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V-Dem Democracy Indices
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<h2 id="democracy-indices">Democracy indices</h2> <p>As of 2022, the V-Dem Institute published 483 indicators and republishes 59 other indicators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> V-Dem publishes five core indices with several other supplementary indices. The core indices are the electoral democracy index, the liberal democracy index, the participatory democracy index, the Deliberative Democracy Index and the egalitarian democracy index.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> The Electoral Democracy Index This index measures the principle of <a href="/facts/Representative_democracy/svAbpym5">electoral or representative democracy</a>, including whether elections were free and fair, as well as the prevalence of a free and independent media. This index is part of all the other indices as a central component of democracy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Liberal Democracy Index This index incorporates measures of <a href="/facts/Rule_of_law/BS8rbmel">rule of law</a>, <a href="/facts/Checks_and_Balances/erlL7IMq">checks and balances</a>, and <a href="/facts/Civil_liberties/xyu96brC">civil liberties</a> along with the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Participatory Democracy Index This index measures the degree to which citizens participate in their own government through local democratic institutions, civil society organizations, <a href="/facts/Direct_democracy/YmyUWBDX">direct democracy</a>, and the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Deliberative Democracy Index <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Deliberative_democracy/9aDJ8I9G">Deliberative democracy</a></p> This index measures the degree to which decisions are made in the best interest of the people as opposed to due to coercion or narrow interest groups, in addition to the basic electoral democracy index.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Egalitarian Democracy Index <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Political_egalitarianism/S621Lnge">Political egalitarianism</a></p> This index measures the level of equal access to resources, power, and freedoms across various groups within a society, in addition to the level of electoral democracy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <h2 id="rankings">Rankings</h2> <p>The table below shows V-Dem Democracy rankings published for 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> V-Dem Democracy Indices (15th edition)<table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Country</th><th colspan="2">Democracy Indices</th><th colspan="4">Democracy Component Indices</th></tr><tr><th>Electoral</th><th>Liberal</th><th>Liberal</th><th>Egalitarian</th><th>Participatory</th><th>Deliberative</th></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a></td><td>0.916</td><td>0.883</td><td>0.976</td><td>0.97</td><td>0.713</td><td>0.965</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a></td><td>0.895</td><td>0.85</td><td>0.961</td><td>0.901</td><td>0.634</td><td>0.868</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Ireland/k8JzXVze">Ireland</a></td><td>0.895</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.932</td><td>0.87</td><td>0.633</td><td>0.905</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a></td><td>0.894</td><td>0.847</td><td>0.962</td><td>0.937</td><td>0.881</td><td>0.984</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a></td><td>0.886</td><td>0.805</td><td>0.908</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.643</td><td>0.887</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norway</a></td><td>0.884</td><td>0.839</td><td>0.962</td><td>0.959</td><td>0.656</td><td>0.986</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a></td><td>0.881</td><td>0.845</td><td>0.978</td><td>0.907</td><td>0.653</td><td>0.908</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czech Republic</a></td><td>0.87</td><td>0.817</td><td>0.952</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.873</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a></td><td>0.867</td><td>0.783</td><td>0.903</td><td>0.937</td><td>0.568</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td><td>0.866</td><td>0.799</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.824</td><td>0.635</td><td>0.938</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></td><td>0.863</td><td>0.809</td><td>0.952</td><td>0.847</td><td>0.654</td><td>0.804</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a></td><td>0.859</td><td>0.805</td><td>0.952</td><td>0.885</td><td>0.641</td><td>0.931</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></td><td>0.857</td><td>0.808</td><td>0.957</td><td>0.843</td><td>0.695</td><td>0.928</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Uruguay/X6V0apCb">Uruguay</a></td><td>0.848</td><td>0.769</td><td>0.912</td><td>0.777</td><td>0.815</td><td>0.842</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a></td><td>0.847</td><td>0.802</td><td>0.966</td><td>0.865</td><td>0.645</td><td>0.922</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a></td><td>0.844</td><td>0.787</td><td>0.949</td><td>0.719</td><td>0.644</td><td>0.94</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Iceland</a></td><td>0.844</td><td>0.759</td><td>0.907</td><td>0.908</td><td>0.662</td><td>0.902</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a></td><td>0.842</td><td>0.744</td><td>0.887</td><td>0.699</td><td>0.632</td><td>0.753</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States of America</a></td><td>0.84</td><td>0.748</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.667</td><td>0.655</td><td>0.884</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a></td><td>0.839</td><td>0.762</td><td>0.918</td><td>0.862</td><td>0.624</td><td>0.851</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></td><td>0.839</td><td>0.792</td><td>0.963</td><td>0.931</td><td>0.653</td><td>0.98</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a></td><td>0.838</td><td>0.765</td><td>0.922</td><td>0.866</td><td>0.661</td><td>0.822</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td><td>0.833</td><td>0.752</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.784</td><td>0.637</td><td>0.867</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a></td><td>0.831</td><td>0.751</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.799</td><td>0.609</td><td>0.891</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a></td><td>0.829</td><td>0.745</td><td>0.906</td><td>0.839</td><td>0.635</td><td>0.841</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a></td><td>0.822</td><td>0.761</td><td>0.944</td><td>0.893</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.893</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td><td>0.82</td><td>0.734</td><td>0.902</td><td>0.934</td><td>0.562</td><td>0.908</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a></td><td>0.803</td><td>0.705</td><td>0.882</td><td>0.902</td><td>0.748</td><td>0.865</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Jamaica/jeDulmwE">Jamaica</a></td><td>0.803</td><td>0.684</td><td>0.848</td><td>0.787</td><td>0.604</td><td>0.731</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a></td><td>0.801</td><td>0.712</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.617</td><td>0.628</td><td>0.944</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a></td><td>0.8</td><td>0.7</td><td>0.878</td><td>0.874</td><td>0.748</td><td>0.844</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a></td><td>0.799</td><td>0.734</td><td>0.936</td><td>0.877</td><td>0.679</td><td>0.809</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Vanuatu/ta20UNlL">Vanuatu</a></td><td>0.796</td><td>0.686</td><td>0.862</td><td>0.741</td><td>0.566</td><td>0.737</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Barbados/ywYtqmRB">Barbados</a></td><td>0.786</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.848</td><td>0.842</td><td>0.298</td><td>0.926</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Malta/FsqM3M37">Malta</a></td><td>0.785</td><td>0.637</td><td>0.797</td><td>0.892</td><td>0.637</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a></td><td>0.774</td><td>0.651</td><td>0.839</td><td>0.902</td><td>0.566</td><td>0.831</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Suriname/zjwRFBPL">Suriname</a></td><td>0.768</td><td>0.637</td><td>0.821</td><td>0.715</td><td>0.581</td><td>0.764</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cape_Verde/YCNhPVhE">Cabo Verde</a></td><td>0.757</td><td>0.649</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.724</td><td>0.527</td><td>0.703</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Trinidad_and_Tobago/jTXQP4Fe">Trinidad and Tobago</a></td><td>0.755</td><td>0.627</td><td>0.826</td><td>0.786</td><td>0.582</td><td>0.925</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakia</a></td><td>0.752</td><td>0.584</td><td>0.754</td><td>0.766</td><td>0.648</td><td>0.37</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a></td><td>0.75</td><td>0.576</td><td>0.741</td><td>0.875</td><td>0.638</td><td>0.83</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a></td><td>0.741</td><td>0.659</td><td>0.901</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.305</td><td>0.948</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a></td><td>0.734</td><td>0.652</td><td>0.903</td><td>0.642</td><td>0.571</td><td>0.91</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Timor-Leste/IBQ69BRj">East Timor</a></td><td>0.733</td><td>0.549</td><td>0.72</td><td>0.569</td><td>0.552</td><td>0.715</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a></td><td>0.729</td><td>0.616</td><td>0.844</td><td>0.879</td><td>0.614</td><td>0.842</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a></td><td>0.729</td><td>0.631</td><td>0.872</td><td>0.856</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.809</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Panama/GckVVhnp">Panama</a></td><td>0.726</td><td>0.584</td><td>0.794</td><td>0.576</td><td>0.524</td><td>0.737</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a></td><td>0.723</td><td>0.619</td><td>0.862</td><td>0.779</td><td>0.624</td><td>0.681</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Slovenia/EcYU22W4">Slovenia</a></td><td>0.716</td><td>0.619</td><td>0.869</td><td>0.886</td><td>0.746</td><td>0.861</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a></td><td>0.715</td><td>0.617</td><td>0.869</td><td>0.808</td><td>0.601</td><td>0.773</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a></td><td>0.712</td><td>0.553</td><td>0.76</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.591</td><td>0.535</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a></td><td>0.705</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.571</td><td>0.471</td><td>0.595</td><td>0.818</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a></td><td>0.701</td><td>0.557</td><td>0.779</td><td>0.528</td><td>0.634</td><td>0.645</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A3o_Tom%25C3%25A9_and_Pr%25C3%25ADncipe/7EbNfgsJ">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td><td>0.673</td><td>0.565</td><td>0.841</td><td>0.673</td><td>0.565</td><td>0.671</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a></td><td>0.669</td><td>0.567</td><td>0.848</td><td>0.635</td><td>0.369</td><td>0.813</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Nepal/yWCzTBR2">Nepal</a></td><td>0.669</td><td>0.522</td><td>0.76</td><td>0.585</td><td>0.583</td><td>0.611</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Solomon_Islands/tcyQWq3Q">Solomon Islands</a></td><td>0.665</td><td>0.519</td><td>0.763</td><td>0.509</td><td>0.549</td><td>0.492</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a></td><td>0.664</td><td>0.486</td><td>0.699</td><td>0.671</td><td>0.594</td><td>0.617</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Lesotho/gYSatY8p">Lesotho</a></td><td>0.658</td><td>0.516</td><td>0.76</td><td>0.752</td><td>0.552</td><td>0.742</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a></td><td>0.651</td><td>0.446</td><td>0.639</td><td>0.366</td><td>0.754</td><td>0.442</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kosovo/lbyzI6UW">Kosovo</a></td><td>0.651</td><td>0.473</td><td>0.692</td><td>0.675</td><td>0.468</td><td>0.55</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a></td><td>0.646</td><td>0.508</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.603</td><td>0.669</td><td>0.837</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a></td><td>0.634</td><td>0.493</td><td>0.761</td><td>0.509</td><td>0.604</td><td>0.405</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/The_Gambia/en5tl7Sz">The Gambia</a></td><td>0.634</td><td>0.507</td><td>0.784</td><td>0.666</td><td>0.588</td><td>0.751</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a></td><td>0.632</td><td>0.518</td><td>0.807</td><td>0.784</td><td>0.666</td><td>0.798</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a></td><td>0.629</td><td>0.445</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.679</td><td>0.621</td><td>0.32</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Namibia/ahXuaypy">Namibia</a></td><td>0.623</td><td>0.515</td><td>0.821</td><td>0.436</td><td>0.467</td><td>0.698</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a></td><td>0.623</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.802</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.688</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Senegal/PPaRNYJH">Senegal</a></td><td>0.617</td><td>0.462</td><td>0.72</td><td>0.702</td><td>0.586</td><td>0.889</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Montenegro/QynKJrw5">Montenegro</a></td><td>0.615</td><td>0.478</td><td>0.755</td><td>0.76</td><td>0.581</td><td>0.724</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Liberia/U99yfl2k">Liberia</a></td><td>0.613</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.607</td><td>0.567</td><td>0.464</td><td>0.811</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Guatemala/MoMcSnla">Guatemala</a></td><td>0.597</td><td>0.469</td><td>0.768</td><td>0.327</td><td>0.594</td><td>0.594</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Botswana/dGw6g94p">Botswana</a></td><td>0.594</td><td>0.478</td><td>0.786</td><td>0.675</td><td>0.478</td><td>0.427</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Malawi/HTj5q7Wc">Malawi</a></td><td>0.58</td><td>0.482</td><td>0.823</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.585</td><td>0.745</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a></td><td>0.579</td><td>0.388</td><td>0.618</td><td>0.312</td><td>0.516</td><td>0.458</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a></td><td>0.576</td><td>0.314</td><td>0.461</td><td>0.593</td><td>0.628</td><td>0.473</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Maldives/sC2HeXby">Maldives</a></td><td>0.564</td><td>0.423</td><td>0.714</td><td>0.584</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.705</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a></td><td>0.563</td><td>0.374</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.596</td><td>0.588</td><td>0.587</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bhutan/fSRsLss9">Bhutan</a></td><td>0.561</td><td>0.454</td><td>0.783</td><td>0.826</td><td>0.541</td><td>0.899</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a></td><td>0.549</td><td>0.432</td><td>0.762</td><td>0.521</td><td>0.585</td><td>0.806</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Honduras/75jMlRQ1">Honduras</a></td><td>0.541</td><td>0.382</td><td>0.658</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.537</td><td>0.687</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a></td><td>0.517</td><td>0.362</td><td>0.643</td><td>0.709</td><td>0.538</td><td>0.673</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Fiji/JU8Hs8WH">Fiji</a></td><td>0.516</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.772</td><td>0.706</td><td>0.439</td><td>0.789</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Zambia/lCnlx5a1">Zambia</a></td><td>0.51</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.732</td><td>0.603</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.877</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/jNVA1gPB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td><td>0.508</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.613</td><td>0.653</td><td>0.517</td><td>0.614</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a></td><td>0.507</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.742</td><td>0.673</td><td>0.537</td><td>0.418</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a></td><td>0.505</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.438</td><td>0.617</td><td>0.423</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a></td><td>0.502</td><td>0.315</td><td>0.553</td><td>0.507</td><td>0.613</td><td>0.659</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Benin/G98jPhND">Benin</a></td><td>0.501</td><td>0.329</td><td>0.592</td><td>0.754</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.541</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a></td><td>0.496</td><td>0.389</td><td>0.736</td><td>0.653</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.746</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a></td><td>0.492</td><td>0.368</td><td>0.698</td><td>0.713</td><td>0.574</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Guyana/xxadP7zF">Guyana</a></td><td>0.491</td><td>0.315</td><td>0.568</td><td>0.675</td><td>0.516</td><td>0.378</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a></td><td>0.483</td><td>0.326</td><td>0.606</td><td>0.538</td><td>0.592</td><td>0.811</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a></td><td>0.48</td><td>0.328</td><td>0.615</td><td>0.726</td><td>0.507</td><td>0.751</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Papua_New_Guinea/RLaVlhFC">Papua New Guinea</a></td><td>0.461</td><td>0.384</td><td>0.784</td><td>0.461</td><td>0.514</td><td>0.507</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sierra_Leone/gWP9YL0v">Sierra Leone</a></td><td>0.44</td><td>0.348</td><td>0.726</td><td>0.638</td><td>0.584</td><td>0.904</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a></td><td>0.436</td><td>0.318</td><td>0.654</td><td>0.635</td><td>0.534</td><td>0.309</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a></td><td>0.435</td><td>0.308</td><td>0.633</td><td>0.314</td><td>0.571</td><td>0.526</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a></td><td>0.434</td><td>0.258</td><td>0.496</td><td>0.805</td><td>0.508</td><td>0.751</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ivory_Coast/mSSED5Yl">Ivory Coast</a></td><td>0.432</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.485</td><td>0.537</td><td>0.598</td><td>0.74</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Somaliland/5sSah01x">Somaliland</a></td><td>0.419</td><td>0.271</td><td>0.553</td><td>0.307</td><td>0.518</td><td>0.59</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a></td><td>0.417</td><td>0.221</td><td>0.419</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.494</td><td>0.389</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a></td><td>0.415</td><td>0.368</td><td>0.82</td><td>0.753</td><td>0.548</td><td>0.681</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a></td><td>0.414</td><td>0.343</td><td>0.752</td><td>0.805</td><td>0.132</td><td>0.742</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a></td><td>0.398</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.635</td><td>0.425</td><td>0.521</td><td>0.629</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a></td><td>0.389</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.646</td><td>0.483</td><td>0.356</td><td>0.371</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a></td><td>0.389</td><td>0.233</td><td>0.486</td><td>0.638</td><td>0.575</td><td>0.791</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Togo/7HzUaQkw">Togo</a></td><td>0.355</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.355</td><td>0.622</td><td>0.463</td><td>0.724</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a></td><td>0.351</td><td>0.228</td><td>0.524</td><td>0.459</td><td>0.438</td><td>0.594</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a></td><td>0.348</td><td>0.207</td><td>0.463</td><td>0.379</td><td>0.421</td><td>0.557</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Angola/PQrYRHMd">Angola</a></td><td>0.34</td><td>0.164</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.271</td><td>0.153</td><td>0.339</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/El_Salvador/6Plzw4vr">El Salvador</a></td><td>0.339</td><td>0.092</td><td>0.137</td><td>0.264</td><td>0.451</td><td>0.268</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kyrgyzstan/MSNdCp8u">Kyrgyzstan</a></td><td>0.333</td><td>0.183</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.619</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.373</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mauritania/JcP8EJku">Mauritania</a></td><td>0.333</td><td>0.135</td><td>0.266</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.542</td><td>0.579</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/E2KmHDdv">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td><td>0.327</td><td>0.133</td><td>0.269</td><td>0.418</td><td>0.377</td><td>0.549</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a></td><td>0.315</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.544</td><td>0.736</td><td>0.552</td><td>0.494</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a></td><td>0.313</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.223</td><td>0.499</td><td>0.529</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT">Mozambique</a></td><td>0.304</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.495</td><td>0.514</td><td>0.456</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Central_African_Republic/TKMWWr57">Central African Republic</a></td><td>0.302</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.186</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.302</td><td>0.309</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Zanzibar/Nj7CFq9B">Zanzibar</a></td><td>0.299</td><td>0.261</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.753</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kuwait/HJLFQ59s">Kuwait</a></td><td>0.292</td><td>0.266</td><td>0.716</td><td>0.613</td><td>0.148</td><td>0.433</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a></td><td>0.288</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.255</td><td>0.539</td><td>0.422</td><td>0.182</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cameroon/QnrdY05C">Cameroon</a></td><td>0.286</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.512</td><td>0.239</td><td>0.238</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Comoros/b6HkaTRQ">Comoros</a></td><td>0.282</td><td>0.107</td><td>0.228</td><td>0.602</td><td>0.521</td><td>0.425</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Guinea-Bissau/YqJjM4Ex">Guinea-Bissau</a></td><td>0.28</td><td>0.149</td><td>0.365</td><td>0.465</td><td>0.318</td><td>0.35</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a></td><td>0.273</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.772</td><td>0.577</td><td>0.302</td><td>0.876</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Uganda/PabdegRm">Uganda</a></td><td>0.272</td><td>0.201</td><td>0.536</td><td>0.477</td><td>0.415</td><td>0.657</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a></td><td>0.272</td><td>0.134</td><td>0.326</td><td>0.539</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a></td><td>0.27</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.547</td><td>0.578</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>0.263</td><td>0.098</td><td>0.216</td><td>0.419</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.472</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a></td><td>0.263</td><td>0.247</td><td>0.703</td><td>0.553</td><td>0.431</td><td>0.811</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a></td><td>0.259</td><td>0.116</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.674</td><td>0.211</td><td>0.445</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Republic_of_the_Congo/kNLEWqhl">Republic of the Congo</a></td><td>0.254</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.359</td><td>0.542</td><td>0.441</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Djibouti/77jY0eII">Djibouti</a></td><td>0.25</td><td>0.121</td><td>0.304</td><td>0.544</td><td>0.377</td><td>0.378</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Niger/hRbX6MkM">Niger</a></td><td>0.24</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.509</td><td>0.646</td><td>0.575</td><td>0.737</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Gabon/RKDffnwV">Gabon</a></td><td>0.229</td><td>0.155</td><td>0.438</td><td>0.646</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.58</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Haiti/yjgyeK9w">Haiti</a></td><td>0.218</td><td>0.079</td><td>0.192</td><td>0.128</td><td>0.259</td><td>0.592</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a></td><td>0.215</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.435</td><td>0.196</td><td>0.422</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Palestine/XYeHy1af">Palestine</a> (West Bank)</td><td>0.214</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.323</td><td>0.541</td><td>0.469</td><td>0.177</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Chad/KStYoub3">Chad</a></td><td>0.204</td><td>0.054</td><td>0.116</td><td>0.202</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.321</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Rwanda/UKR5UdKy">Rwanda</a></td><td>0.202</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.521</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.588</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a></td><td>0.201</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.323</td><td>0.243</td><td>0.293</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mali/sAaVqV1e">Mali</a></td><td>0.199</td><td>0.147</td><td>0.442</td><td>0.618</td><td>0.543</td><td>0.733</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a></td><td>0.197</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.101</td><td>0.263</td><td>0.492</td><td>0.023</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a></td><td>0.196</td><td>0.106</td><td>0.303</td><td>0.375</td><td>0.234</td><td>0.754</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cambodia/t1wJd6GU">Cambodia</a></td><td>0.186</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.133</td><td>0.206</td><td>0.207</td><td>0.183</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a></td><td>0.186</td><td>0.129</td><td>0.391</td><td>0.328</td><td>0.214</td><td>0.304</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Equatorial_Guinea/ARkq2P4f">Equatorial Guinea</a></td><td>0.178</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.094</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cuba/vHjTXLPW">Cuba</a></td><td>0.178</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.138</td><td>0.753</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.286</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a></td><td>0.175</td><td>0.054</td><td>0.133</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.102</td><td>0.093</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Burundi/GTNtpIra">Burundi</a></td><td>0.175</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.264</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.132</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Tajikistan/xLLXqHEJ">Tajikistan</a></td><td>0.174</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.197</td><td>0.144</td><td>0.136</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a></td><td>0.174</td><td>0.124</td><td>0.382</td><td>0.614</td><td>0.499</td><td>0.659</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Oman/yNr7BPbm">Oman</a></td><td>0.174</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.443</td><td>0.571</td><td>0.388</td><td>0.189</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td>0.172</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.143</td><td>0.371</td><td>0.376</td><td>0.109</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a></td><td>0.169</td><td>0.133</td><td>0.421</td><td>0.736</td><td>0.142</td><td>0.15</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Somalia/3wQYwIdS">Somalia</a></td><td>0.169</td><td>0.126</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.311</td><td>0.269</td><td>0.71</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a></td><td>0.167</td><td>0.092</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.473</td><td>0.092</td><td>0.324</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Belarus/vweHwgob">Belarus</a></td><td>0.161</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.764</td><td>0.146</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Guinea/MaBu4ysQ">Guinea</a></td><td>0.161</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.436</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.22</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/South_Sudan/DacJpKfT">South Sudan</a></td><td>0.161</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.126</td><td>0.143</td><td>0.104</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Burkina_Faso/L3zPAJwx">Burkina Faso</a></td><td>0.156</td><td>0.129</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.525</td><td>0.391</td><td>0.218</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Nicaragua/PsyPGXxm">Nicaragua</a></td><td>0.153</td><td>0.019</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.271</td><td>0.295</td><td>0.017</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Turkmenistan/YqJ4NvjU">Turkmenistan</a></td><td>0.149</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.039</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a></td><td>0.145</td><td>0.054</td><td>0.155</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.194</td><td>0.085</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a></td><td>0.135</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.103</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.157</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Laos/S0afugjX">Laos</a></td><td>0.134</td><td>0.102</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.428</td><td>0.386</td><td>0.164</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Eswatini/Mfz58p4W">Eswatini</a></td><td>0.13</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.323</td><td>0.241</td><td>0.379</td><td>0.202</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Yemen/eDyoh4qV">Yemen</a></td><td>0.127</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.142</td><td>0.087</td><td>0.166</td><td>0.132</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bahrain/ndXdWPhr">Bahrain</a></td><td>0.124</td><td>0.052</td><td>0.158</td><td>0.385</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.158</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/United_Arab_Emirates/o1bEjgbR">United Arab Emirates</a></td><td>0.103</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.086</td><td>0.298</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Palestine/XYeHy1af">Palestine</a> (Gaza)</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.405</td><td>0.212</td><td>0.113</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Qatar/K4EkNXJE">Qatar</a></td><td>0.087</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.387</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a></td><td>0.083</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.153</td><td>0.016</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a></td><td>0.083</td><td>0.016</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.195</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C">Afghanistan</a></td><td>0.081</td><td>0.016</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.073</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td>0.073</td><td>0.036</td><td>0.125</td><td>0.302</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.227</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Eritrea/tuhgQTdR">Eritrea</a></td><td>0.068</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.071</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Saudi Arabia</a></td><td>0.015</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.187</td><td>0.449</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.258</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="impact-and-usage">Impact and usage</h2> <p>A variety of other organizations use V-Dem's dataset in the construction of their indicators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/World_Bank/hIH9uUb2">World Bank</a>'s <a href="/facts/Worldwide_Governance_Indicators/CcaUpj8a">Worldwide Governance Indicators</a> also use V-Dem's data to inform their Control of Corruption indicator (includes V-Dem's Corruption index), Rule of Law Indicator (includes V-Dem's liberal component index), and the Voice and Accountability Indicator (includes V-Dem's Expanded freedom of expression, freedom of association, and Clean elections indicators).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="digital-society-project">Digital Society Project</h2> <p>The Digital Society Project is a subset of indicators on V-Dem's survey that asks questions about social media's political status and the internet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Specifically, the Digital Society Project measures a range of questions related to internet censorship, misinformation online, and internet shutdowns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> This annual report includes 35 indicators assessing five areas: disinformation, digital media freedom, state regulation of digital media, the polarization of online media, and online social cleavages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> It has been updated each year starting in 2019, with data covering from 2000–2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Similar to other expert analyses like <a href="/facts/Freedom_House/jV1eQeAJ">Freedom House</a>, these data are more prone to false positives when compared with remotely sensed data, such as that from <a href="/facts/Access_Now/MzvslJWg">Access Now</a> or the <a href="/facts/OpenNet_Initiative/hY95K0Ho">OpenNet Initiative</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="criticisms">Criticisms</h2> <p class="note">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Democracy_indices/wY8M26p0">Democracy indices § Critiques of measures of democracy</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy_indices&action=edit">edit</a>]</p> Data on democracy, and particularly global indices of democracy, and the data they rely on, have been the subject of scrutiny and criticized by various scholars. <a href="/facts/Gerardo_L._Munck/445hWt10">Gerardo L. Munck</a> and Jay Verkuilen for instance, have raised concerns about the methodologies used by prominent democracy indices such as Freedom House and Polity, such as the concept of democracy they measured, the design of indicators, and the aggregation rule.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Political scientists Andrew T. Little and Anne Meng "highlight measurement concerns regarding time-varying bias in expert-coded data" such as Freedom House and V-Dem and encourage improving expert-coding practices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Knutsen et al.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> did not see evidence for time-varying bias in their expert-coded data and note the application of <a href="/facts/Item_response_theory/4WmQgExu">item response theory</a>, <a href="/facts/Factor_analysis/LT6B9I7D">factor analysis</a> and estimates of uncertainties to limit expert biases while discussing concerns in <a href="/facts/Operationalization/nm5Tff9F">operationalization</a> of observer-invariant measures of democracy. <p>Political scientist Jonas Wolff criticized V-Dem for gradually abandoning a pluralist conceptualization of democracy. According to him, V-Dem has moved away from its original emphasis on the conceptual varieties of democracy and adopted an uncontested view of democracy as <a href="/facts/Liberal_democracy/5blgnbkS">liberal democracy</a> while also ignoring the limitations of liberal democracy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>The V-Dem dataset does not cover some countries, namely: <a href="/facts/Andorra/VItvtXBe">Andorra</a>, <a href="/facts/Antigua_and_Barbuda/DXQrHm3x">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/facts/Bahamas/x6VKsUhj">Bahamas</a>, <a href="/facts/Belize/2xVuhCTt">Belize</a>, <a href="/facts/Brunei/dyz9JUn8">Brunei</a>, <a href="/facts/Dominica/suCgsaVj">Dominica</a>, <a href="/facts/Federated_States_of_Micronesia/U9VGo9fh">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, <a href="/facts/Grenada/V2kbBXcM">Grenada</a>, <a href="/facts/Kiribati/jCeCKakL">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/facts/Liechtenstein/dPnsqDnS">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/facts/Marshall_Islands/rRV4U7oD">Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/facts/Monaco/QjjEJwKy">Monaco</a>, <a href="/facts/Nauru/ndT45vaC">Nauru</a>, <a href="/facts/Palau/sYXMGPbX">Palau</a>, <a href="/facts/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/SMPo2Ybr">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, <a href="/facts/Saint_Lucia/fEUDuRwb">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/facts/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/fVDmwSuG">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, <a href="/facts/Samoa/lyQ1B9YV">Samoa</a>, <a href="/facts/San_Marino/dlbbyRcT">San Marino</a>, <a href="/facts/Tonga/oX5vwTer">Tonga</a>, <a href="/facts/Tuvalu/d8mLnsM8">Tuvalu</a>, and <a href="/facts/Vatican_City/JTKnEt6J">the Vatican</a>. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Academic_Freedom_Index/p8NDbSQF">Academic Freedom Index</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Vanessa A. Boese, Markus Eberhardt: <a href="https://www.v-dem.net/media/publications/Working_Paper_131.pdf">"Which Institutions Rule? Unbundling the Democracy-Growth Nexus"</a>, V-Dem Institute, Series 2022:131, February 2022.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/16/world/americas/democracy-decline-worldwide.html">Max Fisher, "U.S. Allies Drive Much of World's Democratic Decline, Data Shows: Washington-aligned countries backslid at nearly double the rate of non-allies, data shows, complicating long-held assumptions about American influence"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 16, 2021.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.v-dem.net/">Official website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"New index rates countries by degree of freedom for scholars". <a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/03/30/new-index-rates-countries-degree-freedom-scholars" target="_blank">https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/03/30/new-index-rates-countries-degree-freedom-scholars</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Hegedüs, Daniel (2020). "Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change. By Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 226p. $99.99 cloth". Perspectives on Politics. 18 (4): 1258–1260. doi:10.1017/S1537592720003059. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 230623566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hegedüs, Daniel (2020). "Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change. By Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 226p. $99.99 cloth". Perspectives on Politics. 18 (4): 1258–1260. doi:10.1017/S1537592720003059. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 230623566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"New democracy dataset to 'revolutionize' democracy research". 8 January 2016. <a href="https://news.nd.edu/news/new-democracy-dataset-to-revolutionize-democracy-research/" target="_blank">https://news.nd.edu/news/new-democracy-dataset-to-revolutionize-democracy-research/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Tucker, Joshua. "Open data and (15 million!) new measures of democracy". Washington Post. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/12/open-data-and-15-million-new-measures-of-democracy/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/12/open-data-and-15-million-new-measures-of-democracy/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; Kyle L. Marquardt; Juraj Medzihorsky; Daniel Pemstein; Nazifa Alizada; Lisa Gastaldi; Garry Hindle; Johannes von Römer; Eitan Tzelgov; Yi-ting Wang; and Steven Wilson. 2020. "V-Dem Methodology v10". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; David Altman; Michael Bernhard; Agnes Cornell; M. Steven Fish; Lisa Gastaldi; Haakon Gjerløw; Adam Glynn; Allen Hicken; Anna Lührmann; Seraphine F. Maerz; Kyle L. Marquardt; Kelly McMann; Valeriya Mechkova; Pamela Paxton; Daniel Pemstein; Johannes vonRömer; Brigitte Seim; Rachel Sigman; Svend-Erik Skaaning; Jeffrey Staton; Aksel Sundtröm; EitanTzelgov; Luca Uberti; Yi-ting Wang; Tore Wig; and Daniel Ziblatt (2021). "V-Dem Codebook v11". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/be/11/be11d657-a240-4fb0-a47f-bc151296e779/codebook.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/be/11/be11d657-a240-4fb0-a47f-bc151296e779/codebook.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; David Altman; Michael Bernhard; Agnes Cornell; M. Steven Fish; Lisa Gastaldi; Haakon Gjerløw; Adam Glynn; Allen Hicken; Anna Lührmann; Seraphine F. Maerz; Kyle L. Marquardt; Kelly McMann; Valeriya Mechkova; Pamela Paxton; Daniel Pemstein; Johannes vonRömer; Brigitte Seim; Rachel Sigman; Svend-Erik Skaaning; Jeffrey Staton; Aksel Sundtröm; EitanTzelgov; Luca Uberti; Yi-ting Wang; Tore Wig; and Daniel Ziblatt (2021). "V-Dem Codebook v11". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/be/11/be11d657-a240-4fb0-a47f-bc151296e779/codebook.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/be/11/be11d657-a240-4fb0-a47f-bc151296e779/codebook.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; David Altman; Michael Bernhard; Agnes Cornell; M. Steven Fish; Lisa Gastaldi; Haakon Gjerløw; Adam Glynn; Allen Hicken; Anna Lührmann; Seraphine F. Maerz; Kyle L. Marquardt; Kelly McMann; Valeriya Mechkova; Pamela Paxton; Daniel Pemstein; Johannes vonRömer; Brigitte Seim; Rachel Sigman; Svend-Erik Skaaning; Jeffrey Staton; Aksel Sundtröm; EitanTzelgov; Luca Uberti; Yi-ting Wang; Tore Wig; and Daniel Ziblatt (2021). "V-Dem Codebook v11". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/be/11/be11d657-a240-4fb0-a47f-bc151296e779/codebook.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/be/11/be11d657-a240-4fb0-a47f-bc151296e779/codebook.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; David Altman; Michael Bernhard; Agnes Cornell; M. Steven Fish; Lisa Gastaldi; Haakon Gjerløw; Adam Glynn; Allen Hicken; Anna Lührmann; Seraphine F. Maerz; Kyle L. 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