competitive Cities in Malaysia: Main Report" (PDF). World Bank: 16. November 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/709061475743434007/pdf/102222-v1-REVISED-PUBLIC-Malaysia-Competitive-Cities-Main-Report-low-res-final.pdf" target="_blank">https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/709061475743434007/pdf/102222-v1-REVISED-PUBLIC-Malaysia-Competitive-Cities-Main-Report-low-res-final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:226"><p>M. Merewether, E. (1892). "Report on the Census of the Straits Settlements Taken on the 5th of April 1891". Straits Settlements. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023 – via Department of Statistics Malaysia. <a href="https://statsdigital.stats.gov.my/Penerbitan/penerbitan/view?id=5bc68d0dd5bc73855e4aae5e" target="_blank">https://statsdigital.stats.gov.my/Penerbitan/penerbitan/view?id=5bc68d0dd5bc73855e4aae5e</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:227"><p>"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3. <a href="978-967-2000-85-3" target="_blank">978-967-2000-85-3</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:228"><p>M. Merewether, E. (1892). "Report on the Census of the Straits Settlements Taken on the 5th of April 1891". Straits Settlements. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023 – via Department of Statistics Malaysia. <a href="https://statsdigital.stats.gov.my/Penerbitan/penerbitan/view?id=5bc68d0dd5bc73855e4aae5e" target="_blank">https://statsdigital.stats.gov.my/Penerbitan/penerbitan/view?id=5bc68d0dd5bc73855e4aae5e</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:229"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:230"><p>Koay, Su Lin (2016). "Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:231"><p>Koay, Su Lin (2016). "Penang: The Rebel State (Part One)". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034025/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=2370&name=penang_the_rebel_state_part_one</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:232"><p>Jaime Koh. "Peranakan (Straits Chinese) Community". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017. <a href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-08-30_181745.html" target="_blank">http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-08-30_181745.html</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:233"><p>Jaime Koh. "Peranakan (Straits Chinese) Community". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017. <a href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-08-30_181745.html" target="_blank">http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-08-30_181745.html</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:234"><p>Heaver, Stuart (10 May 2014). "High Society". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017. <a href="http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1506517/high-society-preserving-peranakan-culture" target="_blank">http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1506517/high-society-preserving-peranakan-culture</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:235"><p>Lee, Su Kim (2008). "The Peranakan Baba Nyonya Culture: Resurgence or Disappearance?" (PDF). Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517033233/http://library1.utem.edu.my/e-melaka/koleksi%20melaka/geografi/Peranakan%20Melaka.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170517033233/http://library1.utem.edu.my/e-melaka/koleksi%20melaka/geografi/Peranakan%20Melaka.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:236"><p>"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3. <a href="978-967-2000-85-3" target="_blank">978-967-2000-85-3</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:237"><p>"Peninsula States Asked to Give East Malaysians Time Off for Festivals". The Borneo Post. 28 May 2017. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017. <a href="https://www.theborneopost.com/2017/05/28/peninsula-states-asked-to-give-east-malaysians-time-off-for-festivals/" target="_blank">https://www.theborneopost.com/2017/05/28/peninsula-states-asked-to-give-east-malaysians-time-off-for-festivals/</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:238"><p>"Time to Celebrate with Sabah and Sarawak People". The Star. 10 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/05/10/time-to-celebrate-with-sabah-and-sarawak-people/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/05/10/time-to-celebrate-with-sabah-and-sarawak-people/</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:239"><p>McIntyre, Ian (15 September 2022). "Celebrating the Ties between Penang and East Malaysia". The Vibes. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022. <a href="https://www.thevibes.com/articles/lifestyles/71467/Celebrating-the-ties-between-Penang-and-East-Malaysia" target="_blank">https://www.thevibes.com/articles/lifestyles/71467/Celebrating-the-ties-between-Penang-and-East-Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:240"><p>"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3. <a href="978-967-2000-85-3" target="_blank">978-967-2000-85-3</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:241"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:242"><p>Johnson Lee, Chong Fatt (November 2018). "Siamese Ties in Need of Preservation". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023. <a href="https://penangmonthly.com/article/15338/siamese-ties-in-need-of-preservation-1" target="_blank">https://penangmonthly.com/article/15338/siamese-ties-in-need-of-preservation-1</a> <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:243"><p>Filmer, Andrea (22 August 2023). "Penang Exhibition Offers a Photographic Exploration of Serani Identity". The Star. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/culture/2023/08/22/penang-exhibition-offers-a-photographic-exploration-of-serani-identity" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/culture/2023/08/22/penang-exhibition-offers-a-photographic-exploration-of-serani-identity</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:244"><p>"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3. <a href="978-967-2000-85-3" target="_blank">978-967-2000-85-3</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:245"><p>Saieed, Zunaira (18 March 2023). "Penang's Easy Living is Big Draw for Expats Looking to Retire". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023. <a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/penang-s-easy-living-is-big-draw-for-expats-looking-to-retire" target="_blank">https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/penang-s-easy-living-is-big-draw-for-expats-looking-to-retire</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:246"><p>Beh, May Ting (19 October 2023). "Imagine an Education Hub: Leveraging Penang's International School Ecosystem" (PDF). Penang Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Education-Hub.pdf" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Education-Hub.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:247"><p>"Malaysia rises in global liveability ranking". ECA International. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2024. <a href="https://www.eca-international.com/news/february-2023/malaysia-rises-in-global-liveability-ranking" target="_blank">https://www.eca-international.com/news/february-2023/malaysia-rises-in-global-liveability-ranking</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:248"><p>Lobosco, Katie (6 January 2016). "Best Places to Retire Abroad in 2016". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017. <a href="https://money.cnn.com/gallery/retirement/2016/01/06/best-places-to-retire-abroad/6.html" target="_blank">https://money.cnn.com/gallery/retirement/2016/01/06/best-places-to-retire-abroad/6.html</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:249"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:250"><p>Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War : A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914–1945. AB&B. <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:251"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:252"><p>Wong, Chun Wai (6 July 2013). "The Jewish Community in Penang is All but Gone Leaving Only Tombs Behind". The Star. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/07/06/leaving-only-tombs-behind-the-jewish-community-in-penang-is-all-but-gone-with-the-death-of-its-last/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/07/06/leaving-only-tombs-behind-the-jewish-community-in-penang-is-all-but-gone-with-the-death-of-its-last/</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:253"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:254"><p>Teresa Wai, See Ong (May 2022). "Building Relationships with Community Members: Lessons Learnt from Fieldwork in Penang, Malaysia". Griffith University. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://repository.nie.edu.sg/server/api/core/bitstreams/57a48a8d-6fab-4c08-a012-5ad54c6fddc9/content" target="_blank">https://repository.nie.edu.sg/server/api/core/bitstreams/57a48a8d-6fab-4c08-a012-5ad54c6fddc9/content</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:255"><p>"George Town World Heritage Site: Population and Land Use Census 2009—2019" (PDF). Think City. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://thinkcityinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/George-Town-A-City-in-Transition.pdf" target="_blank">https://thinkcityinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/George-Town-A-City-in-Transition.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:256"><p>Opalyn Mok (2 August 2016). "Penang Hokkien Will Be 'Dead' in 40 years If People Stop Using It, Says Language Expert". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/08/02/penang-hokkien-will-be-dead-in-40-years-if-people-stop-using-it-says-langua/1174401" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/08/02/penang-hokkien-will-be-dead-in-40-years-if-people-stop-using-it-says-langua/1174401</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:257"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:258"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:259"><p>Teresa Wai, See Ong (May 2022). "Building Relationships with Community Members: Lessons Learnt from Fieldwork in Penang, Malaysia". Griffith University. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://repository.nie.edu.sg/server/api/core/bitstreams/57a48a8d-6fab-4c08-a012-5ad54c6fddc9/content" target="_blank">https://repository.nie.edu.sg/server/api/core/bitstreams/57a48a8d-6fab-4c08-a012-5ad54c6fddc9/content</a> <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:260"><p>Abdul Rahim, Hajar (2015). "Bahasa Tanjong: The Heritage Language of the Jawi Peranakans of Penang" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_06.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_06.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:261"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:262"><p>Teresa Wai, See Ong (May 2022). "Building Relationships with Community Members: Lessons Learnt from Fieldwork in Penang, Malaysia". Griffith University. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://repository.nie.edu.sg/server/api/core/bitstreams/57a48a8d-6fab-4c08-a012-5ad54c6fddc9/content" target="_blank">https://repository.nie.edu.sg/server/api/core/bitstreams/57a48a8d-6fab-4c08-a012-5ad54c6fddc9/content</a> <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:263"><p>"Dialects and Languages in Numbers". Penang Monthly. May 2017. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516160537/http://www.penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7447&name=dialects_and_languages_in_numbers" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170516160537/http://www.penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7447&name=dialects_and_languages_in_numbers</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:264"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:265"><p>Lin, Rouwen (3 October 2010). "The Telugu Heritage". The Star. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/features/2010/10/03/the-telugu-heritage/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/features/2010/10/03/the-telugu-heritage/</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:266"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:267"><p>Teresa Wai, See Ong (May 2022). "Building Relationships with Community Members: Lessons Learnt from Fieldwork in Penang, Malaysia". Griffith University. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://repository.nie.edu.sg/server/api/core/bitstreams/57a48a8d-6fab-4c08-a012-5ad54c6fddc9/content" target="_blank">https://repository.nie.edu.sg/server/api/core/bitstreams/57a48a8d-6fab-4c08-a012-5ad54c6fddc9/content</a> <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:268"><p>Ooi Kok Hin, Julia Tan. "Penang Hokkien On Life Support". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615140306/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7412&name=penang_hokkien_on_life_support" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170615140306/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7412&name=penang_hokkien_on_life_support</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:269"><p>Ooi Kok Hin, Julia Tan. "Penang Hokkien On Life Support". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615140306/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7412&name=penang_hokkien_on_life_support" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170615140306/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7412&name=penang_hokkien_on_life_support</a> <a href="#fnref:269" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:270"><p>"Translating Penang Hokkien to English with Ease". The Sun. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://thesun.my/archive/1939512-GSARCH388293" target="_blank">https://thesun.my/archive/1939512-GSARCH388293</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:271"><p>"George Town World Heritage Site: Population and Land Use Census 2009—2019" (PDF). Think City. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://thinkcityinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/George-Town-A-City-in-Transition.pdf" target="_blank">https://thinkcityinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/George-Town-A-City-in-Transition.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:272"><p>Ooi Kok Hin, Julia Tan. "Penang Hokkien On Life Support". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615140306/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7412&name=penang_hokkien_on_life_support" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170615140306/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7412&name=penang_hokkien_on_life_support</a> <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:273"><p>Ng, Su-Ann (22 November 2008). "Multilingual Road Signs Put Up to Boost Penang's Tourism". The Star. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/11/22/multilingual-road-signs-put-up-to-boost-penangs-tourism/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/11/22/multilingual-road-signs-put-up-to-boost-penangs-tourism/</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:274"><p>Christina Chin (3 November 2008). "Penang to Stick with Multilingual Road Signs". The Star. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/11/03/penang-to-stick-with-multilingual-road-signs" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/11/03/penang-to-stick-with-multilingual-road-signs</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:275"><p>Teresa Ong, Wai See (September 2018). "Language Maintenance in Malaysia: A Case Study of the Chinese Community in Penang" (PDF). Griffith University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/382738/Ong%2CTeresa_Final%20Thesis_redacted.pdf" target="_blank">https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/382738/Ong%2CTeresa_Final%20Thesis_redacted.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:276"><p>Ann Tan (24 November 2008). "Road Signs Vandalised". The Star. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/11/24/road-signs-vandalised" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/11/24/road-signs-vandalised</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:277"><p>Sofia Nasir (26 October 2020). "Penang Council Lodges Report over Vandalised Dual-Language Road Signs". The Vibes. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/4009/penang-council-lodges-report-over-vandalised-dual-language-road-signs" target="_blank">https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/4009/penang-council-lodges-report-over-vandalised-dual-language-road-signs</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:278"><p>"Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang 2015–2020". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2024. ISBN 978-967-253-792-2. <a href="978-967-253-792-2" target="_blank">978-967-253-792-2</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:279"><p>"Laporan Sosioekonomi Negeri Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. August 2023. ISSN 2600-9854. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:280"><p>"Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang 2015–2020". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2024. ISBN 978-967-253-792-2. <a href="978-967-253-792-2" target="_blank">978-967-253-792-2</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:281"><p>"Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang 2015–2020". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2024. ISBN 978-967-253-792-2. <a href="978-967-253-792-2" target="_blank">978-967-253-792-2</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:282"><p>"DAC List of ODA Recipients" (PDF). OECD. <a href="https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-sub-issues/oda-eligibility-and-conditions/DAC-List-of-ODA-Recipients-for-reporting-2022-23-flows.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-sub-issues/oda-eligibility-and-conditions/DAC-List-of-ODA-Recipients-for-reporting-2022-23-flows.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:283"><p>"My Local Stats Barat Daya Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2023. ISSN 2735-2528. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:284"><p>"Delegates from over 60 Countries Attended the Opening of WCIT 2022 Malaysia". Malaysiakini. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaysiakini.com/brandedcontent/635635" target="_blank">https://www.malaysiakini.com/brandedcontent/635635</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:285"><p>"Final External Trade Statistics 2023". Department of Statistics Malaysia: 89. July 2023. ISSN 2180-1827. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:286"><p>"Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang 2015–2020". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2024. ISBN 978-967-253-792-2. <a href="978-967-253-792-2" target="_blank">978-967-253-792-2</a> <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:287"><p>"Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Kerian, Perak 2015–2020". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2024. ISBN 978-967-253-797-7. <a href="978-967-253-797-7" target="_blank">978-967-253-797-7</a> <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:288"><p>"Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Kuala Muda, Kedah 2015–2020". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2024. ISBN 978-967-253-748-9. <a href="978-967-253-748-9" target="_blank">978-967-253-748-9</a> <a href="#fnref:288" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:289"><p>"Malaysia Cities Review". Euromonitor International. September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023. <a href="https://www.euromonitor.com/malaysia-cities-review/report" target="_blank">https://www.euromonitor.com/malaysia-cities-review/report</a> <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:290"><p>"ASEAN Cities: Stirring the Melting Pot". Economist Intelligence Unit: 8. 2016. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024. <a href="https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=aseancities2016" target="_blank">https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=aseancities2016</a> <a href="#fnref:290" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:291"><p>"Malaysia Commercial Real Estate Investment Sentiment Survey 2016" (PDF). Knight Frank. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017. <a href="http://content.knightfrank.com/research/795/documents/en/malaysia-sentiment-survey-2016-3567.pdf" target="_blank">http://content.knightfrank.com/research/795/documents/en/malaysia-sentiment-survey-2016-3567.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:292"><p>"The World According to GaWC 2020". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Loughborough University. 21 August 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2024. <a href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html" target="_blank">https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html</a> <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:293"><p>Li, Zeyun (2017). "Examining Inter-City Connections in Southeast Asia Based upon Interlocking City Network Model". International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences. 4 (1): 114. doi:10.21833/ijaas.2017.01.016. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024 – via Academia.edu. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/35786800" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/35786800</a> <a href="#fnref:293" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:294"><p>Jessie Lee (13 June 2024). "KK ranked 391st out of 1,000 cities worldwide". Daily Express. Retrieved 2 July 2024. <a href="https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/235960/kk-ranked-391st-out-of-1-000-cities-worldwide/" target="_blank">https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/235960/kk-ranked-391st-out-of-1-000-cities-worldwide/</a> <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:295"><p>Ooi, Kee Beng (December 2009). "Tun Lim Chong Eu: The Past is Not Passé". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808051103/https://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7680&name=tun_lim_chong_eu_the_past_is_not_pass" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200808051103/https://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7680&name=tun_lim_chong_eu_the_past_is_not_pass</a> <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:296"><p>Athukorala, Prema-chandra. "Growing with Global Production Sharing: The Tale of Penang Export Hub, Malaysia" (PDF). Australian National University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023. <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/malaysia-conference/prema-chandra-athukorala.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/malaysia-conference/prema-chandra-athukorala.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:297"><p>Athukorala, Prema-chandra. "Growing with Global Production Sharing: The Tale of Penang Export Hub, Malaysia" (PDF). Australian National University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023. <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/malaysia-conference/prema-chandra-athukorala.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/malaysia-conference/prema-chandra-athukorala.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:298"><p>Athukorala, Prema-chandra. "Growing with Global Production Sharing: The Tale of Penang Export Hub, Malaysia" (PDF). Australian National University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023. <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/malaysia-conference/prema-chandra-athukorala.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2012/malaysia-conference/prema-chandra-athukorala.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:299"><p>Ooi, Kee Beng (December 2009). "Tun Lim Chong Eu: The Past is Not Passé". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808051103/https://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7680&name=tun_lim_chong_eu_the_past_is_not_pass" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200808051103/https://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7680&name=tun_lim_chong_eu_the_past_is_not_pass</a> <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:300"><p>Ooi, Kee Beng (2010). Pilot Studies for a New Penang. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814279697. <a href="9789814279697" target="_blank">9789814279697</a> <a href="#fnref:300" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:301"><p>"Delegates from over 60 Countries Attended the Opening of WCIT 2022 Malaysia". Malaysiakini. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaysiakini.com/brandedcontent/635635" target="_blank">https://www.malaysiakini.com/brandedcontent/635635</a> <a href="#fnref:301" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:302"><p>Parker, Pamela (22 January 2018). "The Malaysian Region that Became a Hardware Hub". BBC. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-42686192/the-malaysian-region-that-became-a-hardware-hub" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-42686192/the-malaysian-region-that-became-a-hardware-hub</a> <a href="#fnref:302" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:303"><p>Roughneen, Simon (15 July 2015). "Styling Itself as the 'Silicon Valley of the East'". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Styling-itself-as-the-Silicon-Valley-of-the-East" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Styling-itself-as-the-Silicon-Valley-of-the-East</a> <a href="#fnref:303" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:304"><p>"Creating the Silicon Valley of the East 2.0". Malaysian Investment Development Authority. 18 November 2021. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023. <a href="https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/creating-the-silicon-valley-of-the-east-2-0/" target="_blank">https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/creating-the-silicon-valley-of-the-east-2-0/</a> <a href="#fnref:304" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:305"><p>Danny Ooi (5 November 2018). "CM Urge Motorola Solutions to Partner State Government in Vision 2030". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/cm-urge-motorola-solutions-to-partner-state-government-in-vision-2030/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/cm-urge-motorola-solutions-to-partner-state-government-in-vision-2030/</a> <a href="#fnref:305" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:306"><p>"My Local Stats Barat Daya Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2023. ISSN 2735-2528. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:306" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:307"><p>"Final External Trade Statistics 2023". Department of Statistics Malaysia: 89. July 2023. ISSN 2180-1827. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:307" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:308"><p>"My Local Stats Barat Daya Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2023. ISSN 2735-2528. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:308" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:309"><p>"Penang's 2021 Approved Manufacturing Investments Hit All-Time High of RM76.2 Billion". InvestPenang. 9 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023. <a href="https://investpenang.gov.my/press-release-penangs-2021-approved-manufacturing-investments-hit-all-time-high-of-rm76-2-billion/" target="_blank">https://investpenang.gov.my/press-release-penangs-2021-approved-manufacturing-investments-hit-all-time-high-of-rm76-2-billion/</a> <a href="#fnref:309" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:310"><p>"Final External Trade Statistics 2023". Department of Statistics Malaysia: 89. July 2023. ISSN 2180-1827. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:310" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:311"><p>Lianne Chia (26 January 2017). "A Silicon Valley of the East: Penang's Thriving Start-Up Community". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141207/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/a-silicon-valley-of-the-east-penang-s-thriving-start-up-communit-7576346" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141207/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/a-silicon-valley-of-the-east-penang-s-thriving-start-up-communit-7576346</a> <a href="#fnref:311" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:312"><p>Langdon, Marcus (2014). George Town's Historic Commercial and Civic Precincts. George Town World Heritage Incorporated (published 2015). ISBN 9789671228128. <a href="9789671228128" target="_blank">9789671228128</a> <a href="#fnref:312" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:313"><p>Khoo, Su Nin (2007). Streets of George Town, Penang. Areca Books. ISBN 978-983-9886-00-9. <a href="978-983-9886-00-9" target="_blank">978-983-9886-00-9</a> <a href="#fnref:313" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:314"><p>Jin Seng Cheah (19 February 2013). Penang 500 Early Postcards. Editions Didier Millet. p. 71. ISBN 978-967-10617-1-8. <a href="978-967-10617-1-8" target="_blank">978-967-10617-1-8</a> <a href="#fnref:314" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:315"><p>Yeap, Soon Lye (November 1998). "Urban Revitalization of Historical Town Centre: A Case Study of the Cultural Heritage Zone of George Town, Penang" (PDF). University of Putra Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2024. <a href="http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/11940/1/FRSB_1998_1_A.pdf" target="_blank">http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/11940/1/FRSB_1998_1_A.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:315" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:316"><p>Goh, Beng Lan (2002). Modern Dreams: An Inquiry Into Power, Cultural Production and the Cityscape in Contemporary Urban Penang, Malaysia. SEAP Publications. ISBN 9780877277309. <a href="9780877277309" target="_blank">9780877277309</a> <a href="#fnref:316" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:317"><p>David Tan (15 December 2003). "Penang's New Financial Hub". The Star. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2003/12/15/penangs-new-financial-hub/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2003/12/15/penangs-new-financial-hub/</a> <a href="#fnref:317" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:318"><p>"Draf Rancangan Tempatan Pulau Pinang (Pulau) 2030 Jilid 1". Penang Island City Council. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" target="_blank">/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council</a> <a href="#fnref:318" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:319"><p>"Draf Rancangan Tempatan Pulau Pinang (Pulau) 2030 Jilid 1". Penang Island City Council. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" target="_blank">/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council</a> <a href="#fnref:319" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:320"><p>"Betting on BIDS: Asia's first Business Improvement District" (PDF). Think City. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thinkcity.com.my/pdf/betting-on-bids.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.thinkcity.com.my/pdf/betting-on-bids.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:320" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:321"><p>"George Town World Heritage Site: Population and Land Use Census 2009—2019" (PDF). Think City. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="https://thinkcityinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/George-Town-A-City-in-Transition.pdf" target="_blank">https://thinkcityinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/George-Town-A-City-in-Transition.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:321" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:322"><p>"Our Offices and SST". Employees Provident Fund. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023. <a href="https://www.kwsp.gov.my/reach-us/offices-kiosks" target="_blank">https://www.kwsp.gov.my/reach-us/offices-kiosks</a> <a href="#fnref:322" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:323"><p>"BNMLINK & BNM Offices". Central Bank of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023. <a href="https://www.bnm.gov.my/about-us/locations" target="_blank">https://www.bnm.gov.my/about-us/locations</a> <a href="#fnref:323" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:324"><p>"Laporan Sosioekonomi Negeri Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. August 2023. ISSN 2600-9854. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:324" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:325"><p>"E&O Edition 20" (PDF). Eastern & Oriental Berhad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155957/https://www.easternandoriental.com/uploads/publications-eo-edition/EO-Edition-v20.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155957/https://www.easternandoriental.com/uploads/publications-eo-edition/EO-Edition-v20.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:325" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:326"><p>Koay, Su Lyn (December 2014). "A History of Local Elections in Penang Part II: A Legacy to Protect". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612202319/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4160&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penang_part_ii_a_legacy_to_protect" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180612202319/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=4160&name=a_history_of_local_elections_in_penang_part_ii_a_legacy_to_protect</a> <a href="#fnref:326" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:327"><p>"Prince Charles, Camilla Arrive in Penang for One-Day Official Visit". Malaysiakini. 6 November 2017. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/401009" target="_blank">https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/401009</a> <a href="#fnref:327" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:328"><p>Ghaderi, Z.; Som, A.P.M.; Henderson, J.C. (April–July 2012). "Tourism Crises and Island Destinations: Experiences in Penang, Malaysia". Tourism Management Perspectives. 2–3: 79–84. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2012.03.006. PMC 7147625. PMID 32289006. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147625" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147625</a> <a href="#fnref:328" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:329"><p>"Swettenham Pier Surpasses Port Klang as Top Port of Call for Cruise Ships". The Sun. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023. <a href="https://thesun.my/archive/swettenham-pier-surpasses-port-klang-top-port-call-cruise-ships-BUARCH513414" target="_blank">https://thesun.my/archive/swettenham-pier-surpasses-port-klang-top-port-call-cruise-ships-BUARCH513414</a> <a href="#fnref:329" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:330"><p>Opalyn Mok (24 January 2025). "Penang airport ranks second in Malaysia for aircraft movements". Malay Mail. Retrieved 20 April 2025. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/01/24/penang-airport-ranks-second-in-malaysia-for-aircraft-movements/164452" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/01/24/penang-airport-ranks-second-in-malaysia-for-aircraft-movements/164452</a> <a href="#fnref:330" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:331"><p>"Penang Tourism Master Plan 2021–2030" (PDF). Penang state government. May 2021. ISBN 9789671966105. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="9789671966105" target="_blank">9789671966105</a> <a href="#fnref:331" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:332"><p>Mulyanto, Randy (21 November 2023). "Malaysia's Penang Lures Medical Tourists from Indonesia". Nikkei, Inc. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Health-Care/Malaysia-s-Penang-lures-medical-tourists-from-Indonesia" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Health-Care/Malaysia-s-Penang-lures-medical-tourists-from-Indonesia</a> <a href="#fnref:332" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:333"><p>Cheryl Poo (16 August 2023). "Recovery of Malaysia's Medical Tourism Sector in the Bag, More Markets Targeted". The Edge. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023. <a href="https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/677849" target="_blank">https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/677849</a> <a href="#fnref:333" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:334"><p>Hilmy, Imran (5 December 2014). "Penang Accounts for 50% of Medical Tourists". The Sun. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016. <a href="http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1260128" target="_blank">http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1260128</a> <a href="#fnref:334" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:335"><p>"Business Events Penang 2024 Annual Review" (PDF). Penang Convention and Exhibition Bureau. 2025. <a href="https://www.pceb.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Business-Event-2024-Annual-Review.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.pceb.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Business-Event-2024-Annual-Review.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:335" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:336"><p>"Annual Report 2019" (PDF). Malaysia Convention & Exhibition Bureau: 29. 2019. <a href="https://www.myceb.com.my/clients/Malaysia_Convention_and_Exhibition_Bureau_75E277C6-C63D-4DC3-89AC-F6B30D21417D/contentms/img/pdf/MyCEB-AR2019.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.myceb.com.my/clients/Malaysia_Convention_and_Exhibition_Bureau_75E277C6-C63D-4DC3-89AC-F6B30D21417D/contentms/img/pdf/MyCEB-AR2019.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:336" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:337"><p>"Penang Meeting Planners Guide 2022–23" (PDF). Penang Convention & Exhibition Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. <a href="https://www.pceb.my/pceb_miceguide.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.pceb.my/pceb_miceguide.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:337" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:338"><p>Lim Yoke Mui; Nurwati Badarulzaman; A. Ghafar Ahmad (20–22 January 2003). "Retail Activity in Malaysia : From Shophouse to Hypermarket" (PDF). School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science, Malaysia. Pacific Rim Real Estate Society (PRRES). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124141720/http://www.prres.net/papers/lim_etal_retail_activity_in_malaysia_from_shophouse_to_hypermarket.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160124141720/http://www.prres.net/papers/lim_etal_retail_activity_in_malaysia_from_shophouse_to_hypermarket.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:338" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:339"><p>"Hawker Stall Island". Otago Daily Times. 13 June 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/travel/hawker-stall-island" target="_blank">https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/travel/hawker-stall-island</a> <a href="#fnref:339" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:340"><p>See, Lay Hoon (2010). "A Workforce Value Chain Analysis in High Tech Multinational Corporations' Electronics Manufacturing in Penang" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="http://eprints.usm.my/28842/1/A_Workforce_Value_Chain_Analysis_in_High_Tech_Multinational.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.usm.my/28842/1/A_Workforce_Value_Chain_Analysis_in_High_Tech_Multinational.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:340" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:341"><p>Opalyn Mok (6 December 2018). "CM Wants Penang to be a Global Business Services Hub". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/money/2018/12/06/cm-wants-penang-to-be-a-global-business-services-hub/1700603" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/money/2018/12/06/cm-wants-penang-to-be-a-global-business-services-hub/1700603</a> <a href="#fnref:341" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:342"><p>Lee, M. K. (October 2015). "Penang Gives the Green Light" (PDF). PwC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/press/1510-acca-accounting-biz-penang-as-sso-hub.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.pwc.com/my/en/assets/press/1510-acca-accounting-biz-penang-as-sso-hub.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:342" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:343"><p>Christopher Tan (8 December 2021). "Penang Taps into the Potential of Global Business Services". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-taps-into-the-potential-of-global-business-services/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-taps-into-the-potential-of-global-business-services/</a> <a href="#fnref:343" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:344"><p>"Regus Malaysia Adds A Fourth in Penang". InvestPenang. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://investpenang.gov.my/regus-malaysia-adds-a-fourth-in-penang/" target="_blank">https://investpenang.gov.my/regus-malaysia-adds-a-fourth-in-penang/</a> <a href="#fnref:344" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:345"><p>Liew, Jia Xian (10 December 2018). "Thriving After Mall Makeover". The Star. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/12/10/thriving-after-mall-makeover-gbsmayang-now-80-occupied-by-four-global-firms" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/12/10/thriving-after-mall-makeover-gbsmayang-now-80-occupied-by-four-global-firms</a> <a href="#fnref:345" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:346"><p>"Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223" target="_blank">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223</a> <a href="#fnref:346" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:347"><p>"Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223" target="_blank">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223</a> <a href="#fnref:347" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:348"><p>"Draf Rancangan Tempatan Pulau Pinang (Pulau) 2030 Jilid 1". Penang Island City Council. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" target="_blank">/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council</a> <a href="#fnref:348" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:349"><p>"Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223" target="_blank">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223</a> <a href="#fnref:349" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:350"><p>Shamsuddin, Shuhana. "Regeneration of the Historic Waterfront of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia – The Case of Penang and Melaka" (PDF). University of Technology Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/300369879.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/300369879.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:350" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:351"><p>"Draf Rancangan Tempatan Pulau Pinang (Pulau) 2030 Jilid 1". Penang Island City Council. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" target="_blank">/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council</a> <a href="#fnref:351" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:352"><p>"Stories from Penang" (PDF). University of Queensland. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://adp.uq.edu.au/files/1212/Publications-2016_PenangInternationalTravelStudio.pdf" target="_blank">https://adp.uq.edu.au/files/1212/Publications-2016_PenangInternationalTravelStudio.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:352" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:353"><p>Hockton, Keith (2012). Penang: An Inside Guide to Its Historic Homes, Buildings, Monuments and Parks. MPH Group. ISBN 978-967-415-303-8. <a href="978-967-415-303-8" target="_blank">978-967-415-303-8</a> <a href="#fnref:353" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:354"><p>Ooi, Tze Xiong (October 2022). "Buddhist Schools of Thought Converge in Penang". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023. <a href="https://penangmonthly.com/article/20746/buddhist-schools-of-thought-converge-in-penang" target="_blank">https://penangmonthly.com/article/20746/buddhist-schools-of-thought-converge-in-penang</a> <a href="#fnref:354" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:355"><p>Lum, Ka Kay (15 October 2016). "Condos in Penang are Flourishing". Edgeprop. The Edge (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2017. <a href="http://www.theedgeproperty.com.my/content/929088/condos-penang-are-flourishing" target="_blank">http://www.theedgeproperty.com.my/content/929088/condos-penang-are-flourishing</a> <a href="#fnref:355" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:356"><p>Hockton, Keith (2012). Penang: An Inside Guide to Its Historic Homes, Buildings, Monuments and Parks. MPH Group. ISBN 978-967-415-303-8. <a href="978-967-415-303-8" target="_blank">978-967-415-303-8</a> <a href="#fnref:356" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:357"><p>"Special Area Plan for Penang Botanic Garden" (PDF). Penang Botanic Gardens. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://botanicalgardens.penang.gov.my/images/RKK%20ENGLISH/CHAPTER02.pdf" target="_blank">https://botanicalgardens.penang.gov.my/images/RKK%20ENGLISH/CHAPTER02.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:357" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:358"><p>"Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve". UNESCO. June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023. <a href="https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/penang-hill" target="_blank">https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/penang-hill</a> <a href="#fnref:358" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:359"><p>Kevin Vimal (11 June 2022). "Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve Officially Receives Its Recognition Certificate". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-hill-biosphere-reserve-officially-receives-its-recognition-certificate/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-hill-biosphere-reserve-officially-receives-its-recognition-certificate/</a> <a href="#fnref:359" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:360"><p>Arnold Loh (4 October 2018). "Penang Planning to Transform Gurney Drive into a Must-See Attraction". The Star. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/04/a-wharf-better-than-just-world-class-penang-planning-to-transform-gurney-drive-into-a-mustsee-attrac/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/04/a-wharf-better-than-just-world-class-penang-planning-to-transform-gurney-drive-into-a-mustsee-attrac/</a> <a href="#fnref:360" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:361"><p>Hong, Chern Wern (2010). "The Potentials, Threats and Challenges in Sustainable Development of Penang National Park" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11491437.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11491437.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:361" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:362"><p>Hong, Chern Wern (2010). "The Potentials, Threats and Challenges in Sustainable Development of Penang National Park" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11491437.pdf" target="_blank">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11491437.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:362" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:363"><p>Vaghefi, Negin (14 June 2019). "Ecotourism: A Sector where Sustainability is Everything" (PDF). Penang Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/june_14_2019_Negin_download.pdf" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/june_14_2019_Negin_download.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:363" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:364"><p>Opalyn Mok (23 February 2016). "Gurney Wharf, Penang's New Waterfront Park-in-the-City". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/02/23/gurney-wharf-penangs-new-waterfront-park-in-the-city/1066141" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/02/23/gurney-wharf-penangs-new-waterfront-park-in-the-city/1066141</a> <a href="#fnref:364" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:365"><p>Opalyn Mok (23 February 2016). "Gurney Wharf, Penang's New Waterfront Park-in-the-City". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/02/23/gurney-wharf-penangs-new-waterfront-park-in-the-city/1066141" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/02/23/gurney-wharf-penangs-new-waterfront-park-in-the-city/1066141</a> <a href="#fnref:365" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:366"><p>Sekaran, R. (28 June 2023). "Bringing Back Glory Days of Gurney Drive". The Star. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2023/06/28/bringing-back-glory-days-of-gurney-drive" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2023/06/28/bringing-back-glory-days-of-gurney-drive</a> <a href="#fnref:366" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:367"><p>Lo, Tern Chern (4 February 2024). "Phase One of Gurney Bay now Open to Public". The Star. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/02/04/phase-one-of-gurney-bay-now-open-to-public" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/02/04/phase-one-of-gurney-bay-now-open-to-public</a> <a href="#fnref:367" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:368"><p>"Draf Rancangan Tempatan Pulau Pinang (Pulau) 2030 Jilid 1". Penang Island City Council. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" target="_blank">/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council</a> <a href="#fnref:368" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:369"><p>Opalyn Mok (3 January 2019). "Penang to Develop 18,000ha Green Network by 2030". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/01/03/penang-to-develop-18000ha-green-network-by-2030/1708741" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/01/03/penang-to-develop-18000ha-green-network-by-2030/1708741</a> <a href="#fnref:369" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:370"><p>Opalyn Mok (3 January 2019). "Penang to Develop 18,000ha Green Network by 2030". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/01/03/penang-to-develop-18000ha-green-network-by-2030/1708741" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/01/03/penang-to-develop-18000ha-green-network-by-2030/1708741</a> <a href="#fnref:370" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:371"><p>McIntyre, Ian (10 March 2023). "New Attractions Await Visitors to Penang". The Vibes. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thevibes.com/articles/lifestyles/87457/new-attractions-await-visitors-to-penang" target="_blank">https://www.thevibes.com/articles/lifestyles/87457/new-attractions-await-visitors-to-penang</a> <a href="#fnref:371" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:372"><p>Daniel Goh, P. S. (2011). "State Carnivals and the Subvention of Multiculturalism in Singapore" (PDF). National University of Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://ap5.fas.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/bjos_1347.pdf" target="_blank">https://ap5.fas.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/bjos_1347.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:372" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:373"><p>Lo, Tern Chern (21 December 2023). "Penang to Celebrate Chingay Festival on December 23 and 30". The Star. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/12/21/penang-to-celebrate-chingay-festival-on-dec-23-and-30" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/12/21/penang-to-celebrate-chingay-festival-on-dec-23-and-30</a> <a href="#fnref:373" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:374"><p>Hon, Yi Wen (13 August 2007). "Keeping Bangsawan Alive". Malaysiakini. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaysiakini.com/rentakini/71099" target="_blank">https://www.malaysiakini.com/rentakini/71099</a> <a href="#fnref:374" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:375"><p>Abdul Manan, Shakila (2016). "Boria: Penang's Unique Malay-Islamic Cultural Heritage" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol23_s1_2016/kajh23s12016_02.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol23_s1_2016/kajh23s12016_02.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:375" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:376"><p>Khoo, Suet Leng (19 March 2023). "Positioning the Creative City Agenda Within Urban Policy Discourse: The Malaysian Scenario" (PDF). Journal of Malaysian Studies – via Universiti Sains Malaysia. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/earlyView/84_KM-OA-08-21-0173.R3.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/earlyView/84_KM-OA-08-21-0173.R3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:376" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:377"><p>Chen, May Yee (31 July 2014). "Old Colonial City in Malaysia Becomes a Stage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/01/arts/international/george-town-festival-is-making-its-name-as-major-asian-arts-event.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/01/arts/international/george-town-festival-is-making-its-name-as-major-asian-arts-event.html</a> <a href="#fnref:377" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:378"><p>Ferrarese, Marco (15 November 2019). "Bookworms and Big Ideas Collide at George Town Literary Festival". Nikkei, Inc. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Life/Bookworms-and-big-ideas-collide-at-George-Town-Literary-Festival" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Life/Bookworms-and-big-ideas-collide-at-George-Town-Literary-Festival</a> <a href="#fnref:378" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:379"><p>Chang, Shu Fun (2014). "Street Art Sparkle as a New Economic Driver in Penang" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="http://eprints.usm.my/38640/1/FULL_PAPER_002.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.usm.my/38640/1/FULL_PAPER_002.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:379" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:380"><p>Nicole Chang (2017). "Hin Bus Depot – Derelict No More". Penang Monthly. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220034706/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7438&name=hin_bus_depot_derelict_no_more" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180220034706/http://penangmonthly.com/article.aspx?pageid=7438&name=hin_bus_depot_derelict_no_more</a> <a href="#fnref:380" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:381"><p>"Places". George Town World Heritage Incorporated. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023. <a href="https://gtwhi.com.my/our-work/places/" target="_blank">https://gtwhi.com.my/our-work/places/</a> <a href="#fnref:381" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:382"><p>Cripps, Karla (13 July 2017). "George Town, Penang: Asia's Greatest Street Food City?". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/george-town-penang-greatest-street-food-city/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/george-town-penang-greatest-street-food-city/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:382" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:383"><p>Cripps, Karla (13 July 2017). "George Town, Penang: Asia's Greatest Street Food City?". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/george-town-penang-greatest-street-food-city/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/george-town-penang-greatest-street-food-city/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:383" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:384"><p>Fitzpatrick, Liam (15 November 2004). "Best of Asia – Best Street Food". Time. Archived from the original on 17 November 2004. Retrieved 3 January 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041117003151/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2004/boa/boa_body_food.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20041117003151/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2004/boa/boa_body_food.html</a> <a href="#fnref:384" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:385"><p>Barton, Robin (2 February 2014). "Where are the Foodies Going in 2014?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2016. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/where-are-the-foodies-going-in-2014-9094744.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/where-are-the-foodies-going-in-2014-9094744.html</a> <a href="#fnref:385" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:386"><p>Fitzpatrick, Liam (15 November 2004). "Best of Asia – Best Street Food". Time. Archived from the original on 17 November 2004. Retrieved 3 January 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041117003151/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2004/boa/boa_body_food.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20041117003151/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2004/boa/boa_body_food.html</a> <a href="#fnref:386" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:387"><p>Barton, Robin (2 February 2014). "Where are the Foodies Going in 2014?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2016. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/where-are-the-foodies-going-in-2014-9094744.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/where-are-the-foodies-going-in-2014-9094744.html</a> <a href="#fnref:387" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:388"><p>Agatha Wong (19 April 2022). "How Penang's Fine Dining Scene is Giving its Famous Street Food a Run for Its Money". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023. <a href="https://cnaluxury.channelnewsasia.com/experiences/penang-best-restaurants-fine-dining-198521" target="_blank">https://cnaluxury.channelnewsasia.com/experiences/penang-best-restaurants-fine-dining-198521</a> <a href="#fnref:388" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:389"><p>McDonnell, Sharon (8 March 2023). "Where to Eat, Stay, and Play in Penang, the Malaysian Island State With an Exploding Art Scene". Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023. <a href="https://www.cntraveler.com/story/things-to-do-in-penang" target="_blank">https://www.cntraveler.com/story/things-to-do-in-penang</a> <a href="#fnref:389" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:390"><p>Brian Cheong, KatelynTan (20 October 2022). "Michelin Guide Kuala Lumpur and Penang to Debut in December 2022". Tatler. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023. <a href="https://www.tatlerasia.com/dining/the-industry/michelin-guide-malaysia-kuala-lumpur-penang-to-debut-in-december-2022" target="_blank">https://www.tatlerasia.com/dining/the-industry/michelin-guide-malaysia-kuala-lumpur-penang-to-debut-in-december-2022</a> <a href="#fnref:390" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:391"><p>"Pulau Pinang Michelin Restaurants – the Michelin Guide Malaysia". MICHELIN Guide. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023. <a href="https://guide.michelin.com/my/en/pulau-pinang/restaurants" target="_blank">https://guide.michelin.com/my/en/pulau-pinang/restaurants</a> <a href="#fnref:391" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:392"><p>Ong, K. H. (9 February 2023). "Penang FC Sets Sight on Top 10 Finish in Super League". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-fc-sets-sight-on-top-10-finish-in-super-league/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-fc-sets-sight-on-top-10-finish-in-super-league/</a> <a href="#fnref:392" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:393"><p>CHRISTOPHER TAN (30 January 2016). "Spicing Up the Island Aquatic Centre Promises Splashing Fun for Visitors". The Star. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/01/30/spicing-up-the-island-aquatic-centre-promises-splashing-fun-for-visitors/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/01/30/spicing-up-the-island-aquatic-centre-promises-splashing-fun-for-visitors/</a> <a href="#fnref:393" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:394"><p>Hockton, Keith (2012). Penang: An Inside Guide to Its Historic Homes, Buildings, Monuments and Parks. MPH Group. ISBN 978-967-415-303-8. <a href="978-967-415-303-8" target="_blank">978-967-415-303-8</a> <a href="#fnref:394" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:395"><p>Filmer, Andrea (22 November 2022). "Fond Memories Bounce Back as Nicol Returns to Basics". The Star. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2022/11/22/fond-memories-bounce-back-as-nicol-returns-to-basics" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2022/11/22/fond-memories-bounce-back-as-nicol-returns-to-basics</a> <a href="#fnref:395" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:396"><p>Dermawan, Audrey (22 June 2023). "Penang Hopes to Safeguard Legacy in Badminton, Says CM". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024. <a href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/06/923091/penang-hopes-safeguard-legacy-badminton-says-cm" target="_blank">https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/06/923091/penang-hopes-safeguard-legacy-badminton-says-cm</a> <a href="#fnref:396" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:397"><p>"Venues of the Games". 2001 SEA Games. Archived from the original on 20 December 2001. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011220213100/http://www.kl2001.com/venue1.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20011220213100/http://www.kl2001.com/venue1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:397" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:398"><p>Velloo, Loganath (17 March 2014). "Queen Nicol All Set for a Special World Meet". The Star. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/squash/2014/03/17/queen-nicol-all-set-for-a-special-world-meet" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/squash/2014/03/17/queen-nicol-all-set-for-a-special-world-meet</a> <a href="#fnref:398" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:399"><p>"Penang Will Host 2018 First Asia Pacific Masters Games". Malay Mail. 1 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="http://www.themalaymailonline.com/sports/article/penang-will-host-2018-first-asia-pacific-masters-games#OAJg2ws2Lc8CPoud.97" target="_blank">http://www.themalaymailonline.com/sports/article/penang-will-host-2018-first-asia-pacific-masters-games#OAJg2ws2Lc8CPoud.97</a> <a href="#fnref:399" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:400"><p>Chong, Kah Yuan (4 December 2017). "China Team Awed by Experience at Penang Boat Race". The Star. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/12/04/china-team-awed-by-experience-at-penang-boat-race/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/12/04/china-team-awed-by-experience-at-penang-boat-race/</a> <a href="#fnref:400" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:401"><p>Sekaran, R. (16 December 2024). "First Timer Kenyans Top Penang Bridge Marathon". The Star. Retrieved 16 March 2025. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/12/16/first-timer-kenyans-top-penang-bridge-marathon" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/12/16/first-timer-kenyans-top-penang-bridge-marathon</a> <a href="#fnref:401" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:402"><p>"My Local Stats Barat Daya Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2023. ISSN 2735-2528. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:402" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:403"><p>"My Local Stats Timur Laut Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2023. ISSN 2735-2536. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:403" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:404"><p>Keat Gin, Ooi (2015). "Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780–1941" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia – Journal of Malaysian Studies. 33 (2). Universiti Sains Malaysia: 27–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <a href="http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.usm.my/km/33(Supp.2)2015/km33s22015_03.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:404" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:405"><p>Balakrishnan, N. (20 October 2016). "How One Malaysian School Became a Bright Spot in Colonialism's Dark Legacy". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2038580/how-one-malaysian-school-became-bright-spot-colonialisms" target="_blank">https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2038580/how-one-malaysian-school-became-bright-spot-colonialisms</a> <a href="#fnref:405" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:406"><p>Ang, Ming Chee (2009). "The Chinese Education Movement in Malaysia". Lund University. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/5788242/4360398" target="_blank">https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/5788242/4360398</a> <a href="#fnref:406" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:407"><p>Vivien Wong (2017). "The Language Medium Policies: A Study on the Development of Independent Chinese Secondary Schools (ICSS) in Malaysia". University of Malaya. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malaya" target="_blank">/wiki/University_of_Malaya</a> <a href="#fnref:407" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:408"><p>Akmal, Riadz (28 January 2022). "Penang Govt Allocates RM4.188 Mil for SMJK, Missionary and Chinese Private Schools". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-govt-allocates-rm4-188-mil-for-smjk-missionary-and-chinese-private-schools/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-govt-allocates-rm4-188-mil-for-smjk-missionary-and-chinese-private-schools/</a> <a href="#fnref:408" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:409"><p>"My Local Stats Barat Daya Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2023. ISSN 2735-2528. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:409" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:410"><p>"My Local Stats Timur Laut Pulau Pinang 2022". Department of Statistics Malaysia. November 2023. ISSN 2735-2536. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:410" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:411"><p>Beh, May Ting (19 October 2023). "Imagine an Education Hub: Leveraging Penang's International School Ecosystem" (PDF). Penang Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Education-Hub.pdf" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Education-Hub.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:411" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:412"><p>Wong, Chun Wai (5 October 2013). "George Town's First Mayor Ramanathan was a Fiery Man, Politician, Educationist and Unionist". The Star. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210847/http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/george-towns-first-mayor-ramanathan-was-a-fiery-man-politician-educationist-and-unionist/?search=Penang" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210847/http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/george-towns-first-mayor-ramanathan-was-a-fiery-man-politician-educationist-and-unionist/?search=Penang</a> <a href="#fnref:412" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:413"><p>Abdul Rahim, Asyirah. "Sustainability-led Institution: Case of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://prospernet.ias.unu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SPC-learning-case-4_final.pdf" target="_blank">https://prospernet.ias.unu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SPC-learning-case-4_final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:413" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:414"><p>Anwar Fazal (23 January 2019). "The Birth and Rise of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) – Some Ruminations" (PDF). Universiti Sains Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Fazal" target="_blank">/wiki/Anwar_Fazal</a> <a href="#fnref:414" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:415"><p>"QS World University Rankings 2025: Top global universities". Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 2 July 2024. <a href="https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?countries=my" target="_blank">https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?countries=my</a> <a href="#fnref:415" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:416"><p>"List of Institutes of Higher Learning" (PDF). Invest Penang. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023. <a href="https://investpenang.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/List-of-Institutes-of-Higher-Learning_-13-July-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://investpenang.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/List-of-Institutes-of-Higher-Learning_-13-July-1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:416" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:417"><p>"SEAMEO Secretariat". www.seameo.org. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023. <a href="https://www.seameo.org/Main_centres/117" target="_blank">https://www.seameo.org/Main_centres/117</a> <a href="#fnref:417" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:418"><p>"Penang Digital Library to be Expanded". The Sun. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://thesun.my/archive/penang-digital-library-be-expanded-HUARCH559151" target="_blank">https://thesun.my/archive/penang-digital-library-be-expanded-HUARCH559151</a> <a href="#fnref:418" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:419"><p>"Penang Digital Library to be Expanded". The Sun. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://thesun.my/archive/penang-digital-library-be-expanded-HUARCH559151" target="_blank">https://thesun.my/archive/penang-digital-library-be-expanded-HUARCH559151</a> <a href="#fnref:419" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:420"><p>Opalyn Mok (19 February 2019). "With No Books but a 'Social Agenda', Penang's Digital Library Redefines How Libraries Work". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/02/19/with-no-books-but-a-social-agenda-penangs-digital-library-redefines-how-lib/1724360" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/02/19/with-no-books-but-a-social-agenda-penangs-digital-library-redefines-how-lib/1724360</a> <a href="#fnref:420" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:421"><p>Akmal, Riadz (22 November 2021). "Butterworth Digital Library Clinches Two Awards". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/butterworth-digital-library-clinches-two-awards/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/butterworth-digital-library-clinches-two-awards/</a> <a href="#fnref:421" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:422"><p>Kelvin Voon (6 November 2020). "How Do Surgeons Weather the Storm of COVID-19 Pandemic?" (PDF). Medical Journal of Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://www.e-mjm.org/2020/v75n6/COVID-19.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.e-mjm.org/2020/v75n6/COVID-19.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:422" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:423"><p>Chong, Kah Yuan (23 June 2018). "Balik Pulau in Need of New Hospital". The Star. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/06/23/balik-pulau-in-need-of-new-hospital-mp-working-to-get-a-12ha-state-plot-in-jalan-pondok-upeh-earmark" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/06/23/balik-pulau-in-need-of-new-hospital-mp-working-to-get-a-12ha-state-plot-in-jalan-pondok-upeh-earmark</a> <a href="#fnref:423" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:424"><p>"Penang's Healthcare Facilities". Penang Institute. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/resources/key-penang-statistics/visualisations-of-key-indicators/penang-healthcare/" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/resources/key-penang-statistics/visualisations-of-key-indicators/penang-healthcare/</a> <a href="#fnref:424" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:425"><p>Mulyanto, Randy (21 November 2023). "Malaysia's Penang Lures Medical Tourists from Indonesia". Nikkei, Inc. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023. <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Health-Care/Malaysia-s-Penang-lures-medical-tourists-from-Indonesia" target="_blank">https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Health-Care/Malaysia-s-Penang-lures-medical-tourists-from-Indonesia</a> <a href="#fnref:425" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:426"><p>Cheryl Poo (16 August 2023). "Recovery of Malaysia's Medical Tourism Sector in the Bag, More Markets Targeted". The Edge. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023. <a href="https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/677849" target="_blank">https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/677849</a> <a href="#fnref:426" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:427"><p>Yeong, Pey Jung (13 July 2021). "How Has the Pandemic Affected Penang's Health Landscape? A Preliminary Study" (PDF). Penang Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/how-has-the-pandemic-affected-Penangs-health-landscape.pdf" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/how-has-the-pandemic-affected-Penangs-health-landscape.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:427" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:428"><p>Wong, Chun Wai (7 December 2013). "Penang is Home to Many of Malaysia's Earliest English Newspapers". The Star. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051605/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/12/07/extra-extra-read-all-about-it-penang-is-home-to-many-of-the-countrys-earliest-english-newspapers/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051605/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/12/07/extra-extra-read-all-about-it-penang-is-home-to-many-of-the-countrys-earliest-english-newspapers/</a> <a href="#fnref:428" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:429"><p>Nambiar, Predeep (3 May 2021). "Tale of a Tiger that Caused a Penang Paper to Close". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/05/03/tale-of-a-tiger-that-caused-a-penang-paper-to-close/" target="_blank">https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/05/03/tale-of-a-tiger-that-caused-a-penang-paper-to-close/</a> <a href="#fnref:429" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:430"><p>Nambiar, Predeep (3 May 2021). "Tale of a Tiger that Caused a Penang Paper to Close". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/05/03/tale-of-a-tiger-that-caused-a-penang-paper-to-close/" target="_blank">https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/05/03/tale-of-a-tiger-that-caused-a-penang-paper-to-close/</a> <a href="#fnref:430" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:431"><p>Lewis, Su Lin (2016). Cities in Motion: Urban Life and Cosmopolitanism in Southeast Asia, 1920–1940. University of Cambridge. ISBN 9781107108332. <a href="9781107108332" target="_blank">9781107108332</a> <a href="#fnref:431" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:432"><p>Daniel Goh, P. S. (2014). "Between History and Heritage: Post-Colonialism, Globalisation, and the Remaking of Malacca, Penang and Singapore" (PDF). Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016. <a href="http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf" target="_blank">http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/socgohd/trans_2.1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:432" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:433"><p>Nambiar, Predeep (3 May 2021). "Tale of a Tiger that Caused a Penang Paper to Close". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/05/03/tale-of-a-tiger-that-caused-a-penang-paper-to-close/" target="_blank">https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/05/03/tale-of-a-tiger-that-caused-a-penang-paper-to-close/</a> <a href="#fnref:433" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:434"><p>Othman, Mohd. Dhari (1992). "Malaysian Press: A Brief Account of Newspapers Published in British Malaya" (PDF). Jurnal Komunikasi. 8. National University of Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2024. <a href="https://journalarticle.ukm.my/4885/1/9%281%29.pdf" target="_blank">https://journalarticle.ukm.my/4885/1/9%281%29.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:434" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:435"><p>"The Star Malaysia's First Issue (9 Sept 1971)". Issuu. 9 September 1971. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://issuu.com/starmediagroup/docs/the_star_first_issue_9_sept_1971" target="_blank">https://issuu.com/starmediagroup/docs/the_star_first_issue_9_sept_1971</a> <a href="#fnref:435" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:436"><p>Khoo Salma Nasution (2008). Sun Yat Sen in Penang. Areca Books. pp. 58–61. ISBN 978-983-42834-8-3. <a href="978-983-42834-8-3" target="_blank">978-983-42834-8-3</a> <a href="#fnref:436" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:437"><p>Liu, Yong (26 November 2020). "Framing Film-Induced Tourism into a Sustainable Perspective from Romania, Indonesia and Malaysia". Sustainability. 12 (23): 9910. Bibcode:2020Sust...12.9910L. doi:10.3390/su12239910. S2CID 229387383. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12239910" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12239910</a> <a href="#fnref:437" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:438"><p>Opalyn Mok (17 May 2017). "'You Mean the World to Me': Universal Story but Unique Penang Experience". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2017/05/17/you-mean-the-world-to-me-universal-story-but-unique-penang-experience/1378733" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2017/05/17/you-mean-the-world-to-me-universal-story-but-unique-penang-experience/1378733</a> <a href="#fnref:438" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:439"><p>Franich, Darren (5 April 2010). "The Amazing Race Recap: Taxi!". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://ew.com/recap/amazing-race-recap-season16-episode8/" target="_blank">https://ew.com/recap/amazing-race-recap-season16-episode8/</a> <a href="#fnref:439" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:440"><p>"The Value of Insurance". AXN. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.axn-asia.com/programs/amazing-race-asia/episodes/value-insurance" target="_blank">https://www.axn-asia.com/programs/amazing-race-asia/episodes/value-insurance</a> <a href="#fnref:440" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:441"><p>Jayne, Tamara (19 June 2023). "'The Amazing Race' Celeb Contestants Believed To Be Spotted In Penang Filming New Season". SAYS. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://says.com/my/entertainment/amazing-race-contestants-believed-to-be-spotted-in-penang-filming-new-season" target="_blank">https://says.com/my/entertainment/amazing-race-contestants-believed-to-be-spotted-in-penang-filming-new-season</a> <a href="#fnref:441" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:442"><p>Zhao, Long (2 December 2018). "The Townscape Evolution of Historic Port Settlement of George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia" (PDF). University of Putra Malaysia. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf" target="_blank">https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:442" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:443"><p>Zhao, Long (2 December 2018). "The Townscape Evolution of Historic Port Settlement of George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia" (PDF). University of Putra Malaysia. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <a href="https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf" target="_blank">https://frsb.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/20181224115748artikel_09.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:443" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:444"><p>Statistik Jalan Edisi 2024 [Road Statistics 2024 Edition] (PDF) (in Malay). Malaysian Public Works Department. 2024. pp. 151–227. <a href="https://www.jkr.gov.my/sites/default/files/upload/BUKU%20STATISTIK%20JALAN%20EDISI%202024_FINAL%20%281%29.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.jkr.gov.my/sites/default/files/upload/BUKU%20STATISTIK%20JALAN%20EDISI%202024_FINAL%20%281%29.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:444" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:445"><p>"Penang Bridges". Institution of Civil Engineers. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023. <a href="https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/what-do-civil-engineers-do/penang-bridges" target="_blank">https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/what-do-civil-engineers-do/penang-bridges</a> <a href="#fnref:445" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:446"><p>"The Proposed Pan Island Link 1 Highway Project, Penang" (PDF). SRS Consortium. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://enviro2.doe.gov.my/ekmc/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/WSB-SRS-CHAPTER-10-PIL1-Rev05-STUDY-FINDINGS-19-4-18-SRS.pdf" target="_blank">https://enviro2.doe.gov.my/ekmc/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/WSB-SRS-CHAPTER-10-PIL1-Rev05-STUDY-FINDINGS-19-4-18-SRS.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:446" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:447"><p>Statistik Jalan (Edisi 2013). Malaysian Public Works Department. 2013. pp. 16–64. ISSN 1985-9619. <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Public_Works_Department" target="_blank">/wiki/Malaysian_Public_Works_Department</a> <a href="#fnref:447" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:448"><p>Mak Hoy Ken, Tan Ee Zhio (3 December 2014). "Penang Transport Master Plan: Convergence of Connectivity and Rising Land Values" (PDF). AmResearch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="http://cdn1.i3investor.com/my/files/dfgs88n/2014/12/03/1481920274--1115941318.pdf" target="_blank">http://cdn1.i3investor.com/my/files/dfgs88n/2014/12/03/1481920274--1115941318.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:448" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:449"><p>Francis, Ric (2006). Penang Trams, Trolleybuses & Railways: Municipal Transport History, 1880s–1963. Areca Books. ISBN 9789834283407. <a href="9789834283407" target="_blank">9789834283407</a> <a href="#fnref:449" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:450"><p>Francis, Ric (2006). Penang Trams, Trolleybuses & Railways: Municipal Transport History, 1880s–1963. Areca Books. ISBN 9789834283407. <a href="9789834283407" target="_blank">9789834283407</a> <a href="#fnref:450" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:451"><p>"Penang Institute's 'Back to Beca' Project Out to Safeguard the Trade". Penang Institute. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023. <a href="https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/862-penang-institute-s-back-to-beca-project-out-to-safeguard-the-trade/" target="_blank">https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/862-penang-institute-s-back-to-beca-project-out-to-safeguard-the-trade/</a> <a href="#fnref:451" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:452"><p>Opalyn Mok (1 July 2013). "Rapid Penang Rolls On Under Rapid Bus". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2013/07/01/rapid-penang-rolls-on-under-rapid-bus/489341" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2013/07/01/rapid-penang-rolls-on-under-rapid-bus/489341</a> <a href="#fnref:452" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:453"><p>"Rapid Penang – Bus". MyRapid. Prasarana Malaysia. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023. <a href="https://myrapid.com.my/bus-train/rapid-penang/rapid-pg-bus/" target="_blank">https://myrapid.com.my/bus-train/rapid-penang/rapid-pg-bus/</a> <a href="#fnref:453" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:454"><p>Opalyn Mok (24 April 2025). "Rapid Penang Rolls Out On-Demand Vans in George Town, Jelutong and Bayan Lepas from This Saturday to Tackle Congestion". Malay Mail. Retrieved 25 April 2025. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/04/24/rapid-penang-rolls-out-on-demand-vans-in-george-town-jelutong-and-bayan-lepas-from-this-saturday-to-tackle-congestion/174320" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/04/24/rapid-penang-rolls-out-on-demand-vans-in-george-town-jelutong-and-bayan-lepas-from-this-saturday-to-tackle-congestion/174320</a> <a href="#fnref:454" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:455"><p>McIntyre, Ian (19 August 2024). "Penang to Introduce E-Hailing Van Service to Ease Traffic Congestion". The Vibes. Retrieved 25 April 2025. <a href="https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/103166/penang-to-introduce-e-hailing-van-service-to-ease-traffic-congestion" target="_blank">https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/103166/penang-to-introduce-e-hailing-van-service-to-ease-traffic-congestion</a> <a href="#fnref:455" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:456"><p>Lo, Tern Chern (31 December 2024). "Infrastructure Projects Shaping Penang's Future". The Star. Retrieved 1 January 2025. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2024/12/31/infrastructure-projects-shaping-penangs-future" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2024/12/31/infrastructure-projects-shaping-penangs-future</a> <a href="#fnref:456" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:457"><p>Joshua Woo Sze Zeng (9 July 2020). "Exploring a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Framework for Penang's Urban Growth" (PDF). Penang Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Woo_Sze_Zeng" target="_blank">/wiki/Joshua_Woo_Sze_Zeng</a> <a href="#fnref:457" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:458"><p>"Loke: Federal Gov't Takes Over Penang LRT Mutiara Line Project from State Gov't". The Sun. 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024. <a href="https://thesun.my/local_news/loke-federal-gov-t-takes-over-penang-lrt-mutiara-line-project-from-state-gov-t-JG12275905" target="_blank">https://thesun.my/local_news/loke-federal-gov-t-takes-over-penang-lrt-mutiara-line-project-from-state-gov-t-JG12275905</a> <a href="#fnref:458" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:459"><p>Hilmy, Imran (11 January 2025). "PM Anwar Officiates Penang's Mutiara Line LRT Project Groundbreaking Ceremony". The Star. Retrieved 11 January 2025. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/01/11/pm-anwar-officiates-penang039s-mutiara-line-lrt-project-groundbreaking-ceremony" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/01/11/pm-anwar-officiates-penang039s-mutiara-line-lrt-project-groundbreaking-ceremony</a> <a href="#fnref:459" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:460"><p>Opalyn Mok (1 March 2018). "Penang Streetscapes to be More Pedestrian Friendly, Says Exco". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/03/01/penang-streetscapes-to-be-more-pedestrian-friendly-says-exco/1588225" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/03/01/penang-streetscapes-to-be-more-pedestrian-friendly-says-exco/1588225</a> <a href="#fnref:460" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:461"><p>Lilian Chan (8 February 2017). "Penang to be First Cycling State". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-to-be-first-cycling-state/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-to-be-first-cycling-state/</a> <a href="#fnref:461" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:462"><p>Lilian Chan (8 February 2017). "Penang to be First Cycling State". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-to-be-first-cycling-state/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-to-be-first-cycling-state/</a> <a href="#fnref:462" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:463"><p>Opalyn Mok (24 January 2025). "Penang airport ranks second in Malaysia for aircraft movements". Malay Mail. Retrieved 20 April 2025. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/01/24/penang-airport-ranks-second-in-malaysia-for-aircraft-movements/164452" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/01/24/penang-airport-ranks-second-in-malaysia-for-aircraft-movements/164452</a> <a href="#fnref:463" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:464"><p>"Statistic of Aviation Transport". Ministry of Transport. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023. <a href="https://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/reports/quarterly-statistics-of-transport" target="_blank">https://www.mot.gov.my/en/aviation/reports/quarterly-statistics-of-transport</a> <a href="#fnref:464" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:465"><p>"Final External Trade Statistics 2023". Department of Statistics Malaysia: 89. July 2023. ISSN 2180-1827. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" target="_blank">/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia</a> <a href="#fnref:465" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:466"><p>Lo, Tern Chern (31 December 2024). "Infrastructure Projects Shaping Penang's Future". The Star. Retrieved 1 January 2025. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2024/12/31/infrastructure-projects-shaping-penangs-future" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2024/12/31/infrastructure-projects-shaping-penangs-future</a> <a href="#fnref:466" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:467"><p>"Swettenham Pier Surpasses Port Klang as Top Port of Call for Cruise Ships". The Sun. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023. <a href="https://thesun.my/archive/swettenham-pier-surpasses-port-klang-top-port-call-cruise-ships-BUARCH513414" target="_blank">https://thesun.my/archive/swettenham-pier-surpasses-port-klang-top-port-call-cruise-ships-BUARCH513414</a> <a href="#fnref:467" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:468"><p>"Swettenham Pier Cruise Terminal A World Cruise Destination for Queen Mary 2". Port of Penang. 25 February 2015. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://www.penangport.com.my/media-center/announcements/february-2015/swettenham-pier-cruise-terminal-a-world-cruise-des" target="_blank">https://www.penangport.com.my/media-center/announcements/february-2015/swettenham-pier-cruise-terminal-a-world-cruise-des</a> <a href="#fnref:468" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:469"><p>"US Navy Ship Calls at Penang". The Star. 30 September 2005. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2005/09/30/us-navy-ship-calls-at-penang/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2005/09/30/us-navy-ship-calls-at-penang/</a> <a href="#fnref:469" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:470"><p>Jeremy Tan (29 November 2023). "Nostalgia of Voyages Past for Penang's Iconic Ferries". The Star. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2023/11/29/nostalgia-of-voyages-past" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2023/11/29/nostalgia-of-voyages-past</a> <a href="#fnref:470" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:471"><p>Opalyn Mok (2 October 2024). "Final Voyage: Iconic Ferry 'Pulau Pinang' to Make Its Journey across Penang Strait Tomorrow, Set for Transformation into Museum". Malay Mail. Retrieved 31 December 2024. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/10/02/final-voyage-iconic-ferry-pulau-pinang-to-make-its-journey-across-penang-strait-tomorrow-set-for-transformation-into-museum/152338" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/10/02/final-voyage-iconic-ferry-pulau-pinang-to-make-its-journey-across-penang-strait-tomorrow-set-for-transformation-into-museum/152338</a> <a href="#fnref:471" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:472"><p>"Penang's 3rd Set of Twin Submarine Pipelines are Now "Online"" (PDF). Penang Water Supply Corporation. 31 March 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://pba.com.my/pdf/news/2021/31032021_PBAPP_3rdPTSP_CommissionV3.pdf" target="_blank">https://pba.com.my/pdf/news/2021/31032021_PBAPP_3rdPTSP_CommissionV3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:472" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:473"><p>Ong, K. H. (23 November 2019). "Third Submarine Pipeline Project is Forward Thinking, Says CM Chow". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/third-submarine-pipeline-project-is-forward-thinking-says-cm-chow/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/third-submarine-pipeline-project-is-forward-thinking-says-cm-chow/</a> <a href="#fnref:473" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:474"><p>"Statistics". Penang Water Supply Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://pba.com.my/penang-water-supply-statistics-infrastructure/" target="_blank">https://pba.com.my/penang-water-supply-statistics-infrastructure/</a> <a href="#fnref:474" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:475"><p>"Penang Dams & Effective Capacity". Penang Water Supply Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://pba.com.my/penang-dams-effective-capacity/" target="_blank">https://pba.com.my/penang-dams-effective-capacity/</a> <a href="#fnref:475" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:476"><p>Opalyn Mok (8 December 2023). "Scheduled Water Supply Interruption of up to Four Days in Penang from January 10". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/12/08/scheduled-water-supply-interruption-of-up-to-four-days-in-penang-from-january-10/106496" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/12/08/scheduled-water-supply-interruption-of-up-to-four-days-in-penang-from-january-10/106496</a> <a href="#fnref:476" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:477"><p>"RM500mil Project to Boost Power Supply to Penang". The Star. 21 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2022/06/21/rm500mil-project-to-boost-power-supply-to-penang" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2022/06/21/rm500mil-project-to-boost-power-supply-to-penang</a> <a href="#fnref:477" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:478"><p>"Penang Supply Booster Project to Develop National Grid". The Star. 14 October 2022. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2022/10/14/penang-supply-booster-project-to-develop-national-grid" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2022/10/14/penang-supply-booster-project-to-develop-national-grid</a> <a href="#fnref:478" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:479"><p>Akmal, Riadz (30 August 2024). "PDC and TNB Genco Partner for Redevelopment of Gelugor Power Station". Buletin Mutiara. Retrieved 1 January 2025. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/pdc-and-tnb-genco-partner-for-redevelopment-of-gelugor-power-station/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/pdc-and-tnb-genco-partner-for-redevelopment-of-gelugor-power-station/</a> <a href="#fnref:479" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:480"><p>Ong, K. H. (13 February 2023). "Penang island Completes Converting over 33,000 Streetlights to LEDs, State Govt to Seek Incentives from Ministry". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-island-completes-changing-over-33000-streetlights-to-leds-state-govt-to-seek-incentives-from-ministry/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-island-completes-changing-over-33000-streetlights-to-leds-state-govt-to-seek-incentives-from-ministry/</a> <a href="#fnref:480" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:481"><p>"Penang First State to Install Fibre Optic Infrastructure as Basic Utility, Says Committee Chairman". Northern Corridor Economic Region. 21 December 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://www.ncer.com.my/media-centre/news/penang-first-state-to-install-fibre-optic-infrastructure-as-basic-utility-says-committee-chairman/,%20https://www.ncer.com.my/media-centre/news/penang-first-state-to-install-fibre-optic-infrastructure-as-basic-utility-says-committee-chairman/" target="_blank">https://www.ncer.com.my/media-centre/news/penang-first-state-to-install-fibre-optic-infrastructure-as-basic-utility-says-committee-chairman/,%20https://www.ncer.com.my/media-centre/news/penang-first-state-to-install-fibre-optic-infrastructure-as-basic-utility-says-committee-chairman/</a> <a href="#fnref:481" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:482"><p>"Teknologi 5G Cetus Perubahan untuk Pulau Pinang". Buletin Mutiara. 3 November 2022. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/teknologi-5g-cetus-perubahan-untuk-pulau-pinang-zairil/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/teknologi-5g-cetus-perubahan-untuk-pulau-pinang-zairil/</a> <a href="#fnref:482" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:483"><p>McIntyre, Ian (13 September 2022). "Penang Airport Set to be First in M'sia with Public 5G Network". The Vibes. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://www.thevibes.com/articles/business/71280/penang-airport-set-to-be-first-in-msia-with-public-5g-network" target="_blank">https://www.thevibes.com/articles/business/71280/penang-airport-set-to-be-first-in-msia-with-public-5g-network</a> <a href="#fnref:483" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:484"><p>Opalyn Mok (5 January 2024). "DE-CIX Partners Digital Penang to Launch PIX as Central Hub for Data Exchange". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/money/2024/01/05/de-cix-partners-digital-penang-to-launch-pix-as-central-hub-for-data-exchange/110771" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/money/2024/01/05/de-cix-partners-digital-penang-to-launch-pix-as-central-hub-for-data-exchange/110771</a> <a href="#fnref:484" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:485"><p>"Where to Connect". DE-CIX. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.de-cix.net/en/services/where-to-connect#Location_Penang" target="_blank">https://www.de-cix.net/en/services/where-to-connect#Location_Penang</a> <a href="#fnref:485" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:486"><p>"Diplomatic and Consular List January 2025". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. January 2025. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023. <a href="https://www.kln.gov.my/documents/8390448/8439172/Diplomatic+and+Consular+List/609dd90b-5710-4de9-9764-0c7adf145caa" target="_blank">https://www.kln.gov.my/documents/8390448/8439172/Diplomatic+and+Consular+List/609dd90b-5710-4de9-9764-0c7adf145caa</a> <a href="#fnref:486" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:487"><p>Francis Kok Wah Loh (2009). "Federation of Malaysia". In Hans Michelmann (ed.). Foreign Relations in Federal Countries. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 198. ISBN 9780773576186. <a href="9780773576186" target="_blank">9780773576186</a> <a href="#fnref:487" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:488"><p>Vimal, Kevin (29 August 2023). "George Town-Adelaide Celebrates Five Decades of Sister City Relationship". Buletin Mutiara. Retrieved 9 March 2025. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/george-town-adelaide-celebrates-five-decades-of-sister-city-relationship/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/george-town-adelaide-celebrates-five-decades-of-sister-city-relationship/</a> <a href="#fnref:488" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:489"><p>Hans Michelmann (28 January 2009). Foreign Relations in Federal Countries. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7735-7618-6. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2016. <a href="978-0-7735-7618-6" target="_blank">978-0-7735-7618-6</a> <a href="#fnref:489" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:490"><p>Hans Michelmann (28 January 2009). Foreign Relations in Federal Countries. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7735-7618-6. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2016. <a href="978-0-7735-7618-6" target="_blank">978-0-7735-7618-6</a> <a href="#fnref:490" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:491"><p>Hans Michelmann (28 January 2009). Foreign Relations in Federal Countries. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-7735-7618-6. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2016. <a href="978-0-7735-7618-6" target="_blank">978-0-7735-7618-6</a> <a href="#fnref:491" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:492"><p>"Penang Island". International Affairs Office of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://iao.bangkok.go.th/content-detail/22766" target="_blank">https://iao.bangkok.go.th/content-detail/22766</a> <a href="#fnref:492" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:493"><p>"Penang and Phuket to be sister cities". The Star. 2 August 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2017. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/08/02/penang-and-phuket-to-be-sister-cities/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/08/02/penang-and-phuket-to-be-sister-cities/</a> <a href="#fnref:493" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:494"><p>Christopher Tan (31 May 2019). "Malaysia-China celebrate 45-year strong diplomatic ties". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/malaysia-china-celebrate-45-year-strong-diplomatic-ties/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/malaysia-china-celebrate-45-year-strong-diplomatic-ties/</a> <a href="#fnref:494" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:495"><p>"Forging friendship city ties between Penang and Sanya". The Star. 21 April 2017. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2017/04/21/forging-friendship-city-ties-between-penang-and-sanya/" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2017/04/21/forging-friendship-city-ties-between-penang-and-sanya/</a> <a href="#fnref:495" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:496"><p>Christopher Tan (31 May 2019). "Malaysia-China celebrate 45-year strong diplomatic ties". Buletin Mutiara. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/malaysia-china-celebrate-45-year-strong-diplomatic-ties/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/malaysia-china-celebrate-45-year-strong-diplomatic-ties/</a> <a href="#fnref:496" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:497"><p>"マレーシア・ペナン州について". Katsushika City (in Japanese). Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="https://www.city.katsushika.lg.jp/information/1000087/1006625/1006631.html" target="_blank">https://www.city.katsushika.lg.jp/information/1000087/1006625/1006631.html</a> <a href="#fnref:497" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:498"><p>"Mesyuarat Kedua Penggal Ketiga Dewan Undangan Negeri Pulau Pinang Ketiga Belas". Penang State Legislative Assembly. 6 November 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://adun.penang.gov.my/soalan/displayportal?soal_id=16408&pers_id=41" target="_blank">https://adun.penang.gov.my/soalan/displayportal?soal_id=16408&pers_id=41</a> <a href="#fnref:498" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:499"><p>"2011 Major Events". Secretariat of Taipei City Government. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://english.sec.gov.taipei/News_Content.aspx?n=4CAB16A642139B7B&sms=2190547C60526D6B&s=2B4964FC5A4B0179" target="_blank">https://english.sec.gov.taipei/News_Content.aspx?n=4CAB16A642139B7B&sms=2190547C60526D6B&s=2B4964FC5A4B0179</a> <a href="#fnref:499" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:500"><p>Kevin Tan, Y. L. (1 July 2020). "The Plague Fighter: Dr Wu Lien-Teh and His Work". National Library Board. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-16/issue-2/jul-sep-2020/plague/" target="_blank">https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-16/issue-2/jul-sep-2020/plague/</a> <a href="#fnref:500" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:501"><p>Cheryl Sim (29 March 2016). "Hon Sui Sen". National Library Board. Retrieved 23 September 2024. <a href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=18078256-1e32-4f97-b776-c6dc62bdb7b2" target="_blank">https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=18078256-1e32-4f97-b776-c6dc62bdb7b2</a> <a href="#fnref:501" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:502"><p>Omar, Marsita. "Wee Chong Jin". National Library Board. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=3a2c79d1-da4d-41f6-9691-24b6bbd89f61" target="_blank">https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=3a2c79d1-da4d-41f6-9691-24b6bbd89f61</a> <a href="#fnref:502" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:503"><p>"Repair Work on P. Ramlee's Penang House to Start Sept 28". The Star. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/09/27/repair-work-on-p-ramlee039s-penang-house-to-start-sept-28" target="_blank">https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/09/27/repair-work-on-p-ramlee039s-penang-house-to-start-sept-28</a> <a href="#fnref:503" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:504"><p>"Biodata Peribadi". Secretariat Office of Tun Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi, Prime Minister's Department. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://ptab.jpm.gov.my/index.php/biografi/" target="_blank">https://ptab.jpm.gov.my/index.php/biografi/</a> <a href="#fnref:504" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:505"><p>"Tiger of Jelutong Went Down While Battling Client's Lawsuit". Today. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/tiger-jelutong-went-down-while-battling-clients-lawsuit" target="_blank">https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/tiger-jelutong-went-down-while-battling-clients-lawsuit</a> <a href="#fnref:505" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:506"><p>Zairill, Hazique (19 August 2022). "Diamonds on the Feet: Jimmy Choo Tribute". The Sun. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://thesun.my/style-life/diamonds-on-the-feet-jimmy-choo-tribute-FB9641557" target="_blank">https://thesun.my/style-life/diamonds-on-the-feet-jimmy-choo-tribute-FB9641557</a> <a href="#fnref:506" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:507"><p>"Alleycats' David Helps Raise Penang's Profile Through New Compilation Album". New Straits Times. 29 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/01/767270/alleycats-david-helps-raise-penangs-profile-through-new-compilation-album" target="_blank">https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/01/767270/alleycats-david-helps-raise-penangs-profile-through-new-compilation-album</a> <a href="#fnref:507" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:508"><p>Corfield, Justin (2010). Historical Dictionary of Singapore. Scarecrow Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780810873872. <a href="9780810873872" target="_blank">9780810873872</a> <a href="#fnref:508" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:509"><p>"Throwback Thursday: HRH Sultan Dr Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah". New Straits Times. 7 May 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/throwback-thursday-hrh-sultan-dr-nazrin-muizzuddin-shah" target="_blank">https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/throwback-thursday-hrh-sultan-dr-nazrin-muizzuddin-shah</a> <a href="#fnref:509" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:510"><p>Fuller, Amy Elisabeth (September 2007). Contemporary Authors. Cengage Gale. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-7876-7887-6. <a href="978-0-7876-7887-6" target="_blank">978-0-7876-7887-6</a> <a href="#fnref:510" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:511"><p>Opalyn Mok (14 September 2014). "10 Things About: Saw Teong Hin, Award-winning Producer/Director and Son of Penang". Malay Mail. Retrieved 23 September 2024. <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2014/09/14/10-things-about-saw-teong-hin-award-winning-producer-director-and-son-of-pe/745535" target="_blank">https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2014/09/14/10-things-about-saw-teong-hin-award-winning-producer-director-and-son-of-pe/745535</a> <a href="#fnref:511" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:512"><p>Dennis Chua (15 August 2014). "Up Close with Nicol David". New Straits Times. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/close-nicol-david" target="_blank">https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/close-nicol-david</a> <a href="#fnref:512" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:513"><p>"Chan Peng Soon Profile". BWF World Tour Finals. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com/zh-cn/player/53142/chan-peng-soon" target="_blank">https://bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com/zh-cn/player/53142/chan-peng-soon</a> <a href="#fnref:513" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:514"><p>Ong, K.H. (20 December 2021). "A Super Happy day for the Loh Family After Kean Yew Becomes World Badminton Champion". Buletin Mutiara. Retrieved 7 January 2024. <a href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/a-super-happy-day-for-the-loh-family-after-kean-yew-becomes-world-badminton-champion/" target="_blank">https://www.buletinmutiara.com/a-super-happy-day-for-the-loh-family-after-kean-yew-becomes-world-badminton-champion/</a> <a href="#fnref:514" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:515"><p>"Environment". Department of Statistics Singapore. Retrieved 29 December 2023. <a href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data" target="_blank">http://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data</a> <a href="#fnref:515" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:516"><p>Looi, Sue Chern (25 March 2015). "George Town A City Again". The Edge. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <a href="https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/george-town-city-again" target="_blank">https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/george-town-city-again</a> <a href="#fnref:516" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:517"><p>"George Town Meliputi 'Pulau', Jelas Datuk Bandar" (PDF). Buletin Mutiara (in Malay). 1 May 2015. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. Dari segi sejarah, pengiktirafan George Town sebagai 'bandar raya' oleh Ratu Elizabeth II pada 1 Januari 1957 tidak pernah ditarik balik hingga kini. Bagaimanapun, Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP) pula ditubuhkan semula pada 15 Disember 1976 berdasarkan Akta Kerajaan Tempatan, 1976. Justeru, sempadan sebenar George Town meliputi seluruh bahagian 'pulau', sebagaimana kekal dipertanggungjawabkan ke atas MBPP. <a href="http://www.buletinmutiara.com/download/2015/BuletinMutiaraMay12015-BM.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.buletinmutiara.com/download/2015/BuletinMutiaraMay12015-BM.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:517" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:518"><p>"Exchange Rates". Central Bank of Malaysia. Retrieved 21 February 2024. <a href="https://www.bnm.gov.my/exchange-rates?p_p_id=bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_monthStart=0&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_yearStart=2021&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_monthEnd=11&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_yearEnd=2021&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_sessionTime=0900&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_rateType=MR&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_quotation=fx" target="_blank">https://www.bnm.gov.my/exchange-rates?p_p_id=bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_monthStart=0&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_yearStart=2021&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_monthEnd=11&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_yearEnd=2021&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_sessionTime=0900&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_rateType=MR&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_quotation=fx</a> <a href="#fnref:518" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>