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Cyrillic alphabets
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<h2 id="spread">Spread</h2> <p>Non-Slavic alphabets are generally modelled after <a href="/facts/Russian_alphabet/ezoUpIPL">Russian</a>, but often bear striking differences, particularly when adapted for <a href="/facts/Caucasian_languages/GXBJ449t">Caucasian languages</a>. The first few of these alphabets were developed by Orthodox missionaries for the Finnic and Turkic peoples of <a href="/facts/Idel-Ural/c9R0eYnL">Idel-Ural</a> (<a href="/facts/Mari_people/xlApN10b">Mari</a>, <a href="/facts/Udmurt_people/NJCXbKIM">Udmurt</a>, <a href="/facts/Mordvin_people/zcHlo6kH">Mordva</a>, <a href="/facts/Chuvash_people/Pw8IjuXr">Chuvash</a>, and <a href="/facts/Kerashen_Tatars/2tHwygwc">Kerashen Tatars</a>) in the 1870s. Later, such alphabets were created for some of the <a href="/facts/Siberia/oaCoPEjF">Siberian</a> and <a href="/facts/Caucasus/sE8P8Ejg">Caucasus</a> peoples who had recently converted to Christianity. In the 1930s, some of those languages were switched to the <a href="/facts/Ya%25C3%25B1alif/aHuGFCn3">New Turkic Alphabet</a>. All of the peoples of the former Soviet Union who had been using an <a href="/facts/Arabic_alphabet/hCA1a0xq">Arabic</a> or a different Asian script also adopted Cyrillic alphabets, and during the <a href="/facts/Great_Purge/KSu23l0v">Great Purge</a> in the late 1930s, all of the <a href="/facts/Latin_script/7EWeJjUV">Latin alphabets</a> of the peoples of the Soviet Union were switched to Cyrillic as well (<a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a> and <a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a> were occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, and were not affected by this change). The Abkhazian and Ossetian languages were switched to <a href="/facts/Georgian_script/43Afaqmj">Georgian script</a>, but after the death of <a href="/facts/Joseph_Stalin/SHtxGyQn">Joseph Stalin</a>, both also adopted Cyrillic. The last language to adopt Cyrillic was the <a href="/facts/Gagauz_language/sjAx9TD1">Gagauz language</a>, which had used <a href="/facts/Greek_script/1cHwB8Dg">Greek script</a> before. </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/facts/Turkmenistan/YqJ4NvjU">Turkmenistan</a>, the use of Cyrillic to write local languages has often been a politically controversial issue since the collapse of the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a>, as it evokes the era of Soviet rule and <a href="/facts/Russification/D9yUd7n9">Russification</a>. Some of Russia's peoples such as the <a href="/facts/Tatar_alphabet/k4ApgXPn">Tatars</a> have also tried to drop Cyrillic, but the move was halted under Russian law. A number of languages have switched from Cyrillic to either a Roman-based orthography or a return to a former script. </p><p>Cyrillic alphabets continue to be used in several Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Belarusian) and non-Slavic (Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Gagauz, Mongolian) languages. </p> <h2 id="common-letters">Common letters</h2> <p>The following table lists the Cyrillic letters which are used in the alphabets of most of the national languages which use a Cyrillic alphabet. Exceptions and additions for particular languages are noted below. </p> Common Cyrillic letters<table><tbody><tr><th>Upright</th><th>Italic</th><th>Name(s)</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th></tr><tr><td>А а</td><td><i>А а</i></td><td><a href="/facts/A_(Cyrillic)/5qny9Lxf">A</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Б б</td><td><i>Б б</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Be_(Cyrillic)/ox0BjkJk">Be</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>В в</td><td><i>В в</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Ve_(Cyrillic)/FR8G4Qr5">Ve</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Г г</td><td><i>Г г</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Ge_(Cyrillic)/TcXbf3s2">Ge</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">g</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Д д</td><td><i>Д д</i></td><td><a href="/facts/De_(Cyrillic)/6rMjENW9">De</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives/A6hNvmCp">d</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Е е</td><td><i>Е е</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Ye_(Cyrillic)/a5bC3eHA">E</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Ye_(Cyrillic)/a5bC3eHA">Je</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Ye_(Cyrillic)/a5bC3eHA">Ye</a></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>/je/</li><li>/<a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">ʲ</a><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">e</a>/</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Ж ж</td><td><i>Ж ж</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Zhe_(Cyrillic)/yLj0rH7J">Že</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Zhe_(Cyrillic)/yLj0rH7J">Zhe</a></li></ul></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>З з</td><td><i>З з</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Ze_(Cyrillic)/WQGxJ272">Ze</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>И и</td><td><i>И и</i></td><td><a href="/facts/I_(Cyrillic)/77daDjyw">I</a></td><td><ul><li>/<a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a>/</li><li>/ʲi/</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Й й</td><td><i>Й й</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Short_I/EgCfCdoe">Short I</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>К к</td><td><i>К к</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Ka_(Cyrillic)/SS11jtJW">Ka</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Л л</td><td><i>Л л</i></td><td><a href="/facts/El_(Cyrillic)/DLVwJSDl">El</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Lateral_approximant/Mcyc1or8">l</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>М м</td><td><i>М м</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Em_(Cyrillic)/NUhSFHT6">Em</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Н н</td><td><i>Н н</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/En_(Cyrillic)/Vf67VBxB">En</a></li><li><a href="/facts/En_(Cyrillic)/Vf67VBxB">Ne</a></li></ul></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>О о</td><td><i>О о</i></td><td><a href="/facts/O_(Cyrillic)/SIXJG67G">O</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">o</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>П п</td><td><i>П п</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Pe_(Cyrillic)/QEYwVBIj">Pe</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Р р</td><td><i>Р р</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Er_(Cyrillic)/heUXAWnF">Er</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Er_(Cyrillic)/heUXAWnF">Re</a></li></ul></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>С с</td><td><i>С с</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Es_(Cyrillic)/s4eDGdI2">Es</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Es_(Cyrillic)/s4eDGdI2">Se</a></li></ul></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Т т</td><td><i>Т т</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Te_(Cyrillic)/w7GSVBhM">Te</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_plosives/1GaDe2Vy">t</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>У у</td><td><i>У у</i></td><td><a href="/facts/U_(Cyrillic)/N3QqTzgV">U</a></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Ф ф</td><td><i>Ф ф</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Ef_(Cyrillic)/Wnn4LIcc">Ef</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Ef_(Cyrillic)/Wnn4LIcc">Fe</a></li></ul></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Х х</td><td><i>Х х</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Kha_(Cyrillic)/rx5yXvd0">Xa</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Kha_(Cyrillic)/rx5yXvd0">Kha</a></li></ul></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Ц ц</td><td><i>Ц ц</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Tse_(Cyrillic)/SQKntkEY">Ce</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Tse_(Cyrillic)/SQKntkEY">Tse</a></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">ts</a>/</li><li>(t͡s)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Ч ч</td><td><i>Ч ч</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Che_(Cyrillic)/06ENxQ6u">Če</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Che_(Cyrillic)/06ENxQ6u">Che</a></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃ</a>/</li><li>(t͡ʃ)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Ш ш</td><td><i>Ш ш</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Sha_(Cyrillic)/D6hcCyhN">Ša</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Sha_(Cyrillic)/D6hcCyhN">Sha</a></li></ul></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a>/</td></tr><tr><td>Ь ь</td><td><i>Ь ь</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Soft_sign/b89KUdMF">Soft sign</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li><li>Small <a href="/facts/Yer/dI3D88oq">yer</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ul></td><td>/<a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">ʲ</a>/<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ю ю</td><td><i>Ю ю</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Yu_(Cyrillic)/ohVehCoN">Ju</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Yu_(Cyrillic)/ohVehCoN">Yu</a></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>/ju/</li><li>/ʲu/</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Я я</td><td><i>Я я</i></td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Ya_(Cyrillic)/oUanwEHR">Ja</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Ya_(Cyrillic)/oUanwEHR">Ya</a></li></ul></td><td><ul><li>/ja/</li><li>/ʲa/</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="slavic-languages">Slavic languages</h2> <p>Cyrillic alphabets used by <a href="/facts/Slavic_languages/b5GaeFx1">Slavic languages</a> can be divided into two categories: </p> <ul><li>West <a href="/facts/South_Slavic_languages/0p4fKXXE">South Slavic languages</a>, such as all varieties of <a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian/MS85Xuwk">Serbo-Croatian</a>, often share the following letters, among others: Ј, Љ, Њ, Џ</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eastern_South_Slavic/TrbcByC2">East South Slavic languages</a> and <a href="/facts/East_Slavic_languages/J4J8nyUC">East Slavic languages</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a>, often share the following letters, among others: Ё, Й, Щ, Ы, Ь (soft sign), Э, Ю, Я</li></ul> <h3>South Slavic</h3> <h4>Bulgarian</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_alphabet/L6bXeRPS">Bulgarian alphabet</a>, <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian language</a>, and <a href="/facts/Reforms_of_Bulgarian_orthography/mbD4I51a">Reforms of Bulgarian orthography</a></p> The Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2590/5qny9Lxf">А а</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2591/ox0BjkJk">Б б</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2592/FR8G4Qr5">В в</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2593/abFeBFvh">Г г</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2594/6rMjENW9">Д д</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2595/1BWzBAPx">Е е</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2596/bthleFIE">Ж ж</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2597/2aLgmHdk">З з</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2598/0wRPDyRc">И и</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2599/EgCfCdoe">Й й</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%259A/kYYugHnj">К к</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%259B/EXAeHt2J">Л л</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%259C/NUhSFHT6">М м</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%259D/Vf67VBxB">Н н</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%259E/AfkYkKpe">О о</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%259F/nkIg79zU">П п</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25A0/heUXAWnF">Р р</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25A1/cwR2IW3X">С с</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25A2/w7GSVBhM">Т т</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25A3/0nUALMBy">У у</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25A4/Wnn4LIcc">Ф ф</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25A5/lscoA3uy">Х х</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25A6/Jq7knYlU">Ц ц</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25A7/06ENxQ6u">Ч ч</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25A8/D6hcCyhN">Ш ш</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25A9/tMEENSLc">Щ щ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25AA/cau6RoKh">Ъ ъ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25AC/b89KUdMF">Ь ь</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25AE/DNAPWzpp">Ю ю</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%25AF/bjv3EdfE">Я я</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian</a> alphabet features: </p> <ul><li>The Bulgarian names for the consonants are [bɤ], [kɤ], [ɫɤ] (bǔ, kǔ, lǔ) etc. instead of [bɛ], [ka], [ɛl] (be, ka, el) etc.</li> <li>Е represents /ɛ/ and is called "е" [ɛ]. Unlike in other Slavic languages, the sound [jɛ] does not exist in native words, being replaced with Е in most cases.</li> <li>The sounds /dʒ/ (/d͡ʒ/) and /dz/ (/d͡z/) are represented by the digraphs дж and дз respectively, as in Ukrainian.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Short_I/EgCfCdoe">Short I</a> (Й, й) represents /j/, as in Russian.</li> <li>Щ represents /ʃt/ (/ʃ͡t/) and is called "щъ" [ʃtɤ] ([ʃ͡tɤ]).</li> <li>Ъ represents the vowel /ɤ/, and is called "ер голям" (IPA: [ˈɛr ɡoˈʎam]) ('big er'). Despite the official name being "big er", the letter is only referred to as that in the context of the alphabet, and is usually called /ɤ/ in common speech. The vowel Ъ /ɤ/ is sometimes approximated to the /ə/ (<a href="/facts/Schwa/5TvL9LSb">schwa</a>) sound found in many languages for easier comprehension of its Bulgarian pronunciation for foreigners, but it is actually a back vowel, not a central vowel.</li> <li>Ь is used on rare occasions (only after a consonant [and] before the vowel "о"), such as in the words 'каньон' (canyon), 'шофьор' (driver), etc. It represents the sound [j], unless after Г, К and Л, in which case it palatalizes them to [ɟ], [c] and [ʎ]. It is called "ер малък" [ˈɛr ˈmalɐk] ('small er').</li> <li>Before 1945, the letter Ѣ (yat) was used. In eastern dialects, the letter would be pronounced as [ɛ] or [ja] depending on the context, while in western dialects, it would be pronounced almost exclusively as [ɛ]. This led to cases in which words such as млѣко (Modern Bulgarian: мляко) would be pronounced as "mlyako" in the east, but as "mleko" in the west. In 1945, the letter was abolished and replaced by Я or Е, depending on its use in the eastern dialects. The letter is also referred to as "е двойно" (double e).</li> <li>Before 1945, the letter Ѫ (big yus) was used. In early Bulgarian, the letter represented the nasal vowel [ɔ̃]. By the late 18th century however, the sound had shifted to /ɤ/, the same sound as Ъ, and was mostly used in its etymological locations. There are no differences between the two, apart from the fact that Ѫ can be used at the end of words. In 1945, the letter was abolished along with Ѣ (yat) and was replaced by А or Ъ. It is sometimes referred to as "голяма носовка" (big nasal sign) and "ъ широко" (wide ъ).</li> <li>For a brief period, the letter Ѭ (iotated big yus) was used, during the use of the <a href="/facts/Marin_Drinov/e85r1Usl">Drinov Orthography</a>, and represented the sound [jɐ] or /jɤ/ in words verb conjugations, for example in търпѭ (IPA: /tɐrˈpjɤ/). The letter Ѫ was also used for the same purpose alongside its normal usage. In 1899, both letters replaced in verb conjugations by Я and А in all cases as part of the new <a href="/facts/Todor_Ivanchov/aMDvByIF">Ivanchov Orthography</a>.</li></ul> <p>The Cyrillic alphabet was originally developed in the <a href="/facts/First_Bulgarian_Empire/3RCq0kUp">First Bulgarian Empire</a> during the 9th – 10th century AD at the <a href="/facts/Preslav_Literary_School/Id0ufAtC">Preslav Literary School</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>It has been used in <a href="/facts/First_Bulgarian_Empire/3RCq0kUp">Bulgaria</a> (with modifications and exclusion of certain archaic letters via spelling reforms) continuously since then, superseding the previously used <a href="/facts/Glagolitic_alphabet/5la1tJtG">Glagolitic alphabet</a>, which was also invented and used there before the <a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">Cyrillic script</a> overtook its use as a written script for the <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian language</a>. The Cyrillic alphabet was used in the then much bigger territory of <a href="/facts/First_Bulgarian_Empire/3RCq0kUp">Bulgaria</a> (including most of today's Serbia), <a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a>, Kosovo, Albania, Northern Greece (Macedonia region), <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a> and <a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a>, officially from 893. It was also transferred from <a href="/facts/First_Bulgarian_Empire/3RCq0kUp">Bulgaria</a> and adopted by the <a href="/facts/East_Slavic_languages/J4J8nyUC">East Slavic languages</a> in <a href="/facts/Kievan_Rus%2527/oYbNWrwR">Kievan Rus'</a> and evolved into the <a href="/facts/Russian_alphabet/ezoUpIPL">Russian alphabet</a> and the alphabets of many other Slavic (and later non-Slavic) languages. Later, some Slavs modified it and added/excluded letters from it to better suit the needs of their own language varieties. </p> <h4>Serbian</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet/d5s1lFk2">Serbian Cyrillic alphabet</a> and <a href="/facts/Serbian_language/quNDpTCd">language</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/South_Slavic_languages/0p4fKXXE">South Slavic</a> Cyrillic alphabets (with the exception of Bulgarian) are generally derived from <a href="/facts/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet/d5s1lFk2">Serbian Cyrillic</a>. It, and by extension its descendants, differs from the East Slavic ones in that the alphabet has generally been simplified: Letters such as Й, Я, Ю, Ё, and Ь representing /j/, /ja/, /ju/, /jo/, and palatalization in Russian, respectively, have been removed. Instead, these are represented by the letter ⟨Ј⟩, digraphs ⟨ја⟩, ⟨ју⟩, ⟨јо⟩, and unmarked palatalization, respectively. Additionally, the letter Е, representing /je/ in Russian, is instead pronounced /e/ or /ɛ/, with /je/ being represented by ⟨је⟩. Alphabets based on the Serbian that add new letters often do so by adding an acute accent ⟨´⟩ over an existing letter. </p> The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td><a href="/facts/Dje/csvjoRV5">Ђ ђ</a></td><td>Е е</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Je_(Cyrillic)/DxQwbbNg">Ј ј</a></td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td><a href="/facts/Lje/XT7cUyUW">Љ љ</a></td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td><a href="/facts/Nje/UeExF7hE">Њ њ</a></td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td></tr><tr><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td><a href="/facts/Tshe/cVCEKYnw">Ћ ћ</a></td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td><a href="/facts/Dzhe/jbMJlXYY">Џ џ</a></td><td>Ш ш</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/facts/Serbian_language/quNDpTCd">Serbian</a> alphabet shows the following features: </p> <ul><li>E represents /ɛ/.</li> <li>Between Д and E is the letter <a href="/facts/Dje/csvjoRV5">Dje</a> (Ђ, ђ), which represents /dʑ/, and looks like <a href="/facts/Tshe/cVCEKYnw">Tshe</a>, except that the loop of the h curls farther and dips downwards.</li> <li>Between И and К is the letter <a href="/facts/Je_(Cyrillic)/DxQwbbNg">Je</a> (Ј, ј), represents /j/, which looks like the Latin letter J.</li> <li>Between Л and М is the letter <a href="/facts/Lje/XT7cUyUW">Lje</a> (Љ, љ), representing /ʎ/, which looks like a ligature of Л and the Soft Sign.</li> <li>Between Н and О is the letter <a href="/facts/Nje/UeExF7hE">Nje</a> (Њ, њ), representing /ɲ/, which looks like a ligature of Н and the Soft Sign.</li> <li>Between Т and У is the letter <a href="/facts/Tshe/cVCEKYnw">Tshe</a> (Ћ, ћ), representing /tɕ/ and looks like a lowercase Latin letter h with a bar. On the uppercase letter, the bar appears at the top; on the lowercase letter, the bar crosses the top at half of the vertical line.</li> <li>Between Ч and Ш is the letter <a href="/facts/Dzhe/jbMJlXYY">Dzhe</a> (Џ, џ), representing /dʒ/, which looks like Tse but with the descender moved from the right side of the bottom bar to the middle of the bottom bar.</li> <li>Ш is the last letter.</li> <li>Certain letters are handwritten differently,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> as seen in the adjacent image.</li></ul> <h4>Montenegrin</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Montenegrin_alphabet/Ftan0Fwn">Montenegrin alphabet</a> and <a href="/facts/Montenegrin_language/YqwofxJX">language</a></p> The Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Ђ ђ</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td><a href="/facts/Zje/xoQwU95E">З́ з́</a></td><td>И и</td></tr><tr><td>Ј ј</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>Љ љ</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Њ њ</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sje/cwR2IW3X">С́ с́</a></td><td>Т т</td><td>Ћ ћ</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Џ џ</td><td>Ш ш</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/facts/Montenegrin_language/YqwofxJX">Montenegrin</a> alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways: </p> <ul><li>Between Ze (З з) and I (И и) is the letter <a href="/facts/%25D0%2597%25CC%2581/2aLgmHdk">З́</a>, which represents /ʑ/ (<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">voiced alveolo-palatal fricative</a>). It is written ⟨Ź ź⟩ in the corresponding Montenegrin Latin alphabet, previously written ⟨Zj zj⟩ or ⟨Žj žj⟩.</li> <li>Between Es (С с) and Te (Т т) is the letter <a href="/facts/%25D0%25A1%25CC%2581/cwR2IW3X">С́</a>, which represents /ɕ/ (<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative</a>). It is written ⟨Ś ś⟩ in the corresponding Montenegrin Latin alphabet, previously written ⟨Sj sj⟩ or ⟨Šj šj⟩.</li> <li>The letter Dze (Ѕ ѕ), from Macedonian, is used in scientific literature when representing the /d͡z/ phoneme, although it is not officially part of the alphabet. A Latin equivalent was proposed that looks identical to Ze (З з).</li></ul> <h4>Macedonian</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Macedonian_alphabet/Uj8uNX8C">Macedonian alphabet</a> and <a href="/facts/Macedonian_language/FdnWMYBR">language</a></p> The Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td><a href="/facts/Gje/HWn7jvnR">Ѓ ѓ</a></td><td>Е е</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td><a href="/facts/Dze/lhgKpoVq">Ѕ ѕ</a></td><td>И и</td></tr><tr><td>Ј ј</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>Љ љ</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Њ њ</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td></tr><tr><td>Т т</td><td><a href="/facts/Kje/rqlncvb3">Ќ ќ</a></td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Џ џ</td><td>Ш ш</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/facts/Macedonian_language/FdnWMYBR">Macedonian</a> alphabet differs from Serbian in the following ways: </p> <ul><li>Between Ze (З з) and I (И и) is the letter Dze (Ѕ ѕ), which looks like the Latin letter S and represents /d͡z/.</li> <li>Dje (Ђ ђ) is replaced by Gje (Ѓ ѓ), which represents /ɟ/ (<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_stop/otrWQbpW">voiced palatal stop</a>). In some dialects, it represents /d͡ʑ/ instead, like Dje. It is written ⟨Ǵ ǵ⟩ in the corresponding Macedonian Latin alphabet.</li> <li>Tshe (Ћ ћ) is replaced by Kje (Ќ ќ), which represents /c/ (<a href="/facts/Voiceless_palatal_stop/nBqIqUIS">voiceless palatal stop</a>). In some dialects, it represents /t͡ɕ/ instead, like Tshe. It is written ⟨Ḱ ḱ⟩ in the corresponding Macedonian Latin alphabet.</li> <li>Lje (Љ љ) often represents the consonant cluster /lj/ instead of /ʎ/.</li> <li>Certain letters are handwritten differently, as seen in the adjacent image.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Bosnian</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Bosnian_Cyrillic/syQj29fo">Bosnian Cyrillic</a></p> <h4>Croatian</h4> <p>Historically, the <a href="/facts/Croatian_language/o2Y8WHuy">Croatian language</a> briefly used the Cyrillic script in areas with large <a href="/facts/Croatian_language/o2Y8WHuy">Croatian</a> or <a href="/facts/Bosnian_language/T6magSgv">Bosnian</a> speaking populations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>East Slavic</h3> <h4>Russian</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Russian_alphabet/ezoUpIPL">Russian alphabet</a> and <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">language</a></p> The Russian Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д (∂)</td><td>Е е</td><td><a href="/facts/Yo_(Cyrillic)/o0efFoz2">Ё ё</a></td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td></tr><tr><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td></tr><tr><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>(Ъ) ъ</td><td><a href="/facts/Yery/3gBEL8Nt">Ы ы</a></td><td>(Ь) ь</td><td><a href="/facts/E_(Cyrillic)/AXg0jFNN">Э э</a></td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Yo (Ё ё) indicates /jo/.</li> <li>The Hard Sign¹ (Ъ ъ) indicates no palatalization².</li> <li>Yery (Ы ы) indicates [ɨ] (an allophone of /i/).</li> <li>The letter Ф is most often found in loanwords or other foreign words and only occurs in a few native words.</li> <li>E (Э э) indicates /e/.</li> <li>Ж and Ш indicate sounds that are <a href="/facts/Retroflex_consonant/lsBdJD4V">retroflex</a>.</li></ul> <p>Notes: </p> <ol><li>In the pre-reform <a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a> orthography, in <a href="/facts/Old_Russian_language/lu2RfgKH">Old Russian</a> and in <a href="/facts/Old_Church_Slavonic/KCEH4cFL">Old Church Slavonic</a> the letter is called <a href="/facts/Yer/dI3D88oq">yer</a>. Historically, the "hard sign" takes the place of a now-absent <a href="/facts/Vowel/BNhCeFtH">vowel</a>, which is still preserved as a distinct vowel in <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian</a> (which represents it with <i>ъ</i>) and <a href="/facts/Slovene_language/09YPyUQr">Slovene</a> (which is written in the Latin alphabet and writes it as <i>e</i>), but only in some places in the word.</li> <li>When an iotated vowel (vowel whose sound begins with [j]) follows a consonant, the consonant is palatalized. The Hard Sign indicates that this does not happen, and the [j] sound will appear only in front of the vowel. The Soft Sign indicates that the consonant should be palatalized in addition to a [j] preceding the vowel. The Soft Sign also indicates that a consonant before another consonant or at the end of a word is palatalized. Examples: та ([ta]); тя ([tʲa]); тья ([tʲja]); тъя ([tja]); т (/t/); ть ([tʲ]).</li></ol> <p>Before 1918, there were four extra letters in use: Іі (replaced by Ии), Ѳѳ (Фита "<a href="/facts/Fita/97Tvz9Lv">Fita</a>", replaced by Фф), Ѣѣ (Ять "<a href="/facts/Yat/Tg7SWCMg">Yat</a>", replaced by Ее), and Ѵѵ (ижица "<a href="/facts/Izhitsa/hM6qEhWx">Izhitsa</a>", replaced by Ии); these were eliminated by <a href="/facts/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography/8u54bae1">reforms of Russian orthography</a>. </p> <h4>Belarusian</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Belarusian_alphabet/Egq4EKJb">Belarusian alphabet</a> and <a href="/facts/Belarusian_language/yRuE1cfX">language</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Russian_alphabet/ezoUpIPL">Russian alphabet</a></p> The Belarusian Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td><a href="/facts/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)/U5TF0oFG">І і</a></td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td></tr><tr><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td><a href="/facts/Short_U_(Cyrillic)/C23PVaCu">Ў ў</a></td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td></tr><tr><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td><td>'</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/facts/Belarusian_alphabet/Egq4EKJb">Belarusian</a> alphabet displays the following features: </p> <ul><li>He or Ge (Г г) represents a <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">voiced velar fricative</a> or <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">voiced velar plosive</a> of /ɣ/ or /ɡ/</li> <li>Yo (Ё ё) represents /jo/, just like in Russian.</li> <li>I (І і), also known as the <i>dotted I</i> or <i>decimal I</i>, resembles the Latin letter I. Unlike Russian and Ukrainian, "И" is not used. <ul><li>Short I (Й й), however, uses the base И glyph.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Short_U_(Cyrillic)/C23PVaCu">Short U</a> (Ў ў) is the letter У with a <a href="/facts/Breve/W3ww5jjb">breve</a> and represents /w/, or like the <i>u</i> part of the <a href="/facts/Diphthong/K8tWRvsx">diphthong</a> in <i>loud</i>. The use of the breve to indicate a <a href="/facts/Semivowel/9nPDkQdw">semivowel</a> is analogous to the Short I (Й).</li> <li>A combination of Sh and Ch (ШЧ шч) is used where those familiar only with Russian and or Ukrainian would expect Shcha (Щ щ).</li> <li>Yery (Ы ы) represents /ɨ/.</li> <li>E (Э э) represents /ɛ/, just like in Russian.</li> <li>An apostrophe (’) is used to indicate depalatalization of the preceding consonant. This orthographical symbol is used instead of the traditional Cyrillic letter <a href="/facts/Yer/dI3D88oq">Yer</a> (Ъ), also known as the hard sign.</li> <li>The letter combinations Dzh (Дж дж) and Dz (Дз дз) appear after D (Д д) in the Belarusian alphabet in some publications. These <a href="/facts/Digraph_(orthography)/wp3UgEyU">digraphs</a> represent the affricates Дж /d͡ʒ/ and Дз /d͡z/ correspondingly.</li> <li>Before 1933, the letter <a href="/facts/Ghe_with_upturn/4tRCPPlu">Ґ ґ</a> (Ge) was used, although its use was optional.</li></ul> <h4>Ukrainian</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_alphabet/RXdMx44m">Ukrainian alphabet</a> and <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">language</a></p> The Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Ґ ґ</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_Ye/JQYyGA6u">Є є</a></td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td></tr><tr><td>І і</td><td><a href="/facts/Yi_(Cyrillic)/kxkt260f">Ї ї</a></td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td></tr><tr><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a> alphabet displays the following features: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ve_(Cyrillic)/FR8G4Qr5">Ve</a> (В) represents /ʋ/ (which may be pronounced [w] in a word final position and before consonants).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ge_(Cyrillic)/TcXbf3s2">He</a> (Г, г) represents a <a href="/facts/Voiced_glottal_fricative/hFPhBCaq">voiced glottal fricative</a>, (/ɦ/), similar to the respective sound in Belarusian.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ge_with_upturn/4tRCPPlu">Ge</a> (Ґ, ґ) appears after He, represents /ɡ/. It looks like He with an "upturn" pointing up from the right side of the top bar. (This letter was removed in <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic/MAxGCkwN">Soviet Ukraine</a> in 1933–1990, so it may be missing from older Cyrillic fonts.)</li> <li>E (Е, е) represents /ɛ/.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_Ye/JQYyGA6u">Ye</a> (Є, є) appears after E and represents the sound /jɛ/.</li> <li>E and И (И, и) both represent the sound /ɪ/ if unstressed. <ul><li>И when stressed represents the sound /ɨ/, the same as the traditional Cyrillic letter Yery (Ы).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)/U5TF0oFG">I</a> (І, і) appears after И and represents the sound /i/.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yi_(Cyrillic)/kxkt260f">Yi</a> (Ї, ї) appears after I and represents the sound /ji/.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Short_I/EgCfCdoe">Jot</a> (Й, й) represents /j/.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shcha/tMEENSLc">Shcha</a> (Щ, щ) represents /ʃtʃ/.</li> <li>An <a href="/facts/Apostrophe_(mark)/vnPUFIYz">apostrophe</a> (’) is used to mark nonpalatalization of the preceding consonant before Ya (Я, я), Yu (Ю, ю), Ye (Є, є), Yi (Ї, ї), the same as how it’s used in Belarusian.</li> <li>As in <a href="/facts/Belarusian_language/yRuE1cfX">Belarusian</a> Cyrillic, the sounds /dʒ/, /dz/ are represented by digraphs Дж and Дз respectively.</li></ul> <h4>Rusyn</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Rusyn_language/T1XYCasx">Rusyn language</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Rusyn_language/T1XYCasx">Rusyn language</a> is spoken by the <a href="/facts/Carpatho-Rusyns/5IpGTxpJ">Carpatho-Rusyns</a> in <a href="/facts/Carpathian_Ruthenia/rCWLraVf">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>, Slovakia, and Poland, and the <a href="/facts/Pannonian_Rusyns/NstcLPnB">Pannonian Rusyns</a> in Croatia and Serbia. </p> The Rusyn Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Ґ ґ</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Є є</td><td>Ё ё*</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>І і</td></tr><tr><td>Ї ї</td><td>И и</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td></tr><tr><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Ъ ъ</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Rusyn alphabet differs from Ukrainian in that the letters Ё, Ы, and the hard sign (Ъ), from Russian, are also used. </p> The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Ґ ґ</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Є є</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td></tr><tr><td>Ї ї</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td></tr><tr><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td><td>Ь ь</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that <a href="/facts/Pannonian_Rusyn/2mnY0XPK">Pannonian Rusyn</a> is a <a href="/facts/West_Slavic_language/VIc4kPLy">West Slavic language</a> despite its name. </p> <h2 id="non-slavic-indo-european-languages">Non-Slavic Indo-European languages</h2> <h3>Romance languages</h3> <h4>Romanian and Moldovan</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Romanian_language/zAY3GnkL">Romanian language</a> used the cyrillic script up to the 19th century (see <a href="/facts/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet/xrGWn92m">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Moldovan_language/0IGg3IWL">Moldovan language</a> (an alternative name of the Romanian language in <a href="/facts/Bessarabia_Governorate/GBBhS6yN">Bessarabia</a>, <a href="/facts/Moldavian_ASSR/JwekNrxB">Moldavian ASSR</a>, <a href="/facts/Moldavian_SSR/4q45hBFu">Moldavian SSR</a> and <a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a>) used varieties of the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet in 1812–1918, and the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (derived from the Russian alphabet and standardised in the Soviet Union) in 1924–1932 and 1938–1989. Nowadays, this alphabet is still official in the unrecognized republic of <a href="/facts/Transnistria/uSqmpMAd">Transnistria</a> (see <a href="/facts/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet/gQjfTvG0">Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet</a>). </p> <h4>Ladino</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Judaeo-Spanish/agC0XUvz">Ladino</a> uses the cyrillic script in occasional Bulgarian Sephardic publications. </p> <h3>Indo-Aryan</h3> <h4>Romani</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Romani_language/NouAKyrh">Romani</a> is written in Cyrillic in <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a>, <a href="/facts/Montenegro/QynKJrw5">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a> and the former <a href="/facts/USSR/m7wWsPto">USSR</a>. </p> <h3>Iranian</h3> <h4>Kurdish</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Kurdish_alphabets/wCl6RAqJ">Kurdish alphabets</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Kurd/bRUqFtXT">Kurds</a> in the former <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> use a Cyrillic alphabet: </p> Kurdish Cyrillic Orthography<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Г' г'</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/%25D3%2598/9n71SXQ7">Ә ә</a></td><td>Ә' ә'</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td></tr><tr><td>К' к'</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td><a href="/facts/%25C3%2596/41AF4mKp">Ӧ ö</a></td><td>П п</td></tr><tr><td>П' п'</td><td>Р р</td><td>Р' р'</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>Т' т'</td><td>У у</td></tr><tr><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%25BA/as1qUh60">Һ һ</a></td><td>Һ' һ'</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ч' ч'</td><td>Ш ш</td></tr><tr><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td><a href="/facts/Qa_(Cyrillic)/PXnSNlNq">Ԛ ԛ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/We_(Cyrillic)/3WyhU78X">Ԝ ԝ</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Ossetic</h4> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Ossetic_language/a4MHjCtL">Ossetic language</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Ossetic_language/a4MHjCtL">Ossetic language</a> has officially used the Cyrillic script since 1937. </p> Ossetian Cyrillic script<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D3%2594/aUqNvHPd">Ӕ ӕ</a></td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Гъ гъ</td><td>Д д</td><td>Дж дж</td></tr><tr><td>Дз дз</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td></tr><tr><td>Къ къ</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Пъ пъ</td><td>Р р</td></tr><tr><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>Тъ тъ</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Хъ хъ</td><td>Ц ц</td></tr><tr><td>Цъ цъ</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Чъ чъ</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td></tr><tr><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Tajik</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Tajik_alphabet/rTyFEutk">Tajik alphabet</a></p> <p>The Tajik alphabet is written using a <a href="/facts/Cyrillic/0btN3oWC">Cyrillic</a>-based alphabet. </p> Tajik-Persian Cyrillic Alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%2592/abFeBFvh">Ғ ғ</a></td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/%25D3%25A2/0wRPDyRc">Ӣ ӣ</a></td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%259A/rWXpwdo6">Қ қ</a></td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td></tr><tr><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D3%25AE/0nUALMBy">Ӯ ӯ</a></td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%25B2/vTau1Gt1">Ҳ ҳ</a></td><td>Ч ч</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%25B6/06ENxQ6u">Ҷ ҷ</a></td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Э э</td></tr><tr><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Other</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Judeo-Tat/w6DRqGwR">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yaghnobi_language/5fjBegsJ">Yaghnobi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yazghulami_language/sLmwrmYK">Yazghulami</a></li></ul> <h2 id="uralic-languages">Uralic languages</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Uralic_languages/4K0r9XRI">Uralic languages</a> using the Cyrillic script (currently or in the past) include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Finnic_languages/aQQTgyeP">Finnic</a>: <a href="/facts/Karelian_language/SMQox1Dw">Karelian</a> until 1921 and 1937–1940 (<a href="/facts/Ludic_language/xr175T8p">Ludic</a>, <a href="/facts/Olonets_Karelian_language/zYPSdg5P">Olonets Karelian</a>); <a href="/facts/Veps_language/PRchXHhm">Veps</a>; <a href="/facts/Votic_language/YfIdC6yu">Votic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kildin_Sami/Ca7fP6F2">Kildin Sami</a> in Russia (since the 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Komi_language/qJwlzNhW">Komi</a> (<a href="/facts/Komi_language/qJwlzNhW">Zyrian</a> (since the 17th century, modern alphabet since the 1930s); <a href="/facts/Komi-Permyak_language/j7Th3ypq">Permyak</a>; <a href="/facts/Komi-Yodzyak_language/KgcyFhbW">Yodzyak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Udmurt_language/IUPQrbHj">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Khanty_language/drDgfCI2">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mansi_language/XnU9TV93">Mansi</a> (writing has not received distribution since 1937)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Samoyedic_languages/3AXzLalR">Samoyedic</a>: <a href="/facts/Enets_language/jrw2CHlE">Enets</a>; <i><a href="/facts/Yurats_language/w4mnLUwK">Yurats</a></i>; Nenets since 1937 (<a href="/facts/Forest_Nenets_language/3y9ulTIy">Forest Nenets</a>; <a href="/facts/Tundra_Nenets_language/Q7mgPYWm">Tundra Nenets</a>); <a href="/facts/Nganasan_language/bRs2GzhB">Nganasan</a>; <i><a href="/facts/Kamassian_language/bQIcl83G">Kamassian</a></i>; <i><a href="/facts/Koibal_language_(Samoyedic)/bQIcl83G">Koibal</a></i>; <i><a href="/facts/Mator_language/1X7nWfhG">Mator</a></i>; <a href="/facts/Selkup_language/wJ67IUDv">Selkup</a> (since the 1950s; not used recently)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mari_language/Md4FcAXn">Mari</a>, since the 19th century (<a href="/facts/Hill_Mari_language/J7WfX2PV">Hill</a>; <a href="/facts/Meadow_Mari_language/SC1C5WBj">Meadow</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mordvinic_alphabets/evMWPFJ9">Mordvin</a>, since the 18th century (<a href="/facts/Erzya_language/2njwfIf6">Erzya</a>; <a href="/facts/Moksha_language/unJuAs10">Moksha</a>)</li> <li>Other: <i><a href="/facts/Merya_language/gAkEByqe">Merya</a></i>; <i><a href="/facts/Muromian_language/uefHdcyp">Muromian</a></i>; <i><a href="/facts/Meshcherian_language/uefHdcyp">Meshcherian</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Karelian</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Karelian_alphabet/vXfd82X5">Karelian alphabet</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Karelian_language/SMQox1Dw">Karelian language</a> was written in the Cyrillic script in various forms until 1940 when publication in Karelian ceased in favor of Finnish, except for Tver Karelian, written in a Latin alphabet. In 1989 publication began again in the other Karelian dialects and Latin alphabets were used, in some cases with the addition of Cyrillic letters such as ь. </p> <h3>Kildin Sámi</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Kildin_Sami_orthography/vRjLSBXt">Kildin Sami orthography</a></p> <p>Over the last century, the <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A1mi_orthography/q1H6RbaQ">alphabet</a> used to write <a href="/facts/Kildin_S%25C3%25A1mi/Ca7fP6F2">Kildin Sámi</a> has changed three times: from <a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">Cyrillic</a> to <a href="/facts/Latin_alphabet/pqWVHpBz">Latin</a> and back again to Cyrillic. Work on the latest version of the official orthography commenced in 1979. It was officially approved in 1982 and started to be widely used by 1987.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>Komi-Permyak</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Komi-Permyak_language/j7Th3ypq">Komi-Permyak language § Alphabet</a></p> <p>The Komi-Permyak Cyrillic alphabet: </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td></tr><tr><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td><a href="/facts/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)/U5TF0oFG">І і</a></td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td></tr><tr><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D3%25A6/AfkYkKpe">Ӧ ӧ</a></td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td></tr><tr><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td></tr><tr><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Mari alphabets</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Mari_alphabet/P5D25jv6">Mari alphabet</a></p> <p>Meadow Mari Cyrillic alphabet: </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td></tr><tr><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ҥ ҥ</td><td>О о</td><td>Ӧ ӧ</td></tr><tr><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ӱ ӱ</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td></tr><tr><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hill Mari Cyrillic alphabet </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Ӓ ӓ</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td></tr><tr><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>Ӧ ӧ</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td></tr><tr><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ӱ ӱ</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td></tr><tr><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ӹ ӹ</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="turkic-languages">Turkic languages</h2> <h3>Azerbaijani</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Azerbaijani_alphabet/dNBYVrAd">Azerbaijani alphabet</a></p> The Azerbaijani Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><th>First version (1939–1958):</th><td>Аа</td><td>Бб</td><td>Вв</td><td>Гг</td><td>Ғғ</td><td>Дд</td><td>Ее</td><td>Әә</td><td>Жж</td><td>Зз</td><td>Ии</td><td>Йй</td><td>Кк</td><td>Ҝҝ</td><td>Лл</td><td>Мм</td><td>Нн</td><td>Оо</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Өө</td><td>Пп</td><td>Рр</td><td>Сс</td><td>Тт</td><td>Уу</td><td>Үү</td><td>Фф</td><td>Хх</td><td>Һһ</td><td>Цц</td><td>Чч</td><td>Ҹҹ</td><td>Шш</td><td>Ыы</td><td>Ээ</td><td>Юю</td><td>Яя</td><td>ʼ</td></tr><tr><th>Second version (1958–1991):<i>still used today by Dagestan</i></th><td>Аа</td><td>Бб</td><td>Вв</td><td>Гг</td><td>Ғғ</td><td>Дд</td><td>Ее</td><td>Әә</td><td>Жж</td><td>Зз</td><td>Ии</td><td>Ыы</td><td>Јј</td><td>Кк</td><td>Ҝҝ</td><td>Лл</td><td>Мм</td><td>Нн</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Оо</td><td>Өө</td><td>Пп</td><td>Рр</td><td>Сс</td><td>Тт</td><td>Уу</td><td>Үү</td><td>Фф</td><td>Хх</td><td>Һһ</td><td>Чч</td><td>Ҹҹ</td><td>Шш</td><td>ʼ</td></tr></tbody></table> Latin Alphabet (as of 1992) Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz <h3>Bashkir</h3> <p>The Cyrillic script was used for the <a href="/facts/Bashkir_language/u1N82RGj">Bashkir language</a> after the winter of 1938. </p> The Bashkir Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Ғ ғ</td><td>Д д</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%2598/2aLgmHdk">Ҙ ҙ</a></td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td></tr><tr><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%25A0/kYYugHnj">Ҡ ҡ</a></td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ң ң</td><td>О о</td><td>Ө ө</td><td>П п</td></tr><tr><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%25AA/cwR2IW3X">Ҫ ҫ</a></td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ү ү</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Һ һ</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td></tr><tr><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ә ә</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Chuvash</h3> <p>The Cyrillic alphabet is used for the <a href="/facts/Chuvash_language/2pvVW2sT">Chuvash language</a> since the late 19th century, with some changes in 1938. </p> The Chuvash Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Ӑ ӑ</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ӗ ӗ</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td></tr><tr><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Ҫ ҫ</td></tr><tr><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ӳ ӳ</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td></tr><tr><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Cyrillic letters Бб, Гг, Дд, Ёё, Жж, Зз, Оо, Фф, Цц, Щщ and Ъъ are not used in native Chuvash words, but only for Russian loans. </p> <h3>Kazakh</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Kazakh_alphabets/0yhntQvY">Kazakh alphabets</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Kazakh_language/rh22ccFt">Kazakh</a> can be alternatively written in the Latin alphabet. Latin is expected to entirely replace Cyrillic by 2031, alongside the modified <a href="/facts/Arabic_alphabet/hCA1a0xq">Arabic alphabet</a> (in the <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Republic_of_China/lTjIXY5p">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> and <a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C">Afghanistan</a>). </p> The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D3%2598/9n71SXQ7">Ә ә</a></td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%2592/abFeBFvh">Ғ ғ</a></td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td></tr><tr><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%259A/rWXpwdo6">Қ қ</a></td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%25A2/7Hu21AeM">Ң ң</a></td><td>О о</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D3%25A8/3UDq7xst">Ө ө</a></td><td>П п</td></tr><tr><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%25B0/IHdKqVS0">Ұ ұ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%25AE/A75MvGXt">Ү ү</a></td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D2%25BA/as1qUh60">Һ һ</a></td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td></tr><tr><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>І і</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ә ә = /æ/</li> <li>Ғ ғ = /ʁ/ (<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">voiced uvular fricative</a>)</li> <li>Е е = /jɪ/</li> <li>И и = /ɪj/, /ɘj/</li> <li>Қ қ = /q/ (<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">voiceless uvular plosive</a>)</li> <li>Ң ң = /ŋ/, /ɴ/</li> <li>О о = /o/, /ʷo/, /ʷʊ/</li> <li>Ө ө = /œ/, /ʷœ/, /ʷʏ/</li> <li>У у = /ʊw/, /ʉw/, /w/</li> <li>Ұ ұ = /ʊ/</li> <li>Ү ү = /ʉ/, /ʏ/</li> <li>Һ һ = /h/</li> <li>Щ щ = /ʃʃ/</li> <li>Ы ы = /ɯ/, /ә/</li> <li>І і = /ɪ/, /ɘ/</li></ul> <p>The Cyrillic letters Вв, Ёё, Цц, Чч, Ъъ, Ьь and Ээ are not used in native Kazakh words, but only for Russian loans. </p> <h3>Kyrgyz</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Kyrgyz_alphabets/3WM8WDcz">Kyrgyz alphabets</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Kyrgyz_language/jnuN76wT">Kyrgyz</a> has also been written in Latin and in Arabic. </p> The Kyrgyz Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td></tr><tr><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ң ң</td><td>О о</td><td>Ө ө</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ү ү</td></tr><tr><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ң ң = /ŋ/ (<a href="/facts/Velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">velar nasal</a>)</li> <li>Ү ү = /y/ (<a href="/facts/Close_front_rounded_vowel/fAyNrUxL">close front rounded vowel</a>)</li> <li>Ө ө = /œ/ (<a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel/AK5Dq8Vl">open-mid front rounded vowel</a>)</li></ul> <p>Bold letters are used only in loanwords. </p> <h3>Tatar</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Tatar_alphabet/k4ApgXPn">Tatar alphabet</a></p> <p>Tatar has used Cyrillic since 1939, but the Russian Orthodox Tatar community has used Cyrillic since the 19th century. In 2000 a new Latin alphabet was adopted for Tatar, but it is used generally on the <a href="/facts/Internet/Xw1rVvJU">Internet</a>. </p> The Tatar Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Ә ә</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>Җ җ</td></tr><tr><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ң ң</td><td>О о</td><td>Ө ө</td></tr><tr><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ү ү</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Һ һ</td><td>Ц ц</td></tr><tr><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ә ә = /æ/</li> <li>Ң ң = /ŋ/</li> <li>Ө ө = /œ/</li> <li>У у = /uw/, /yw/, /w/</li> <li>Ү ү = /y/</li> <li>Һ һ = /h/</li> <li>Җ җ = /ʑ/</li></ul> <p>The Cyrillic letters Ёё, Цц, Щщ are not used in native Tatar words, but only for Russian loans. </p> <h3>Turkmen</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Turkmen_alphabet/3rBSFBTB">Turkmen alphabet</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Turkmen_language/83a4zv7w">Turkmen</a>, written 1940–1994 exclusively in Cyrillic, since 1994 officially in Roman, but in everyday communication Cyrillic is still used along with Roman script. </p> The Turkmen Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>Җ җ</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td></tr><tr><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ң ң</td><td>О о</td><td>Ө ө</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td></tr><tr><td>Ү ү</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>(Ц ц)</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>(Щ щ)</td><td>(Ъ ъ)</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>(Ь ь)</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ә ә</td></tr><tr><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Uzbek</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Uzbek_alphabet/Eq5cxE7B">Uzbek alphabet</a></p> <p>From 1941 the Cyrillic script was used exclusively. In 1998 the government has adopted a Latin alphabet to replace it. The deadline for making this transition has however been repeatedly changed, and Cyrillic is still more common. It is not clear that the transition will be made at all. </p> The Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td></tr><tr><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td></tr><tr><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td><td>Ў ў</td><td>Қ қ</td><td>Ғ ғ</td><td>Ҳ ҳ</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>В в = /w/</li> <li>Ж ж = /dʒ/</li> <li>Ф ф = /ɸ/</li> <li>Х х = /χ/</li> <li>Ъ ъ = /ʔ/</li> <li>Ў ў = /ө/</li> <li>Қ қ = /q/</li> <li>Ғ ғ = /ʁ/</li> <li>Ҳ ҳ = /h/</li></ul> <p>In addition to the letters from the Russian alphabet, А–Я, except for Щ and Ы, the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet includes Ў, Қ, Ғ and Ҳ at the end. They are distinct letters in the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet and are sorted after Я as shown above. </p> <h3>Yakut</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Yakut_scripts/EbVsJpot">Yakut scripts</a></p> <p>Several Cyrillic alphabets have been used to write Yakut, but the current alphabet was adopted in 1939. </p> The Yakut Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Ҕ ҕ</td><td>Д д</td><td>Дь дь</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td></tr><tr><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ҥ ҥ</td></tr><tr><td>Нь нь</td><td>О о</td><td>Ө ө</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Һ һ</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td></tr><tr><td>Ү ү</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td></tr><tr><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Letters in Bold are only used in Russian Loanwords. </p> <h3>Other</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Altai_language/6RjzhBDF">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Crimean_Tatar_language/lgAr3spv">Crimean Tatar</a> (1938–1991, now mostly replaced by Roman)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gagauz_language/sjAx9TD1">Gagauz</a> (1957–1990s, exclusively in Cyrillic, since 1990s officially in Roman, but in reality in everyday communication Cyrillic is used along with Roman script)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karachay-Balkar_language/scITlanH">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Karakalpak_language/CB00ucC6">Karakalpak</a> (1940s–1990s)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karaim_language/J7HwECJG">Karaim</a> (20th century)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Khakas_language/YPVUV3cc">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kumyk_language/vQIYpcHh">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nogai_language/8lwfgYu1">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tuvan_language/K4SdUAo4">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Uyghur_language/RdlQY3hQ">Uyghur</a> – <a href="/facts/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet/lDSLjqLV">Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet</a> (<i>Uyghur Siril Yëziqi</i>). Used along with <a href="/facts/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet/oGzeYBKG">Uyghur Arabic alphabet</a> (<i>Uyghur Ereb Yëziqi</i>), <a href="/facts/Uyghur_New_script/cRSeXxuS">New Script</a> (<i>Uyghur Yëngi Yëziqi</i>, <a href="/facts/Pinyin/pUwjfMXg">Pinyin</a>-based), and modern <a href="/facts/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet/MtN5W634">Uyghur Latin alphabet</a> (<i>Uyghur Latin Yëziqi</i>).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dolgan_language/XVekMjVI">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Balkan_Gagauz_Turkish/Wfd027gs">Balkan Gagauz Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Urum_language/0EakWJpj">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Siberian_Tatar_language/vEnP2nkq">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Siberian_Turkic_language/p0Yz5eqw">Siberian Turkic</a></li></ul> <h2 id="caucasian-languages">Caucasian languages</h2> <h3>Northwest Caucasian languages</h3> <p>Living <a href="/facts/Northwest_Caucasian_languages/BYQjgreq">Northwest Caucasian languages</a> are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets. </p> <h4>Abaza</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Abaza_language/RAKqdUKS">Abaza language</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Abaza_language/RAKqdUKS">Abaza</a> is a <a href="/facts/Caucasian_language/GXBJ449t">Caucasian language</a>, spoken by Abazins in the <a href="/facts/Karachay-Cherkessia/MSsCpD8Y">Karachay-Cherkessia</a> Republic, <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>. </p> The Abaza Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Гв гв</td><td>Гъ гъ</td><td>Гъв гъв</td><td>Гъь гъь</td><td>Гь гь</td></tr><tr><td>Гӏ гӏ</td><td>Гӏв гӏв</td><td>Д д</td><td>Дж дж</td><td>Джв джв</td><td>Джь джь</td><td>Дз дз</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td></tr><tr><td>Ж ж</td><td>Жв жв</td><td>Жь жь</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Кв кв</td><td>Къ къ</td></tr><tr><td>Къв къв</td><td>Къь къь</td><td>Кь кь</td><td>Кӏ кӏ</td><td>Кӏв кӏв</td><td>Кӏь кӏь</td><td>Л л</td><td>Ль ль</td><td>(Лӏ лӏ)</td></tr><tr><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Пӏ пӏ</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>Тл тл</td></tr><tr><td>Тш тш</td><td>Тӏ тӏ</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>(Фӏ фӏ)</td><td>Х х</td><td>Хв хв</td><td>Хъ хъ</td><td>Хъв хъв</td></tr><tr><td>Хь хь</td><td>Хӏ хӏ</td><td>Хӏв хӏв</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Цӏ цӏ</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Чв чв</td><td>Чӏ чӏ</td><td>Чӏв чӏв</td></tr><tr><td>Ш ш</td><td>Шв шв</td><td>Шӏ шӏ</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Digraphs in parentheses are dialectal, and are therefore absent from the literary language and the official alphabet.</li></ul> <h4>Abkhaz</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Abkhaz_alphabet/2c9u07wL">Abkhaz alphabet</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Abkhaz_language/CCHPFsb6">Abkhaz</a> is a <a href="/facts/Caucasian_language/GXBJ449t">Caucasian language</a>, spoken in the Autonomous Republic of <a href="/facts/Abkhazia/7to1809j">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a>. </p> The Abkhaz Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Гь гь</td><td>Гә гә</td><td>Ӷ ӷ</td><td>Ӷь ӷь</td><td>Ӷә ӷә</td></tr><tr><td>Д д</td><td>Дә дә</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>Жь жь</td><td>Жә жә</td><td>З з</td><td>Ӡ ӡ</td><td>Ӡә ӡә</td></tr><tr><td>И и</td><td>К к</td><td>Кь кь</td><td>Кә кә</td><td>Қ қ</td><td>Қь қь</td><td>Қә қә</td><td>Ҟ ҟ</td><td>Ҟь ҟь</td></tr><tr><td>Ҟә ҟә</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Ԥ ԥ</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td></tr><tr><td>Т т</td><td>Тә тә</td><td>Ҭ ҭ</td><td>Ҭә ҭә</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Хь хь</td><td>Хә хә</td></tr><tr><td>Ҳ ҳ</td><td>Ҳә ҳә</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Цә цә</td><td>Ҵ ҵ</td><td>Ҵә ҵә</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ҷ ҷ</td><td>Ҽ ҽ</td></tr><tr><td>Ҿ ҿ</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Шь шь</td><td>Шә шә</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ҩ ҩ</td><td>Џ џ</td><td>Џь џь</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>For older conventions, see <a href="/facts/Abkhaz_alphabet/2c9u07wL">Abkhaz alphabet</a>.</li></ul> <h4>Adyghe</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe language</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a> is a <a href="/facts/Caucasian_language/GXBJ449t">Caucasian language</a>, spoken in the Republic of <a href="/facts/Adygea/rY4sQHDE">Adygea</a>, <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>. </p> The Adyghe Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Гу гу</td><td>Гъ гъ</td><td>Гъу гъу</td><td>Д д</td><td>Дж дж</td><td>Дз дз</td><td>Дзу дзу</td></tr><tr><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>Жъ жъ</td><td>Жъу жъу</td><td>Жь жь</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Ку ку</td></tr><tr><td>Къ къ</td><td>Къу къу</td><td>Кӏ кӏ</td><td>Кӏу кӏу</td><td>Л л</td><td>Лъ лъ</td><td>Лӏ лӏ</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td></tr><tr><td>Пӏ пӏ</td><td>Пӏу пӏу</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>Тӏ тӏ</td><td>Тӏу тӏу</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Хъ хъ</td></tr><tr><td>Хъу хъу</td><td>Хь хь</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Цу цу</td><td>Цӏ цӏ</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Чъ чъ</td><td>Чӏ чӏ</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Шъ шъ</td><td>Шъу шъу</td></tr><tr><td>Шӏ шӏ</td><td>Шӏу шӏу</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>(Ъ ъ)</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>(Ь ь)</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td><td>Ӏ ӏ</td><td>Ӏу ӏу</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Letters in parentheses are only used in digraphs.</li></ul> <h4>Kabardian</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian language</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a> is a <a href="/facts/Caucasian_language/GXBJ449t">Caucasian language</a>, spoken in the Republics of <a href="/facts/Kabardino-Balkaria/GBTkxU2w">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> and <a href="/facts/Karachay-Cherkessia/MSsCpD8Y">Karachay-Cherkessia</a>, <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>. </p> The Kabardian Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Гу гу</td><td>Гъ гъ</td><td>Гъу гъу</td><td>Д д</td><td>Дж дж</td><td>Дз дз</td></tr><tr><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>Жь жь</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Ку ку</td><td>Кӏ кӏ</td></tr><tr><td>Кӏу кӏу</td><td>Къ къ</td><td>Къу къу</td><td>Кхъ кхъ</td><td>Кхъу кхъу</td><td>Л л</td><td>Лъ лъ</td><td>Лӏ лӏ</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td></tr><tr><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Пӏ пӏ</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>Тӏ тӏ</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Фӏ фӏ</td></tr><tr><td>Х х</td><td>Ху ху</td><td>Хъ хъ</td><td>Хъу хъу</td><td>Хь хь</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Цӏ цӏ</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td></tr><tr><td>Щӏ щӏ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td><td>Ӏ ӏ</td><td>Ӏу ӏу</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Northeast Caucasian languages</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Northeast_Caucasian_languages/yvgS9E0G">Northeast Caucasian languages</a> are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets. </p> <h4>Avar</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Avar_language/Qvu8zJHz">Avar language</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Avar_language/Qvu8zJHz">Avar</a> is a <a href="/facts/Caucasian_language/GXBJ449t">Caucasian language</a>, spoken in the Republic of <a href="/facts/Dagestan/luq7F4vT">Dagestan</a>, of the Russian Federation, where it is co-official together with other Caucasian languages like <a href="/facts/Dargin_language/gkDSvXbI">Dargwa</a>, <a href="/facts/Lak_language/rQKGw4ea">Lak</a>, <a href="/facts/Lezgi_language/9y03LguC">Lezgian</a> and <a href="/facts/Tabassaran_language/tgIg9Vqo">Tabassaran</a>. All these alphabets, and other ones (<a href="/facts/Abaza_language/RAKqdUKS">Abaza</a>, <a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a>, <a href="/facts/Chechen_language/mCR0dGnY">Chechen</a>, <a href="/facts/Ingush_language/6AvqWjLP">Ingush</a>, <a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a>) have an extra sign: <a href="/facts/Palochka/4oIT16Eh">palochka</a> (Ӏ), which gives voiceless occlusive consonants its particular ejective sound. </p> The Avar Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Гъ гъ</td><td>Гь гь</td><td>Гӏ гӏ</td><td>Д д</td></tr><tr><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Къ къ</td></tr><tr><td>Кь кь</td><td>Кӏ кӏ</td><td>Кӏкӏ кӏкӏ</td><td>Кк кк</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td></tr><tr><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>Тӏ тӏ</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td></tr><tr><td>Хх хх</td><td>Хъ хъ</td><td>Хь хь</td><td>Хӏ хӏ</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Цц цц</td><td>Цӏ цӏ</td><td>Цӏцӏ цӏцӏ</td></tr><tr><td>Ч ч</td><td>Чӏ чӏ</td><td>Чӏчӏ чӏчӏ</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td></tr><tr><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td><td>Ӏ</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>В = /w/</li> <li>гъ = /ʁ/</li> <li>гь = /h/</li> <li>гӀ = /ʕ/</li> <li>къ = /qːʼ/</li> <li>кӀ = /kʼ/</li> <li>кь = /t͡ɬːʼ/</li> <li>кӀкӀ = /t͡ɬː/, is also written ЛӀ лӀ.</li> <li>кк = /ɬ/, is also written Лъ лъ.</li> <li>тӀ = /tʼ/</li> <li>х = /χ/</li> <li>хъ = /qː/</li> <li>хь = /x/</li> <li>хӀ = /ħ/</li> <li>цӀ = /t͡sʼ/</li> <li>чӀ = /t͡ʃʼ/</li> <li>Double consonants, called "fortis", are pronounced longer than single consonants (called "lenis").</li></ul> <h4>Lezgian</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Lezgin_alphabet/hCl5WXAT">Lezgin alphabet</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Lezgian_language/9y03LguC">Lezgian</a> is spoken by the <a href="/facts/Lezgins/KEnox6fc">Lezgins</a>, who live in southern <a href="/facts/Dagestan/luq7F4vT">Dagestan</a> and northern <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a>. Lezgian is a literary language and an official language of Dagestan. </p> <h4>Other</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Chechen_language/mCR0dGnY">Chechen</a> (since 1938, also with Roman 1991–2000, but switch back to Cyrillic alphabets since 2001.)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dargwa_language/gkDSvXbI">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lak_language/rQKGw4ea">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tabassaran_language/tgIg9Vqo">Tabassaran</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ingush_language/6AvqWjLP">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Archi_language/t0zYWDGG">Archi</a></li></ul> <h2 id="mongolian">Mongolian</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Mongolian_language/0Lxog7Md">Mongolian language</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Mongolic_languages/xlxWbmMa">Mongolic languages</a> include <a href="/facts/Khalkha_language/AU5fSKJh">Khalkha</a> (in <a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a>; Cyrillic is official since 1941, in practice from 1946), <a href="/facts/Buryat_language/wmeMc8MB">Buryat</a> (around <a href="/facts/Lake_Baikal/ndjtNeJ7">Lake Baikal</a>; Cyrillic is used since the 1930s) and <a href="/facts/Kalmyk_language/2onvKIcU">Kalmyk</a> (northwest of the <a href="/facts/Caspian_Sea/Ymc08gkR">Caspian Sea</a>; Cyrillic is used in various forms since the 1920-30s). Khalkha Mongolian is also written with the <a href="/facts/Mongolian_alphabet/XcW4prCW">Mongol vertical alphabet</a>, which was the official script before 1941.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Since the beginning of the 1990s Mongolia has been making attempts to extend the rather limited use of Mongol script and the most recent National Plan for Mongol Script aims to bring its use to the same level as Cyrillic by 2025 and maintain a dual-script system (<a href="/facts/Digraphia/Du8t01rg">digraphia</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>Overview</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script/crls9N99">Mongolian Cyrillic script</a></p> <p>This table contains all the characters used. </p><p><i><a href="/facts/Shha/as1qUh60">Һһ</a> is shown twice as it appears at two different locations in Buryat and Kalmyk</i> </p> Mongolian Cyrillic alphabets<table><tbody><tr><th><a href="/facts/Khalkha_Mongolian/AU5fSKJh">Khalkha</a></th><td>Аа</td><td></td><td>Бб</td><td>Вв</td><td>Гг</td><td></td><td>Дд</td><td>Ее</td><td>Ёё</td><td>Жж</td><td></td><td>Зз</td><td>Ии</td><td>Йй</td><td>Кк</td><td>Лл</td><td>Мм</td><td>Нн</td><td></td><td>Оо</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Buryat_language/wmeMc8MB">Buryat</a></th><td>Аа</td><td></td><td>Бб</td><td>Вв</td><td>Гг</td><td></td><td>Дд</td><td>Ее</td><td>Ёё</td><td>Жж</td><td></td><td>Зз</td><td>Ии</td><td>Йй</td><td>Кк</td><td>Лл</td><td>Мм</td><td>Нн</td><td></td><td>Оо</td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Kalmyk_Oirat/2onvKIcU">Kalmyk</a></th><td>Аа</td><td>Әә</td><td>Бб</td><td>Вв</td><td>Гг</td><td>Һһ</td><td>Дд</td><td>Ее</td><td>Ёё</td><td>Жж</td><td>Җҗ</td><td>Зз</td><td>Ии</td><td>Йй</td><td>Кк</td><td>Лл</td><td>Мм</td><td>Нн</td><td>Ңң</td><td>Оо</td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><th>Khalkha</th><td>Өө</td><td>Пп</td><td>Рр</td><td>Сс</td><td>Тт</td><td>Уу</td><td>Үү</td><td>Фф</td><td>Хх</td><td></td><td>Цц</td><td>Чч</td><td>Шш</td><td>Щщ</td><td>Ъъ</td><td>Ыы</td><td>Ьь</td><td>Ээ</td><td>Юю</td><td>Яя</td></tr><tr><th>Buryat</th><td>Өө</td><td>Пп</td><td>Рр</td><td>Сс</td><td>Тт</td><td>Уу</td><td>Үү</td><td>Фф</td><td>Хх</td><td>Һһ</td><td>Цц</td><td>Чч</td><td>Шш</td><td>Щщ</td><td>Ъъ</td><td>Ыы</td><td>Ьь</td><td>Ээ</td><td>Юю</td><td>Яя</td></tr><tr><th>Kalmyk</th><td>Өө</td><td>Пп</td><td>Рр</td><td>Сс</td><td>Тт</td><td>Уу</td><td>Үү</td><td>Фф</td><td>Хх</td><td></td><td>Цц</td><td>Чч</td><td>Шш</td><td>Щщ</td><td>Ъъ</td><td>ЫЫ</td><td>Ьь</td><td>Ээ</td><td>Юю</td><td>Яя</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Khalkha</h3> The Khalkha Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td></tr><tr><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td><a href="/facts/Oe_(Cyrillic)/zNGAGAb0">Ө ө</a></td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td><a href="/facts/Ue_(Cyrillic)/N3QqTzgV">Ү ү</a></td><td>Ф ф</td></tr><tr><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>В в = /w/</li> <li>Е е = /jɛ/, /jœ/</li> <li>Ё ё = /jo/</li> <li>Ж ж = /dʒ/</li> <li>З з = /dz/</li> <li>Ий ий = /iː/</li> <li>Й й = the second element of closing diphthongs (ай, ой, etc.) and long /iː/ (ий), it never indicates /j/ in native words</li> <li>Н н = /n-/, /-ŋ/</li> <li>Ө ө = /œ/</li> <li>У у = /ʊ/</li> <li>Ү ү = /u/</li> <li>Ы ы = /iː/ (in suffixes after a hard consonant)</li> <li>Ь ь = palatalization of the preceding consonant</li> <li>Ю ю = /ju/, /jy/</li></ul> <p>Long vowels are indicated with double letters. The Cyrillic letters Кк, Пп, Фф and Щщ are not used in native Mongolian words, but only for Russian or other loans (Пп may occur in native <a href="/facts/Onomatopoeia/5Nt1B80G">onomatopoeic</a> words). </p> <h3>Buryat</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Buryat_language/wmeMc8MB">Buryat</a> (буряад) Cyrillic script is similar to the Khalkha above, but Ьь indicates palatalization as in Russian. Buryat does not use Вв, Кк, Пп, Фф, Цц, Чч, Щщ or Ъъ in its native words (Пп may occur in native <a href="/facts/Onomatopoeia/5Nt1B80G">onomatopoeic</a> words). </p> The Buryat Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td></tr><tr><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>О о</td><td>Ө ө</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ү ү</td><td>Ф ф</td></tr><tr><td>Х х</td><td>Һ һ</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Е е = /jɛ/, /jœ/</li> <li>Ё ё = /jo/</li> <li>Ж ж = /dʒ/</li> <li>Й й = the second element of closing diphthongs (ай, ой, etc.), it never indicates /j/ in native words</li> <li>Н н = /n-/, /-ŋ/</li> <li>Өө өө = /œː/, ө does not occur in short form in literary Buryat based on the Khori dialect</li> <li>У у = /ʊ/</li> <li>Ү ү = /u/</li> <li>Һ һ = /h/</li> <li>Ы ы = /ei/, /iː/</li> <li>Ю ю = /ju/</li></ul> <h3>Kalmyk</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Kalmyk_language/2onvKIcU">Kalmyk</a> (хальмг) Cyrillic script differs from Khalkha in some respects: there are additional letters (Әә, Җҗ, Ңң, Һһ), letters Ээ, Юю and Яя appear only word-initially, long vowels are written double in the first syllable (нөөрин), but single in syllables after the first. Short vowels are omitted altogether in syllables after the first syllable (хальмг = /xaʎmaɡ/). Жж and Пп are used in loanwords only (Russian, Tibetan, etc.), but Пп may occur in native <a href="/facts/Onomatopoeia/5Nt1B80G">onomatopoeic</a> words. </p> The Kalmyk Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Ә ә</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Һ һ</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>Җ җ</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td></tr><tr><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ң ң</td><td>О о</td><td>Ө ө</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td></tr><tr><td>У у</td><td>Ү ү</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ә ә = /æ/</li> <li>В в = /w/</li> <li>Һ һ = /ɣ/</li> <li>Е е = /ɛ/, /jɛ-/</li> <li>Җ җ = /dʒ/</li> <li>Ң ң = /ŋ/</li> <li>Ө ө = /ø/</li> <li>У у = /ʊ/</li> <li>Ү ү = /u/</li></ul> <h2 id="sino-tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</h2> <h3>Dungan language</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Dungan_language/vS7Ra8xE">Dungan language</a></p> <p>Since 1953. </p> The modern Dungan Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ә ә</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>Җ җ</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td></tr><tr><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ң ң</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td></tr><tr><td>Ў ў</td><td>Ү ү</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td></tr><tr><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Letters in bold are used only in Russian loanwords.</li></ul> <h2 id="tungusic-languages">Tungusic languages</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Even_language/RkxycwxF">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Evenk_language/C2DuMpXE">Evenk</a> (since 1937)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nanai_language/Wm8BSbcc">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Udege_language/nartcBpo">Udihe</a> (Udekhe) (not used recently)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Orok_language/8Nu2xJU4">Orok</a> (since 2007)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ulch_language/jB4PISA5">Ulch</a> (since late 1980s)</li></ul> <h2 id="chukotko-kamchatkan-languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages</h2> <h3>Chukchi language</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Chukchi_language/zQ8WNLh5">Chukchi language</a></p> <p>Since 1936. </p> The Chukchi Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td></tr><tr><td>Ӄ ӄ</td><td>Л л</td><td>Ԓ ԓ</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ӈ ӈ</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td></tr><tr><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr><tr><td>ʼ</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Koryak language</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Koryak_language/CnWYAcVI">Koryak language</a></p> <p>Since 1936. </p> The Koryak Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Вʼ вʼ</td><td>Г г</td><td>Гʼ гʼ</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td></tr><tr><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Ӄ ӄ</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ӈ ӈ</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td></tr><tr><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td></tr><tr><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Itelmen language</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Itelmen_language/I3QmIkHJ">Itelmen language</a></p> <p>Since late 1980s. </p> The Itelmen Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Ӑ ӑ</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td></tr><tr><td>К к</td><td>Кʼ кʼ</td><td>Ӄ ӄ</td><td>Ӄʼ ӄʼ</td><td>Л л</td><td>Љ љ</td><td>Ԓ ԓ</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Њ њ</td><td>Ӈ ӈ</td><td>О о</td></tr><tr><td>О̆ о̆</td><td>П п</td><td>Пʼ пʼ</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>Тʼ тʼ</td><td>У у</td><td>Ў ў</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ӽ ӽ</td></tr><tr><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Чʼ чʼ</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Ә ә</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Alyutor language</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Alyutor_language/TgoNE0uy">Alyutor language</a></p> The Alyutor Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Вʼ вʼ</td><td>Г г</td><td>Гʼ гʼ</td><td>Ғ ғ</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ә ә</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td></tr><tr><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Ӄ ӄ</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ӈ ӈ</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td></tr><tr><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td></tr><tr><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="eskaleut-languages">Eskaleut languages</h2> <h3>Aleut language</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Aleut_language/T7AY0c2j">Aleut language</a></p> The Aleut Cyrillic alphabet (Bering dialect)<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>А̄ а̄</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Ӷ ӷ</td><td>Гў гў</td><td>Д д</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/%25D0%2594%25CC%2586/6rMjENW9">Д̆ д̆</a></td><td>Е е</td><td>Е̄ е̄</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Ӣ ӣ</td></tr><tr><td>Й й</td><td>ʼЙ ʼй</td><td>К к</td><td><a href="/facts/%25D3%2583/kYYugHnj"> Ӄ ӄ</a></td><td>Л л</td><td>ʼЛ ʼл</td><td>М м</td><td>ʼМ ʼм</td></tr><tr><td>Н н</td><td>ʼН ʼн</td><td>Ӈ ӈ</td><td>ʼӇ ʼӈ</td><td>О о</td><td>О̄ о̄</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td></tr><tr><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ӯ ӯ</td><td>Ў ў</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ӽ ӽ</td></tr><tr><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ы̄ ы̄</td><td>Ь ь</td></tr><tr><td>Э э</td><td>Э̄ э̄</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Ю̄ ю̄</td><td>Я я</td><td>Я̄ я̄</td><td>ʼ</td><td>’Ў ’ў</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Central Siberian Yupik language</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language/t6mFmQFT">Central Siberian Yupik language</a></p> <h4>Chaplino dialect</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Chaplino_dialect/KxyNCX7N">Chaplino dialect</a></p> The Central Siberian Yupik Cyrillic alphabet (Chaplino dialect)<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Ӷ ӷ</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td></tr><tr><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Ӄ ӄ</td><td>Л л</td><td>Лъ лъ</td></tr><tr><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Нъ нъ</td><td>Ӈ ӈ</td><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td></tr><tr><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ў ў</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ӽ ӽ</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td></tr><tr><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The letters Ӷ ӷ, Ӄ ӄ, Ӈ ӈ, Ӽ ӽ are sometines replaced by Гʼ гʼ, Кʼ кʼ, Нʼ нʼ, Хʼ хʼ or Ґ ґ, Қ қ, Ң ң, Ҳ ҳ. </p> <h3>Sirenik language</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Sirenik_language/2XeW29uk">Sirenik language</a></p> The Sirenik Cyrillic alphabet<table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>А̄ а̄</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Ԝ ԝ</td><td>Г г</td><td>Ӷ ӷ</td><td>Д д</td></tr><tr><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td><td>И и</td><td>Ӣ ӣ</td><td>Й й</td><td>Йь йь</td></tr><tr><td>К к</td><td>Ӄ ӄ</td><td>Л л</td><td>Лъ лъ</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Нъ нъ</td><td>Ӈ ӈ</td></tr><tr><td>О о</td><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ӯ ӯ</td><td>Ф ф</td></tr><tr><td>Х х</td><td>Ӽ ӽ</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td></tr><tr><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Ю̄ ю̄</td><td>Я я</td><td>Я̄ я̄</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Letters in bold are used only in Russian loanwords.</li></ul> <h3>Other</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Naukan_Yupik_language/2We8xTBV">Naukan Yupik</a></li></ul> <h2 id="other-languages">Other languages</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ainu_languages/JVuJvA9N">Ainu</a> (in Russia)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Suret_language/QcY8Smky">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a> (Aisor)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ket_language/IvVPnSKW">Ket</a> (since 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nivkh_language/ME905Q8W">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tlingit_language/LUCoX15r">Tlingit</a> (in Russian Alaska)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yukaghir_language/Q84wIs8K">Yukaghirs</a> (<a href="/facts/Tundra_Yukaghir_language/woMGnmDD">Tundra Yukaghir</a>, <a href="/facts/Southern_Yukaghir_language/tWlSDv9W">Forest Yukaghir</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="constructed-languages">Constructed languages</h2> <h3>International auxiliary languages</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Interslavic/gSMnvyrg">Interslavic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lingua_Franca_Nova/LUVSa5m4">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> <h3>Fictional languages</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Brutopia/uwp1yTdR">Brutopian</a> (<a href="/facts/Donald_Duck/MJqYfGP4">Donald Duck</a> stories)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Syldavian/F4BvLoNk">Syldavian</a> (<i><a href="/facts/The_Adventures_of_Tintin/tUyWnLfH">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i>)</li></ul> <h2 id="summary-table">Summary table</h2> <p>Cyrillic Letters: </p> Cyrillic alphabets comparison table<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="77">Early scripts</th></tr><tr><th>Church Slavonic</th><th>А</th><th></th><th>Б</th><th>В</th><th>Г</th><th></th><th>Д</th><th></th><th>(Ѕ)</th><th>Е</th><th></th><th></th><th>Ж</th><th></th><th>Ѕ/З</th><th></th><th></th><th>И</th><th>І</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>К</th><th></th><th></th><th>Л</th><th></th><th>М</th><th></th><th>Н</th><th></th><th></th><th>О</th><th></th><th>П</th><th><i>(Ҁ)</i></th><th>Р</th><th></th><th>С</th><th></th><th>Т</th><th></th><th>Оу</th><th></th><th></th><th>Ф</th><th>Х</th><th>(Ѡ)</th><th>Ц</th><th></th><th>Ч</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>Ш</th><th>Щ</th><th>Ъ</th><th>Ы</th><th></th><th>Ь</th><th>Ѣ</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>Ю</th><th>Ꙗ</th><th>Ѥ</th><th>Ѧ</th><th>Ѩ</th><th>Ѫ</th><th>Ѭ</th><th>Ѯ</th><th>Ѱ</th><th>Ѳ</th><th>Ѵ</th><th><i>Ҁ</i></th></tr><tr><th colspan="77">Most common shared letters</th></tr><tr><th><i>Common</i></th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td> </td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="77">South Slavic languages</th></tr><tr><th>Bulgarian</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td>Дж</td><td>Дз</td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Serbian</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td>Ђ</td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td>Ј</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td>Љ</td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td>Њ</td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td>Ћ</td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td>Џ</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Montenegrin</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td>Ђ</td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td>З́</td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td>Ј</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td>Љ</td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td>Њ</td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td>С́</td><td>Т</td><td>Ћ</td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td>Џ</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Macedonian</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td>Ѓ</td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td>Ѕ</td><td>И</td><td> </td><td>Ј</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td>Љ</td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td>Њ</td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td>Ќ</td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td>Џ</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="77">East Slavic languages</th></tr><tr><th>Russian</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Belarusian</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Ґ</td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td> </td><td>І</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td>Ў</td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td> </td><td>’</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Ukrainian</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Ґ</td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td>Є</td><td> </td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td>І</td><td> </td><td>Ї</td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>’</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Rusyn</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Ґ</td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td>Є</td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td>І</td><td>Ї</td><td>И</td><td> </td><td>Ы</td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td>Ѣ</td><td> </td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="77">Iranian languages</th></tr><tr><th>Kurdish</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Г'</td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td>Ә</td><td>Ә'</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td>К'</td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ö</td><td>П</td><td>П'</td><td>Р</td><td>Р'</td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td>Т'</td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td>Һ</td><td>Һ'</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td>Ч'</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td> </td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td>Ԛ</td><td>Ԝ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Ossetian</th><td>А</td><td>Ӕ</td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Гъ</td><td>Д</td><td>Дж</td><td>Дз</td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td>Къ</td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td>Пъ</td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td>Тъ</td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td>Хъ</td><td>Ц</td><td>Цъ</td><td>Ч</td><td>Чъ</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tajik</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Ғ</td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td>Ӣ</td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td>Қ</td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td>Ӯ</td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td>Ҳ</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td>Ҷ</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td> </td><td>Ъ</td><td> </td><td></td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="77">Romance languages</th></tr><tr><th>Moldovan</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ж</td><td>Ӂ</td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="77">Uralic languages</th></tr><tr><th>Komi-Permyak</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td>І</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ӧ</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Meadow Mari</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td>Ҥ</td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ӧ</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td>Ӱ</td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Hill Mari</th><td>А</td><td>Ӓ</td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ӧ</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td>Ӱ</td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td>Ӹ</td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Kildin Sami</th><td>А</td><td>Ӓ</td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>Ҋ</td><td>Ј</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td>Ӆ</td><td>М</td><td>Ӎ</td><td>Н</td><td>Ӊ</td><td>Ӈ</td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td>Ҏ</td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td>Һ</td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td>Ҍ</td><td>Ь</td><td></td><td>Э</td><td>Ӭ</td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="77">Turkic languages</th></tr><tr><th>Azerbaijani</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Ғ</td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td>Ә</td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td>Ы</td><td>И</td><td>Ј</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td>Ҝ</td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ө</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td>Ү</td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td>Һ</td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td>Ҹ</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Bashkir</th><td>А</td><td>Ә</td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Ғ</td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td>Ҙ</td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td>Ҡ</td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td>Ң</td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ө</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td>Ҫ</td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td>Ү</td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td>Һ</td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td>Ә</td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Chuvash</th><td>А</td><td>Ӑ</td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td>Ё</td><td>Ӗ</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td>Ҫ</td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td>Ӳ</td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Kazakh</th><td>А</td><td>Ә</td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Ғ</td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td>І</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td>Қ</td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td>Ң</td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ө</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td>Ұ</td><td>Ү</td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td>Һ</td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Kyrgyz</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td>Ң</td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ө</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td>Ү</td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tatar</th><td>А</td><td>Ә</td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td>Җ</td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td>Ң</td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ө</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td>Ү</td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td>Һ</td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Uzbek</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Ғ</td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td>Қ</td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td>Ў</td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td>Ҳ</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td> </td><td>Ъ</td><td> </td><td></td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="77">Caucasian languages</th></tr><tr><th>Abkhaz</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г Ӷь Ӷә</td><td>Ӷ(Ҕ) Ӷь(Ҕь) Ӷә(Ҕә)</td><td>Д</td><td>Дә</td><td></td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ж Жь Жә</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td>Ӡ Ӡә</td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>К Кь Кә</td><td>Қ(Ӄ) Қь(Ӄь) Қә(Ӄә)</td><td>Ҟ Ҟь Ҟә</td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td></td><td>П</td><td>Ԥ(Ҧ)</td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т Тә</td><td>Ҭ Ҭә</td><td>У</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ф</td><td>Х Хь Хә</td><td>Ҳ Ҳә</td><td>Ц Цә</td><td>Ҵ Ҵә</td><td>Ч</td><td>Ҷ</td><td>Ҽ</td><td>Ҿ</td><td>Ш Шь Шә</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ы</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ҩ</td><td>Џ Џь</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="77">Mongolian languages</th></tr><tr><th>Khalkha</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ө</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td>Ү</td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Buryat</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td> </td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ө</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td>Ү</td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td>Һ</td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Kalmyk</th><td>А</td><td>Ә</td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td>Һ</td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Ж</td><td>Җ</td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td>Ң</td><td> </td><td>О</td><td>Ө</td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td> </td><td>Ү</td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="77">Sino-Tibetan languages</th></tr><tr><th>Dungan</th><td>А</td><td> </td><td>Б</td><td>В</td><td>Г</td><td> </td><td>Д</td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Е</td><td> </td><td>Ё</td><td>Ж</td><td>Җ</td><td>З</td><td></td><td> </td><td>И</td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>Й</td><td>К</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Л</td><td> </td><td>М</td><td> </td><td>Н</td><td>Ң</td><td>Ә</td><td>О</td><td> </td><td>П</td><td> </td><td>Р</td><td> </td><td>С</td><td> </td><td>Т</td><td> </td><td>У</td><td>Ў</td><td>Ү</td><td>Ф</td><td>Х</td><td> </td><td>Ц</td><td> </td><td>Ч</td><td> </td><td></td><td></td><td>Ш</td><td>Щ</td><td>Ъ</td><td>Ы</td><td></td><td>Ь</td><td> </td><td>Э</td><td> </td><td></td><td>Ю</td><td>Я</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Total Use</th><td>29</td><td>8</td><td>29</td><td>29</td><td>29</td><td>12</td><td>29</td><td>6</td><td>3</td><td>29</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>28</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Cyrillic_letters/hhdBrSqT">List of Cyrillic letters</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script_in_Unicode/sxQGIqSb">Cyrillic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Old_Church_Slavonic/KCEH4cFL">Old Church Slavonic</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Ivan G. Iliev. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Plovdiv. 2012. <a href="http://ivanilievlogosmaster.blogspot.com/2012/07/scriptura-mundi-cyrillic-alphabet.html">Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet</a></li> <li>Philipp Ammon: <a href="http://sjani.ge/sjani-17/ფილიპპ%20ამონი.pdf"><i>Tractatus slavonicus</i>.</a> in: <i>Sjani (Thoughts) Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature</i>, N 17, 2016, pp. 248–56</li> <li>Appendix:Cyrillic script, <a href="/facts/Wiktionary/CkYghv2h">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyrillic alphabets. Look up <i>Appendix:Cyrillic script</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <ul><li><a href="http://localfonts.eu/cyrillic-alphabets-of-slavic-languages/">Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages</a> review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Šmid (2002), pp. 113–24: "Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego... Nezirović (1992: 128) anota que también en Bosnia se ha encontrado un documento en que la lengua sefardí está escrita en alfabeto cirilico." Translation: "It is an interesting fact that in Bulgaria a few [Sephardic] publications are printed in the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet and in Greece in the Greek alphabet... Nezirović (1992:128) writes that in Bosnia a document has also been found in which the Sephardic language is written in the Cyrillic alphabet." <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Russian: и краткое, i kratkoye; Bulgarian: и кратко, i kratko. Both mean "short i". <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Russian_language</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Russian: мягкий знак, myagkiy znak <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Russian_language</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bulgarian: ер малък, er malâk <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Bulgarian_language</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>The soft sign ⟨ь⟩ usually does not represent a sound, but modifies the sound of the preceding letter, indicating palatalization ("softening"), also separates the consonant and the following vowel. Sometimes it does not have phonetic meaning, just orthographic; e.g. Russian туш, tush [tuʂ] 'flourish after a toast'; тушь, tushʹ [tuʂ] 'India ink'. In some languages, a hard sign ⟨ъ⟩ or apostrophe ⟨’⟩ just separates the consonant and the following vowel (бя [bʲa], бья [bʲja], бъя = б’я [bja]). <a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" target="_blank">/wiki/Soft_sign</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521815398, pp. 221–222. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&q=Cyrillic+preslav&pg=PR1" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&q=Cyrillic+preslav&pg=PR1</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, Oxford History of the Christian Church, J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0191614882, p. 100. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&q=+preslav+eastern&pg=PR3-IA34" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&q=+preslav+eastern&pg=PR3-IA34</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994). Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42. ISBN 86-363-0296-X. <a href="86-363-0296-X" target="_blank">86-363-0296-X</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik (PDF). Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2. <a href="978-608-220-042-2" target="_blank">978-608-220-042-2</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Croats Revive Forgotten Cyrillic Through Stone". January 8, 2013. <a href="https://balkaninsight.com/2013/01/08/croats-build-monument-to-cyrillic/" target="_blank">https://balkaninsight.com/2013/01/08/croats-build-monument-to-cyrillic/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Rießler, Michael. Towards a digital infrastructure for Kildin Saami. In: Sustaining Indigenous Knowledge, ed. by Erich Kasten, Erich and Tjeerd de Graaf. Fürstenberg, 2013, 195–218. <a href="http://www.siberian-studies.org/publications/PDF/sikriessler.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.siberian-studies.org/publications/PDF/sikriessler.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Veronika, Kapišovská (2005). "Language Planning in Mongolia I". Mongolica Pragensia. 2005: 55–83 – via academia.edu. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/42618544" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/42618544</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Монгол бичгийн үндэсний хөтөлбөр III (National Plan for Mongol Script III)". Эрх Зүйн Мэдээллийн Нэгдсэн Систем. 2020. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.legalinfo.mn/annex/details/10927?lawid=15248" target="_blank">https://www.legalinfo.mn/annex/details/10927?lawid=15248</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>