YouTube

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/History_of_YouTube/0WpKRqDn">History of YouTube</a>See also: <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_online_video/Tzchst7m">Timeline of online video</a>
<h3>Founding and initial growth (2005–2006)</h3>

YouTube was founded by <a href="/facts/Steve_Chen/lwTQm3ag">Steve Chen</a>, <a href="/facts/Chad_Hurley/E9lWK1Vw">Chad Hurley</a>, and <a href="/facts/Jawed_Karim/q2l2cSWl">Jawed Karim</a>. The trio were early employees of <a href="/facts/PayPal/tlShukIa">PayPal</a>, which left them enriched after the company was bought by <a href="/facts/EBay/bDswVAKB">eBay</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Hurley had studied design at the <a href="/facts/Indiana_University_of_Pennsylvania/ymNCuWBt">Indiana University of Pennsylvania</a>, and Chen and Karim studied <a href="/facts/Computer_science/lN3pEyPz">computer science</a> together at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign/gusw7HoS">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in <a href="/facts/San_Francisco/cb9l7hbC">San Francisco</a>. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen remarked that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
Karim said the inspiration for YouTube came from the <a href="/facts/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII_halftime_show_controversy/qQGICEFD">Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy</a> when <a href="/facts/Janet_Jackson/J4ACIKyy">Janet Jackson</a>'s breast was briefly exposed by <a href="/facts/Justin_Timberlake/bj9jcewn">Justin Timberlake</a> during the halftime show. Karim could not easily find video clips of the incident and the <a href="/facts/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami/GpHsI7Wu">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a> online, which led to the idea of a video-sharing site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an <a href="/facts/Online_dating_service/39SID74s">online dating service</a> and had been influenced by the website <a href="/facts/Hot_or_Not/efw6tzR6">Hot or Not</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> They created posts on <a href="/facts/Craigslist/sru3Dv3W">Craigslist</a> asking attractive women to upload videos of themselves to YouTube in exchange for a $100 reward.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Difficulty in finding enough dating videos led to a change of plans, with the site's founders deciding to accept uploads of any video.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

YouTube began as a <a href="/facts/Venture_capital/yeH3m7zo">venture capital</a>–funded technology <a href="/facts/Startup_company/9lsjFELt">startup</a>. Between November 2005 and April 2006, the company raised money from various investors, with <a href="/facts/Sequoia_Capital/PY46UgYf">Sequoia Capital</a> and Artis Capital Management being the largest two.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and a Japanese restaurant in <a href="/facts/San_Mateo%2c_California/JpnCprVs">San Mateo, California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> In February 2005, the company activated www.youtube.com.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The first video was uploaded on April 23, 2005. Titled "<a href="/facts/Me_at_the_zoo/s9IUd5RW">Me at the zoo</a>", it shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the <a href="/facts/San_Diego_Zoo/yqgX2EbU">San Diego Zoo</a> and can still be viewed on the site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> The same day, the company launched a public <a href="/facts/Software_release_life_cycle/z4Q4RElA">beta</a> and by November, a Nike ad featuring <a href="/facts/Ronaldinho/uglt5RmV">Ronaldinho</a> became the first video to reach one million total views.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> The site exit out of beta in December 2005, by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Clips at the time were limited to 100 megabytes, as little as 30 seconds of footage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
YouTube was not the first video-sharing site on the Internet; <a href="/facts/Vimeo/3f9cQCEt">Vimeo</a> was founded in November 2004, though that site remained a side project of its developers from <a href="/facts/CollegeHumor/oGxEzTWl">CollegeHumor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> On December 17th, 2005 - the same week YouTube exited beta - NBCUniversal <a href="/facts/Saturday_Night_Live/LM8etPx8">Saturday Night Live</a> ran a sketch "<a href="/facts/Lazy_Sunday_(The_Lonely_Island_song)/AAgQYkvB">Lazy Sunday</a>" by <a href="/facts/The_Lonely_Island/XSQ3y3Ex">The Lonely Island</a>. Besides helping to bolster ratings and long-term viewership for Saturday Night Live, "Lazy Sunday"'s status as an early <a href="/facts/Viral_video/1Nn7oKTu">viral video</a> helped establish YouTube as an important website.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Unofficial uploads of the skit to YouTube drew in more than five million collective views by February 2006 before they were removed when <a href="/facts/NBCUniversal/s4QPPX62">NBCUniversal</a> requested it two months later based on copyright concerns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Despite eventually being taken down, these duplicate uploads of the skit helped popularize YouTube's reach and led to the upload of more third-party content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> The site grew rapidly; in July 2006, the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a>
The choice of the name youtube.com led to problems for a similarly named website, utube.com. That site's owner, <a href="/facts/Universal_Tube_%2526_Rollform_Equipment/IupSEYQA">Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment</a>, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006, after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube subsequently changed its website to www.utubeonline.com.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<h3>"Broadcast Yourself" era (2006–2013)</h3>
On October 9, 2006, <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a> announced that they had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> The deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Google's acquisition launched newfound interest in video-sharing sites; <a href="/facts/IAC_(company)/JuKLYLqW">IAC</a>, which now owned Vimeo, focused on supporting the content creators to distinguish itself from YouTube.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> It is at this time YouTube issued the slogan "Broadcast Yourself".
The company experienced rapid growth. <a href="/facts/The_Daily_Telegraph/aHa5nNw5">The Daily Telegraph</a> wrote that in 2007, YouTube consumed as much <a href="/facts/Bandwidth_(computing)/lY6Tb4gX">bandwidth</a> as the entire Internet in 2000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> By 2010, the company had reached a <a href="/facts/Market_share/kvXSlhlB">market share</a> of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos, according to <a href="/facts/ComScore/PQ0cvH7k">comScore</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> That year, the company simplified its interface to increase the time users would spend on the site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> In 2011, more than three billion videos were being watched each day with 48 hours of new videos uploaded every minute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> However, most of these views came from a relatively small number of videos; according to a software engineer at that time, 30% of videos accounted for 99% of views on the site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> That year, the company again changed its interface and at the same time, introduced a new logo with a darker shade of red.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> A subsequent interface change, designed to unify the experience across desktop, TV, and mobile, was rolled out in 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> By that point, more than 100 hours were being uploaded every minute, increasing to 300 hours by November 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>

During that time, the company also went through some organizational changes. In October 2006, YouTube moved to a new office in <a href="/facts/San_Bruno%2c_California/JIVk8PsD">San Bruno, California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role and that <a href="/facts/Salar_Kamangar/CF8KkXBL">Salar Kamangar</a> would take over as head of the company in October 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> In December 2009, YouTube partnered with <a href="/facts/Vevo/EeVdgWz2">Vevo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> In April 2010, Lady Gaga's "<a href="/facts/Bad_Romance/8qQhtEhG">Bad Romance</a>" became the <a href="/facts/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos/zN87UqFY">most-viewed video</a>, becoming the first video to reach 200 million views on May 9, 2010.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>
YouTube <a href="/facts/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube%2c_Inc./DI5qq1PT">faced a major lawsuit</a> by <a href="/facts/Viacom_(2005%25E2%2580%25932019)/A8xmS6wG">Viacom International</a> in 2011 that nearly resulted in the discontinuation of the website. The lawsuit was filed due to alleged <a href="/facts/Copyright_infringement/33JDsS5S">copyright infringement</a> of Viacom's material by YouTube. However, the <a href="/facts/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit/wgLacmcA">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a> ruled that YouTube was not liable, and thus YouTube won the case in 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>

<h3>Susan Wojcicki's leadership (2014–2023)</h3>

<a href="/facts/Susan_Wojcicki/eMvhBv5R">Susan Wojcicki</a> was appointed <a href="/facts/Chief_executive_officer/mg4A8y5M">CEO</a> of YouTube in February 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> In January 2016, YouTube expanded its headquarters in San Bruno by purchasing an office park for $215 million. The complex has 51,468 square metres (554,000 square feet) of space and can house up to 2,800 employees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> YouTube officially launched the "polymer" redesign of its user interfaces based on <a href="/facts/Material_Design/4ma88y5C">Material Design</a> language as its default, as well as a redesigned logo that is built around the service's play button emblem in August 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a>
Through this period, YouTube tried several new ways to generate revenue beyond advertisements. In 2013, YouTube launched a pilot program for content providers to offer premium, subscription-based channels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> This effort was discontinued in January 2018 and relaunched in June, with US$4.99 channel subscriptions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> These channel subscriptions complemented the existing Super Chat ability, launched in 2017, which allows viewers to donate between $1 and $500 to have their comment highlighted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> In 2014, YouTube announced a subscription service known as "Music Key", which bundled ad-free streaming of music content on YouTube with the existing <a href="/facts/Google_Play_Music/bUcVTQoL">Google Play Music</a> service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> The service continued to evolve in 2015 when YouTube announced <a href="/facts/YouTube_Red/8SuedN5m">YouTube Red</a>, a new premium service that would offer ad-free access to all content on the platform (succeeding the Music Key service released the previous year), premium original series, and films produced by YouTube personalities, as well as background playback of content on mobile devices. YouTube also released <a href="/facts/YouTube_Music/mGyo736R">YouTube Music</a>, a third app oriented towards streaming and discovering the music content hosted on the YouTube platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>
The company also attempted to create products appealing to specific viewers. YouTube released a mobile app known as <a href="/facts/YouTube_Kids/QMGNELC0">YouTube Kids</a> in 2015, which was designed to provide an experience optimized for children. It features a simplified user interface, curated selections of channels featuring age-appropriate content, and parental control features.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> Also in 2015, YouTube launched YouTube Gaming—a <a href="/facts/Video_gaming/vmTdNASJ">video gaming</a>-oriented vertical and app for videos and live streaming, intended to compete with the <a href="/facts/Amazon.com/YzUTUVE8">Amazon.com</a>-owned <a href="/facts/Twitch_(service)/mpXWXcTj">Twitch</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> The company was attacked in April 2018, when <a href="/facts/2018_YouTube_headquarters_shooting/93sfdI7l">a shooting</a> occurred at YouTube's headquarters in San Bruno, California, which wounded four and resulted in the death of the shooter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>
By February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube videos were being watched every day, and 400 hours worth of videos were uploaded every minute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> Two years later, the uploads had risen to more than 500 hours per minute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> During the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, when most of the world was under <a href="/facts/Stay-at-home_order/cGPU1fWH">stay-at-home orders</a>, usage of services like YouTube significantly increased. Forbes estimated that YouTube accounted for 16% of all <a href="/facts/Internet_traffic/7LbX5bDq">internet traffic</a>, as of 2024, up from 11% in 2018 i.e. pre-pandemic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> In response to EU officials requesting that such services reduce bandwidth as to make sure medical entities had sufficient bandwidth to share information, YouTube and <a href="/facts/Netflix/TKtlFVY9">Netflix</a> said they would reduce streaming quality for at least thirty days as to cut bandwidth use of their services by 25% to comply with the EU's request.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> YouTube later announced that they would continue with this move worldwide: "We continue to work closely with governments and network operators around the globe to do our part to minimize stress on the system during this unprecedented situation."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>
After a 2018 complaint alleging violations of the <a href="/facts/Children%2527s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act/QwWwa9u8">Children's Online Privacy Protection Act</a> (COPPA),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> the company was fined $170 million by the FTC for collecting personal information from minors under the age of 13.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> YouTube was also ordered to create systems to increase children's privacy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> Following criticisms of its implementation of those systems, YouTube started treating all videos designated as "made for kids" as liable under COPPA on January 6, 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> Joining the <a href="/facts/YouTube_Kids/QMGNELC0">YouTube Kids</a> app, the company created a supervised mode, designed more for <a href="/facts/Preadolescent/3sImdgGL">tweens</a>, in 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> Additionally, to compete with <a href="/facts/TikTok/LC3FaCbX">TikTok</a> and <a href="/facts/Instagram_Reels/33s91jnV">Instagram Reels</a>, YouTube released <a href="/facts/YouTube_Shorts/db276jst">YouTube Shorts</a>, a short-form video platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> During that period, YouTube entered disputes with other tech companies. For over a year, in 2018-19, no YouTube app was available for <a href="/facts/Amazon_Fire_TV/HDhtDsYY">Amazon Fire</a> products.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> In 2020, <a href="/facts/Roku/sRlmtJql">Roku</a> removed the YouTube TV app from its streaming store after the two companies were unable to reach an agreement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>
After testing earlier in 2021, YouTube removed public display of dislike counts on videos in November 2021, claiming the reason for the removal was, based on its internal research, that users often used the dislike feature as a form of <a href="/facts/Cyberbullying/Fbw1RR2s">cyberbullying</a> and <a href="/facts/Vote_brigading/0vKT46zs">brigading</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> While some users praised the move as a way to discourage <a href="/facts/Internet_troll/fQJXsSTN">trolls</a>, others felt that hiding dislikes would make it harder for viewers to recognize <a href="/facts/Clickbait/bxND3UxK">clickbait</a> or unhelpful videos and that other features already existed for creators to limit bullying. YouTube co-founder <a href="/facts/Jawed_Karim/q2l2cSWl">Jawed Karim</a> referred to the update as "a stupid idea", and that the real reason behind the change was "not a good one, and not one that will be publicly disclosed." He felt that users' ability on a social platform to identify harmful content was essential, saying, "The process works, and there's a name for it: the <a href="/facts/Wisdom_of_the_crowd/qC8v2k9T">wisdom of the crowds</a>. The process breaks when the platform interferes with it. Then, the platform invariably declines."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> Shortly after the announcement, software developer Dmitry Selivanov created Return YouTube Dislike, an <a href="/facts/Open_source/7X9rCdz4">open-source</a>, third-party <a href="/facts/Browser_extension/jzkeh57V">browser extension</a> for <a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Chrome</a> and <a href="/facts/Firefox/xez2zv8H">Firefox</a> that allows users to see a video's number of dislikes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> In a letter published on January 25, 2022, by then YouTube CEO <a href="/facts/Susan_Wojcicki/eMvhBv5R">Susan Wojcicki</a>, acknowledged that removing public dislike counts was a controversial decision, but reiterated that she stands by this decision, claiming that "it reduced dislike attacks."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a>
In 2022, YouTube launched an experiment where the company would show users who watched longer videos on TVs a long chain of short unskippable adverts, intending to consolidate all ads into the beginning of a video. Following public outrage over the unprecedented amount of unskippable ads, YouTube "ended" the experiment on September 19 of that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> In October, YouTube announced that they would be rolling out customizable user handles in addition to channel names, which would also become channel URLs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a>

<h3>Recent history (2023–present)</h3>

On February 16, 2023, Wojcicki announced that she would step down as CEO, with <a href="/facts/Neal_Mohan/bjJf6B7h">Neal Mohan</a> named as her successor. Wojcicki took on an advisory role for Google and parent company <a href="/facts/Alphabet_Inc./K3QvP6ns">Alphabet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> Wojcicki died a year and a half later from <a href="/facts/Non-small-cell_lung_cancer/9T47knRp">non-small-cell lung cancer</a>, on August 9, 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a>
In late October 2023, YouTube began cracking down on the use of <a href="/facts/Ad_blocker/WfmBIxuP">ad blockers</a> on the platform. Users of ad blockers may be given a pop-up warning saying "Video player will be blocked after 3 videos". Users of ad blockers are shown a message asking them to allow ads or inviting them to subscribe to the ad-free <a href="/facts/YouTube_Premium/8SuedN5m">YouTube Premium</a> subscription plan. YouTube says that the use of ad blockers violates its terms of service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> In April 2024, YouTube announced it would be "strengthening our enforcement on third-party apps that violate YouTube's Terms of Service, specifically ad-blocking apps".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> Starting in June 2024, <a href="/facts/Google_Chrome/4INfWq37">Google Chrome</a> announced that it would be replacing Manifest V2 in favor of <a href="/facts/Manifest_V3/4INfWq37">Manifest V3</a>, effectively killing support for most ad-blockers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> Around the same time, YouTube started using server-side ad injection, which allows the platform to inject the ads directly into the video, instead of having the ad as a separate file which can be blocked.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>
In September 2023, YouTube announced an in-app gaming platform called Playables. It was made accessible to all users in May 2024, expanding from an initial offering limited to premium subscribers. In December 2024, YouTube began testing a new multiplayer feature for that service, supporting multiplayer functionality across desktop and mobile devices. As of December 2024 the Playables catalog has over 130 games in various genres including <a href="/facts/Trivia_game/aMPEL1sv">trivia</a>, action and sports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a>
In December 2024, YouTube introduced new guidelines prohibiting videos with clickbait titles to enhance content quality and combat misinformation. The platform aims to penalize creators using misleading or sensationalized titles, with potential actions including video removal or channel suspension.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> According to YouTube, this guideline will gradually roll out in India first, but will expand to more countries in the coming months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a>
On February 14, 2025, YouTube celebrated 20 years since its founding.
In April 2025, YouTube announced an expansion of its efforts to identify and manage AI-generated content that mimics the likeness of creators, artists, and influential figures. This includes detecting AI-generated faces and voices that could be used to deceive viewers. The company is also backing the NO FAKES Act, legislation aimed at addressing the misuse of AI replicas that simulate individuals' images or voices to create harmful content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a>

<h2 id="senior-leadership">Senior leadership</h2>
YouTube has been led by a CEO since its founding in 2005, beginning with <a href="/facts/Chad_Hurley/E9lWK1Vw">Chad Hurley</a>, who led the company until 2010. After Google's acquisition of YouTube, the CEO role was retained. <a href="/facts/Salar_Kamangar/CF8KkXBL">Salar Kamangar</a> took over Hurley's position and kept the job until 2014. He was replaced by <a href="/facts/Susan_Wojcicki/eMvhBv5R">Susan Wojcicki</a>, who later resigned in 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> The current CEO is <a href="/facts/Neal_Mohan/bjJf6B7h">Neal Mohan</a>, who was appointed on February 16, 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a>

<h2 id="features">Features</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_YouTube_features/hmLllXN0">List of YouTube features</a>
YouTube offers different features based on user verification, such as standard or basic features like uploading videos, creating playlists, and using <a href="/facts/YouTube_Music/mGyo736R">YouTube Music</a>, with limits based on daily activity (verification via phone number or channel history increases feature availability and daily usage limits); intermediate or additional features like longer videos (over 15 minutes), live streaming, custom thumbnails, and creating podcasts; advanced features like content ID appeals, embedding live streams, applying for monetization, clickable links, adding chapters, and pinning comments on videos or posts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a>

<h2 id="videos">Videos</h2>
In January 2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical US citizen watching television.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> In 2017, viewers on average watched YouTube on mobile devices for more than an hour every day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a>
In December 2012, two billion views were removed from the view counts of Universal and <a href="/facts/Sony_Music_Entertainment/G2expBwI">Sony</a> music videos on YouTube, prompting a claim by <a href="/facts/The_Daily_Dot/NJCl9EvN">The Daily Dot</a> that the views had been deleted due to a violation of the site's terms of service, which ban the use of automated processes to inflate view counts. That was disputed by Billboard, which said that the two billion views had been moved to Vevo, since the videos were no longer active on YouTube.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> On August 5, 2015, YouTube patched the formerly notorious behavior which caused a video's <a href="/facts/Views_(social_media)/nE3BEdCs">view count</a> to freeze at "301" (later "301+") until the actual count was verified to prevent <a href="/facts/Click_fraud/suboHSvE">view count fraud</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> YouTube view counts once again updated in real time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a> Since September 2019, subscriber counts are abbreviated. Only three leading digits of channels' subscriber counts are indicated publicly, compromising the function of third-party real-time indicators such as that of <a href="/facts/Social_Blade/5FJQCVHc">Social Blade</a>. Exact counts remain available to channel operators inside YouTube Studio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a>
On November 11, 2021, after testing out this change in March of the same year, YouTube announced it would start hiding dislike counts on videos, making them invisible to viewers. The company stated the decision was in response to experiments which confirmed that smaller YouTube creators were more likely to be targeted in dislike <a href="/facts/Vote_brigading/0vKT46zs">brigading</a> and harassment. Creators will still be able to see the number of likes and dislikes in the YouTube Studio dashboard tool, according to YouTube.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a>
YouTube has an estimated 14.8 billion videos with about 4% of those never having a view.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> Just over 85% have fewer than 1,000 views.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a>

<h3>Copyright issues</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/YouTube_copyright_issues/oHrorELy">YouTube copyright issues</a>
Further information: § Revenue to copyright holders
YouTube has faced numerous challenges and criticisms in its attempts to deal with copyright, including the site's first viral video, <a href="/facts/Lazy_Sunday_(The_Lonely_Island_song)/AAgQYkvB">Lazy Sunday</a>, which had to be taken down, due to copyright concerns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> Despite this advice, many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material remain on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a <a href="/facts/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act/rVTdnnc2">DMCA</a> <a href="/facts/Takedown_notice/7qwAKKuW">takedown notice</a> pursuant to the terms of the <a href="/facts/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act/rRnSIqG9">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a>. Any successful complaint about copyright infringement results in a <a href="/facts/YouTube_copyright_strike/Cp6BUJPb">YouTube copyright strike</a>. Three successful complaints for <a href="/facts/Copyright_infringement/33JDsS5S">copyright infringement</a> against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> From 2007 to 2009 organizations including <a href="/facts/Viacom_(2005%25E2%2580%25932019)/A8xmS6wG">Viacom</a>, <a href="/facts/Mediaset/Fdv6huY5">Mediaset</a>, and the English <a href="/facts/Premier_League/nfXVuAYa">Premier League</a> have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a>
In August 2008, a US court ruled in <a href="/facts/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp./BP0lmj7Y">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a> that copyright holders cannot order the removal of an online file without first determining whether the posting reflected <a href="/facts/Fair_use/mlSlfPcB">fair use</a> of the material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> YouTube's owner Google announced in November 2015 that they would help cover the legal cost in select cases where they believe fair use defenses apply.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a>
In the 2011 case of <a href="/facts/Smith_v._Summit_Entertainment_LLC/xgvHcevA">Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC</a>, professional singer Matt Smith sued Summit Entertainment for the wrongful use of copyright takedown notices on YouTube.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> He asserted seven <a href="/facts/Causes_of_action/9bjtMseG">causes of action</a>, and four were ruled in Smith's favor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> In April 2012, a court in Hamburg ruled that YouTube could be held responsible for copyrighted material posted by its users.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> On November 1, 2016, the dispute with GEMA was resolved, with Google content ID being used to allow advertisements to be added to videos with content protected by GEMA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a>
In April 2013, it was reported that <a href="/facts/Universal_Music_Group/VufxcUef">Universal Music Group</a> and YouTube have a contractual agreement that prevents content blocked on YouTube by a request from UMG from being restored, even if the uploader of the video files a DMCA counter-notice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> As part of YouTube Music, Universal and YouTube signed an agreement in 2017, which was followed by separate agreements other major labels, which gave the company the right to advertising revenue when its music was played on YouTube.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> By 2019, creators were having videos taken down or demonetized when Content ID identified even short segments of copyrighted music within a much longer video, with different levels of enforcement depending on the record label.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> Experts noted that some of these clips said qualified for fair use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a>

<h4>Content ID</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Content_ID/ytljLuvr">Content ID</a>
In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from <a href="/facts/Viacom_(2005%25E2%2580%25932019)/A8xmS6wG">Viacom</a>, which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> The system, which was initially called "Video Identification"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> and later became known as Content ID,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> When this occurs, the content owner has the choice of blocking the video to make it unviewable, tracking the viewing statistics of the video, or adding advertisements to the video.
An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube and concluded that while the system was "surprisingly resilient" in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos, it was not infallible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to <a href="/facts/YouTube_copyright_issues/oHrorELy">controversy</a> in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a>
Before 2016, videos were not monetized until the dispute was resolved. Since April 2016, videos continue to be monetized while the dispute is in progress, and the money goes to whoever won the dispute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> Should the uploader want to monetize the video again, they may remove the disputed audio in the "Video Manager".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a>

<h3>Russia</h3>
In 2021, two accounts linked to <a href="/facts/RT_DE/JkffFoqc">RT DE</a>, the German channel of the Russian state-owned <a href="/facts/RT_(TV_network)/9d48Xk8D">RT</a> network, were removed for breaching YouTube's policies relating to COVID-19.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> Russia threatened to ban YouTube after the platform deleted two German RT channels in September 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> Shortly after the <a href="/facts/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/kE7cHvoQ">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022, YouTube removed all channels funded by the Russian state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> YouTube expanded the removal of Russian content from its site to include channels described as 'pro-Russian'. In June 2022, the War Gonzo channel run by Russian military blogger and journalist <a href="/facts/Semyon_Pegov/yIWXwgVJ">Semyon Pegov</a> was deleted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a>
In July 2023, YouTube removed the channel of British journalist <a href="/facts/Graham_Phillips_(journalist)/QWJVaPh8">Graham Phillips</a>, active in covering the <a href="/facts/War_in_Donbas/h8WDdxa4">war in Donbas</a> from 2014.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> In August 2023, a Moscow court fined Google 3 million rubles, around $35,000, for not deleting what it said was "fake news about the war in Ukraine".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a>
In October 2024, a Russian court fined Google 2 undecillion <a href="/facts/Russian_ruble/mzupvnyt">rubles</a> (equivalent to US$20 decillion) for restricting Russian state media channels on YouTube.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> The fine imposed by Russia is far greater than the world's total GDP, estimated at US$110 trillion by the <a href="/facts/International_Monetary_Fund/tPSTWWS4">International Monetary Fund</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a> State news agency <a href="/facts/TASS/4hpJncJU">TASS</a> reported that Google is allowed to return to the Russian market only if it complies with the court's decision.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> Kremlin spokesperson <a href="/facts/Dmitry_Peskov/8yWH9Hof">Dmitry Peskov</a> labeled the court decision as "symbolic" and warned Google that it "should not be restricting the actions of our broadcasters on its platform."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a>

<h3>April Fools gags</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_Google_April_Fools%2527_Day_jokes/QnRYRxMR">List of Google April Fools' Day jokes</a>
YouTube featured an <a href="/facts/April_Fools%2527_Day/KXnQtCTX">April Fools</a> prank on the site on April 1 of every year from 2008 to 2016. In 2008, all links to videos on the main page were redirected to <a href="/facts/Rick_Astley/q0Plm2m6">Rick Astley</a>'s music video "<a href="/facts/Never_Gonna_Give_You_Up/0XypPmkB">Never Gonna Give You Up</a>", a prank known as "<a href="/facts/Rickrolling/8r7Cfs7B">rickrolling</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> The next year, when clicking on a video on the main page, the whole page turned upside down, which YouTube claimed was a "new layout".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> In 2010, YouTube temporarily released a "TEXTp" mode which rendered video imagery into <a href="/facts/ASCII_art/TmgLtCg5">ASCII art</a> letters "in order to reduce bandwidth costs by $1 per second."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a>
The next year, the site celebrated its "100th anniversary" with a range of sepia-toned silent, early 1900s-style films, including a parody of <a href="/facts/Keyboard_Cat/jzLPaNtI">Keyboard Cat</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> In 2012, clicking on the image of a DVD next to the site logo led to a video about a purported option to order every YouTube video for home delivery on DVD.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> In 2013, YouTube teamed up with satirical newspaper company <a href="/facts/The_Onion/g3yWsoWv">The Onion</a> to claim in an uploaded video that the video-sharing website was launched as a contest which had finally come to an end, and would shut down for ten years before being re-launched in 2023, featuring only the winning video. The video starred several <a href="/facts/Internet_celebrity/LDKWohN1">YouTube celebrities</a>, including <a href="/facts/Antoine_Dodson/rzbVj1I2">Antoine Dodson</a>. A video of two presenters announcing the nominated videos streamed live for 12 hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a>
In 2014, YouTube announced that it was responsible for the creation of all viral video trends, and revealed previews of upcoming trends, such as "Clocking", "Kissing Dad", and "Glub Glub Water Dance".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a> The next year, YouTube added a music button to the video bar that played samples from "<a href="/facts/Sandstorm_(instrumental)/8RQ6mWrS">Sandstorm</a>" by <a href="/facts/Darude/sChQX0le">Darude</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> In 2016, YouTube introduced an option to watch every video on the platform in 360-degree mode with <a href="/facts/Snoop_Dogg/t9fuGW1t">Snoop Dogg</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a>

<h2 id="services">Services</h2>
<h3>YouTube Premium</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/YouTube_Premium/8SuedN5m">YouTube Premium</a>
<a href="/facts/YouTube_Premium/8SuedN5m">YouTube Premium</a> (formerly Music Key and YouTube Red) is YouTube's premium subscription service. It offers advertising-free streaming, access to <a href="/facts/YouTube_Originals/9aAF1JLE">original programming</a>, and background and offline video playback on mobile devices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a> YouTube Premium was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as "Music Key", a <a href="/facts/Comparison_of_on-demand_music_streaming_services/x7gDWdEG">subscription music streaming</a> service, and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing <a href="/facts/Google_Play/j3N4wv6g">Google Play</a> Music "All Access" service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> On October 28, 2015, the service was relaunched as YouTube Red, offering ad-free streaming of all videos and access to exclusive original content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a> As of November 2016, the service has 1.5 million subscribers, with a further million on a free-trial basis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> As of June 2017, the first season of <a href="/facts/List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming/9aAF1JLE">YouTube Originals</a> had received 250 million views in total.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>

<h3>YouTube Kids</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/YouTube_Kids/QMGNELC0">YouTube Kids</a>

<a href="/facts/YouTube_Kids/QMGNELC0">YouTube Kids</a> is an American children's video app developed by YouTube, a subsidiary of <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a>. The app was developed in response to parental and government scrutiny on the content available to children. The app provides a version of the service-oriented towards children, with curated selections of content, parental control features, and filtering of videos deemed inappropriate viewing for children aged under 13, 8 or 5 depending on the age grouping chosen. First released on February 15, 2015, as an <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a> and <a href="/facts/IOS/mK5cggH5">iOS</a> <a href="/facts/Mobile_app/r7vp6meo">mobile app</a>, the app has since been released for <a href="/facts/LG_Electronics/9aeXYv1t">LG</a>, <a href="/facts/Samsung_Electronics/STxnmHwl">Samsung</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sony/7x4tCtBd">Sony</a> <a href="/facts/Smart_TV/JE3CHk0y">smart TVs</a>, as well as for <a href="/facts/Android_TV/0HHdAs3N">Android TV</a>. On May 27, 2020, it became available on <a href="/facts/Apple_TV/FHVJqBCw">Apple TV</a>. As of September 2019, the app is available in 69 countries, including Hong Kong and Macau, and one province. YouTube launched a web-based version of YouTube Kids on August 30, 2019.

<h3>YouTube Music</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/YouTube_Music/mGyo736R">YouTube Music</a>

On September 28, 2016, YouTube named <a href="/facts/Lyor_Cohen/GSsRXrEu">Lyor Cohen</a>, the co-founder of <a href="/facts/300_Entertainment/8fGdAmEt">300 Entertainment</a> and former <a href="/facts/Warner_Music_Group/r0x3FlQE">Warner Music Group</a> executive, the Global Head of Music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a>
In early 2018, Cohen began hinting at the possible launch of YouTube's new subscription music streaming service, a platform that would compete with other services such as <a href="/facts/Spotify/wsTSvDD8">Spotify</a> and <a href="/facts/Apple_Music/HdUFLRFz">Apple Music</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> On May 22, 2018, the music streaming platform named "YouTube Music" was launched for people who mostly listen to music on YouTube. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a>

<h3>YouTube Movies & TV</h3>
YouTube Movies & TV is a <a href="/facts/Video_on_demand/jWQq1o80">video on demand</a> (VOD) service that offers movies and television shows for purchase or rental, depending on availability, along with a selection of movies (encompassing between 100 and 500 titles overall) that are free to stream, with interspersed ad breaks. YouTube began offering free-to-view movie titles to its users in November 2018; selections of new movies are added and others removed, unannounced each month.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a>
In March 2021, Google announced plans to gradually <a href="/facts/Deprecate/1aQL7rnP">deprecate</a> the Google Play Movies & TV app, and eventually migrate all users to the YouTube app's Movies & TV store to view, rent and purchase movies and TV shows (first affecting Roku, Samsung, LG, and Vizio smart TV users on July 15).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a> Google Play Movies & TV formally shut down on January 17, 2024, with the web version of that platform migrated to YouTube as an expansion of the Movies & TV store to desktop users. (Other functions of Google Play Movies & TV were integrated into the <a href="/facts/Google_TV_(service)/WRF5MWdF">Google TV</a> service.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a>

<h4>YouTube Primetime Channels</h4>
On November 1, 2022, YouTube launched Primetime Channels, a channel store platform offering third-party subscription streaming add-ons sold a la carte through the YouTube website and app, competing with similar subscription add-on stores operated by <a href="/facts/Apple_TV_app/K0lC2Xz8">Apple</a>, <a href="/facts/Amazon_Prime_Video/xyAbHsRE">Prime Video</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Roku_Channel/sRlmtJql">Roku</a>. The add-ons can be purchased through the YouTube Movies & TV hub or through the official YouTube channels of the available services; subscribers of YouTube TV add-ons that are sold through Primetime Channels can also access their content via the YouTube app and website. A total of 34 streaming services (including <a href="/facts/Paramount%252B/nNntGajF">Paramount+</a>, <a href="/facts/Showtime_(TV_network)/1yjns2Wy">Showtime</a>, <a href="/facts/Starz/3jHC7DkP">Starz</a>, <a href="/facts/MGM%252B/fCPA1jLu">MGM+</a>, <a href="/facts/AMC%252B/5KLqR7mv">AMC+</a> and <a href="/facts/Vix_(streaming_service)/pYPr2IM8">ViX+</a>) were initially available for purchase.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a>
<a href="/facts/NFL_Sunday_Ticket/djYPU7J1">NFL Sunday Ticket</a>, as part of a broader residential distribution deal with <a href="/facts/Google/GT9Sugza">Google</a> signed in December 2022 that also made it available to YouTube TV subscribers, was added to Primetime Channels as a standalone add-on on <a href="/facts/2023_NFL_season/8pPG1hvc">August 16, 2023</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a> The ad-free tier of <a href="/facts/Max_(streaming_service)/s2wq20PT">Max</a> was added to Primetime Channels on December 12, 2023, coinciding with YouTube TV converting its separate HBO (for base plan subscribers) and HBO Max (for all subscribers) linear/VOD add-ons into a single combined Max offering.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a>

<h3>YouTube TV</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/YouTube_TV/tSFFWmDs">YouTube TV</a>

On February 28, 2017, in a press announcement held at YouTube Space Los Angeles, YouTube announced YouTube TV, an <a href="/facts/Over-the-top_media_service/pVfcCWfe">over-the-top</a> <a href="/facts/Multichannel_video_programming_distributor/5zzoDF5B">MVPD</a>-style subscription service that would be available for United States customers at a price of US$65 per month. Initially launching in five major markets (<a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York City</a>, <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles/pyXpYEX9">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a>, <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/facts/San_Francisco/cb9l7hbC">San Francisco</a>) on April 5, 2017,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> the service offers live streams of programming from the five major broadcast networks (<a href="/facts/American_Broadcasting_Company/WGxg4vRX">ABC</a>, <a href="/facts/CBS/BhMsVoej">CBS</a>, <a href="/facts/The_CW/zPFQN74d">The CW</a>, <a href="/facts/Fox_Broadcasting_Company/yeFeCgGk">Fox</a> and <a href="/facts/NBC/zyfTYCvW">NBC</a>, along with selected <a href="/facts/MyNetworkTV/aznXoFme">MyNetworkTV</a> affiliates and <a href="/facts/Independent_station/gr9ro0fn">independent stations</a> in certain markets), as well as approximately 60 cable channels owned by companies such as <a href="/facts/The_Walt_Disney_Company/R8kCbAVc">The Walt Disney Company</a>, <a href="/facts/Paramount_Global/7xEPvbjU">Paramount Global</a>, <a href="/facts/Fox_Corporation/QPIXjjbN">Fox Corporation</a>, <a href="/facts/NBCUniversal/s4QPPX62">NBCUniversal</a>, <a href="/facts/Allen_Media_Group/HSHAA9Qa">Allen Media Group</a> and <a href="/facts/Warner_Bros._Discovery/0rV6EadW">Warner Bros. Discovery</a> (including among others <a href="/facts/Bravo_(American_TV_network)/Y221Sajf">Bravo</a>, <a href="/facts/USA_Network/lgQGjABY">USA Network</a>, <a href="/facts/Syfy/nxRV1eCB">Syfy</a>, <a href="/facts/Disney_Channel/Xgoss0JR">Disney Channel</a>, <a href="/facts/CNN/kEYsUQqr">CNN</a>, <a href="/facts/Cartoon_Network/0rdGXMmw">Cartoon Network</a>, <a href="/facts/E!/UoEWvcmo">E!</a>, <a href="/facts/Fox_Sports_1/jaCrBo46">Fox Sports 1</a>, <a href="/facts/Freeform_(TV_channel)/4NFgDxGG">Freeform</a>, <a href="/facts/FX_(TV_channel)/YWglwVRT">FX</a> and <a href="/facts/ESPN/1FeLYofR">ESPN</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a>
<a href="/facts/Subscribers/CNForGLH">Subscribers</a> can also receive premium cable channels (including <a href="/facts/HBO/gGSPvEEu">HBO</a> (via a combined <a href="/facts/Max_(streaming_service)/s2wq20PT">Max</a> add-on that includes in-app and log-in access to the service), <a href="/facts/Cinemax/3N5I9kCI">Cinemax</a>, <a href="/facts/Showtime_(TV_network)/1yjns2Wy">Showtime</a>, <a href="/facts/Starz/3jHC7DkP">Starz</a> and <a href="/facts/MGM%252B/fCPA1jLu">MGM+</a>) and other subscription services (such as <a href="/facts/NFL_Sunday_Ticket/djYPU7J1">NFL Sunday Ticket</a>, <a href="/facts/MLB.tv/MSWFtEof">MLB.tv</a>, <a href="/facts/NBA_League_Pass/xBh4E8CQ">NBA League Pass</a>, <a href="/facts/Curiosity_Stream/EgmUIQuc">Curiosity Stream</a> and <a href="/facts/Fox_Nation/uvfH2vIF">Fox Nation</a>) as optional add-ons for an extra fee, and can access <a href="/facts/YouTube_Premium/8SuedN5m">YouTube Premium</a> original content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> In September 2022, YouTube TV began allowing customers to purchase most of its premium add-ons (excluding certain services such as NBA League Pass and <a href="/facts/AMC%252B/5KLqR7mv">AMC+</a>) without an existing subscription to its base package.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a>

<h3>YouTube Go</h3>

In September 2016, YouTube Go was announced,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a> as an <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a> app created for making YouTube easier to access on mobile devices in <a href="/facts/Emerging_market/DAdHmQnE">emerging markets</a>. It was distinct from the company's main Android app and allowed videos to be downloaded and shared with other users. It also allowed users to preview videos, share downloaded videos through <a href="/facts/Bluetooth/sWAjpMrj">Bluetooth</a>, and offered more options for mobile data control and <a href="/facts/Display_resolution/8LQTWvl3">video resolution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a>
In February 2017, YouTube Go was launched in <a href="/facts/India/QW4TV4sy">India</a>, and expanded in November 2017 to 14 other countries, including <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a>, <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a>, the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a>, <a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a>, and <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a> On February 1, 2018, it was rolled out in 130 countries worldwide, including <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>, <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a>. Before it shut down, the app was available to around 60% of the world's population.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> In May 2022, Google announced that they would be shutting down YouTube Go in August 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a>

<h3>YouTube Shorts</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/YouTube_Shorts/db276jst">YouTube Shorts</a>

In September 2020, YouTube announced that it would be launching a beta version of a new platform of 15-second videos, similar to <a href="/facts/TikTok/LC3FaCbX">TikTok</a>, called <a href="/facts/YouTube_Shorts/db276jst">YouTube Shorts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a> The platform was first tested in India but as of March 2021 has expanded to other countries including the United States with videos now able to be up to 1 minute long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a> The platform is not a standalone app, but is integrated into the main YouTube app. Like TikTok, it gives users access to built-in creative tools, including the possibility of adding licensed music to their videos.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a> The platform had its global beta launch in July 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a>

<h3>YouTube Stories</h3>
In 2018, YouTube started testing a new feature initially called "YouTube Reels".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> The feature was nearly identical to <a href="/facts/Instagram_Stories/33s91jnV">Instagram Stories</a> and <a href="/facts/Snapchat/oIQ9tBh8">Snapchat Stories</a>. YouTube later renamed the feature "YouTube Stories". It was only available to creators who had more than 10,000 subscribers and could only be posted/seen in the YouTube mobile app.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a> On May 25, 2023, YouTube announced that they would be shutting down this feature on June 26, 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a>

<h3>YouTube VR</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/YouTube_VR/DIbKgAAW">YouTube VR</a>
In November 2016, YouTube released <a href="/facts/YouTube_VR/DIbKgAAW">YouTube VR</a>, a dedicated version with an interface for VR devices, for <a href="/facts/Google_Daydream/eYWJYMQ6">Google's Daydream</a> mobile VR platform on Android.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a> In November 2018, YouTube VR was released on the <a href="/facts/Meta_Horizon_Store/WS4MUw5T">Oculus Store</a> for the <a href="/facts/Oculus_Go/6nQEx1xo">Oculus Go</a> headset.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a> YouTube VR was updated since for compatibility with successive <a href="/facts/Meta_Horizon_OS/xVNxNp0Q">Quest</a> devices, and was ported to <a href="/facts/Pico_4/wdE7BBsU">Pico 4</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a>
YouTube VR allows for access to all YouTube-hosted videos, but particularly supports headset access for 360° and 180°-degree video (both in 2D and stereoscopic 3D). Starting with the <a href="/facts/Oculus_Quest/MnEIzwsP">Oculus Quest</a>, the app was updated for compatibility with mixed-reality passthrough modes on VR headsets. In April 2024, YouTube VR was updated to support 8K SDR video on <a href="/facts/Meta_Quest_3/e2aun26f">Meta Quest 3</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a>

<h3>Playables</h3>
In 2010, YouTube added <a href="/facts/Snake_(video_game_genre)/HrVSdS1p">Snake</a> as a hidden game inside of their <a href="/facts/Video_player/AwtCuWfG">video player</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a> In May 2024, YouTube introduced Playables, a set of around 75 free-to-play games that can be played on the platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a>

<h2 id="criticism-and-controversies">Criticism and controversies</h2>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/YouTube_moderation/dsA02GX4">YouTube moderation</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTube_moderation&action=edit">edit</a>]
YouTube, a video sharing platform, has faced various criticisms over the years, particularly regarding <a href="/facts/Content_moderation/AwdjqfIW">content moderation</a>, offensive content, and monetization. YouTube has faced criticism over aspects of its operations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a> its <a href="/facts/Recommender_system/HjodW6nS">recommendation algorithms</a> perpetuating videos that promote conspiracy theories and falsehoods,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> hosting videos ostensibly targeting children but containing <a href="/facts/Elsagate/pn2rjkmA">violent or sexually suggestive content involving popular characters</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a> videos of minors attracting <a href="/facts/Pedophilia/oUPjArcW">pedophilic</a> activities in their comment sections,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> and fluctuating policies on the types of content that is eligible to be monetized with advertising.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a>

YouTube has also been blocked by several countries. As of 2018, public access to YouTube was blocked by countries including <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a>, <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkmenistan/YqJ4NvjU">Turkmenistan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a> <a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> <a href="/facts/Tajikistan/xLLXqHEJ">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/facts/Eritrea/tuhgQTdR">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Sudan/DacJpKfT">South Sudan</a>.
<h3>Privacy concerns</h3>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/YouTube_and_privacy/KUgAe8e1">YouTube and privacy</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YouTube_and_privacy&action=edit">edit</a>]
Since its founding in 2005, the American video-sharing website YouTube has been faced with a growing number of privacy issues, including allegations that it allows users to upload unauthorized copyrighted material and allows personal information from young children to be collected without their parents' consent.

In September 2024, the <a href="/facts/Federal_Trade_Commission/Hkz0PwF9">Federal Trade Commission</a> released a report summarizing 9 company responses (including from YouTube) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the <a href="/facts/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914/3BPvSDgx">Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914</a> to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to <a href="/facts/Identity_theft/WeTNe9DG">identity theft</a>, <a href="/facts/Stalking/2BPyXe69">stalking</a>, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and <a href="/facts/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health/uxtBsGSI">mental health issues</a>, social stigma, and reputational harm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a>
<h3>Censorship and bans</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Censorship_of_YouTube/VMz7PRBS">Censorship of YouTube</a>
YouTube has been censored, filtered, or banned for a variety of reasons, including:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a>

<ul><li>Limiting public access and exposure to content that may ignite social or political unrest.</li>
<li>Preventing criticism of a ruler (e.g. in <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a>), government (e.g. in <a href="/facts/Internet_censorship_in_China/gdfrbRXq">China</a>) or its actions (e.g. in <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a>), government officials (e.g. in <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> and <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a>), or religion (e.g. in <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>).</li>
<li>Morality-based laws, e.g. in <a href="/facts/Internet_censorship_in_Iran/kFmkIwjy">Iran</a>.</li></ul>
Access to specific videos is sometimes prevented due to copyright and intellectual property protection laws (e.g. <a href="/facts/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany/RhbR4ACA">in Germany</a>), violations of hate speech, and preventing access to videos judged inappropriate for youth,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a> which is also done by YouTube with the <a href="/facts/YouTube_Kids/QMGNELC0">YouTube Kids</a> app and with "<a href="/facts/Censorship_by_Google/mvIwnz1Q">restricted mode</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> Businesses, schools, government agencies, and other private institutions often block social media sites, including YouTube, due to its bandwidth limitations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a> and the site's potential for distraction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a>
As of 2018, public access to YouTube is blocked in many countries, including <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a>, <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkmenistan/YqJ4NvjU">Turkmenistan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a> <a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a> <a href="/facts/Tajikistan/xLLXqHEJ">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/facts/Eritrea/tuhgQTdR">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Sudan/DacJpKfT">South Sudan</a>. In some countries, YouTube is blocked for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a>
Reports emerged that since October 2019, comments posted with Chinese characters insulting the <a href="/facts/Chinese_Communist_Party/MwS3Togt">Chinese Communist Party</a> (共匪 "communist bandit" or 五毛 "<a href="/facts/50_Cent_Party/N8b4PGxt">50 Cent Party</a>", referring to <a href="/facts/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda/Nm45Yr7W">state-sponsored commentators</a>) were being automatically deleted within 15 seconds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a>
Specific incidents where YouTube has been blocked include:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a> blocked access in April 2007 over a video said to be insulting the <a href="/facts/Monarchy_of_Thailand/4vloVakF">Thai king</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a></li>
<li>Morocco blocked access in May 2007, possibly as a result of videos critical of <a href="/facts/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara/ulXeCzmq">Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a> YouTube became accessible again on May 30, 2007, after Maroc Telecom unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was a mere "technical glitch".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a></li>
<li>Turkey blocked access between 2008 and 2010 after controversy over videos deemed insulting to <a href="/facts/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%25C3%25BCrk/RYKRRRst">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a> In November 2010, a video of the Turkish politician <a href="/facts/Deniz_Baykal/jWqDIEUd">Deniz Baykal</a> caused the site to be blocked again briefly, and the site was threatened with a new shutdown if it did not remove the video.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a> During the two and a half-year block of YouTube, the video-sharing website remained the eighth-most-accessed site in Turkey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a> In 2014, Turkey blocked the access for the second time, after "a high-level intelligence leak".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a></li>
<li>Pakistan blocked access on February 23, 2008, because of "offensive material" towards the Islamic faith, including display of the <a href="/facts/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy/afxj0gRM">Danish cartoons</a> of <a href="/facts/Muhammad/5VcA7XrT">Muhammad</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a> This led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for around two hours, as the Pakistani block was inadvertently transferred to other countries. On February 26, 2008, the ban was lifted after the website had removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a> Many Pakistanis circumvented the three-day block by using <a href="/facts/Virtual_private_network/HX1WUQ3E">virtual private network</a> software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a> In May 2010, following the <a href="/facts/Everybody_Draw_Mohammed_Day/eNVUApmV">Everybody Draw Mohammed Day</a>, Pakistan again blocked access to YouTube, citing "growing sacrilegious content".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a> The ban was lifted on May 27, 2010, after the website removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. However, individual videos deemed offensive to Muslims posted on YouTube will continue to be blocked.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> Pakistan again placed a ban on YouTube in September 2012, after the site refused to remove the film <a href="/facts/Innocence_of_Muslims/GUfIfTtp">Innocence of Muslims</a>. The ban was lifted in January 2016 after YouTube launched a Pakistan-specific version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a></li>
<li>Libya blocked access on January 24, 2010, because of videos that featured demonstrations in the city of <a href="/facts/Benghazi/10pderw0">Benghazi</a> by families of detainees who were <a href="/facts/Abu_Salim_Prison_massacre/W4Ad3SuE">killed in Abu Salim prison in 1996</a>, and videos of family members of Libyan leader <a href="/facts/Muammar_Gaddafi/JFp2s57J">Muammar Gaddafi</a> at parties. The blocking was criticized by <a href="/facts/Human_Rights_Watch/X265jj8r">Human Rights Watch</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a> In November 2011, after the <a href="/facts/2011_Libyan_Civil_War/dlCgacp1">Libyan Civil War</a>, YouTube was once again allowed in Libya.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a> blocked access in September 2012 following <a href="/facts/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims/KNjwb8l3">controversy</a> over a 14-minute trailer for the film <a href="/facts/Innocence_of_Muslims/GUfIfTtp">Innocence of Muslims</a> which had been posted on the site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a> A court in the southern Russian Republic of <a href="/facts/Chechnya/mjpuy4nm">Chechnya</a> ruled that Innocence of Muslims should be banned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a> In Libya and <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, it was blamed for violent protests. YouTube stated: "This video—which is widely available on the Web—is clearly within our guidelines and so will stay on YouTube. However, given the very difficult situation in Libya and Egypt we have temporarily restricted access in both countries."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a></li>
<li>Following the <a href="/facts/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/kE7cHvoQ">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in February 2022, YouTube announced on March 1 the immediate removal of <a href="/facts/RT_(TV_network)/9d48Xk8D">RT</a> (and other Russian government-funded outlets) from its platform in Europe. The removal was soon expanded globally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a> From late 2024, users across Russia started experiencing sharp declines in YouTube loading speeds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a></li>
<li>Following controversial commentary on the show <a href="/facts/India%2527s_Got_Latent/SNpNKmyv">India's Got Latent</a>, concerns were raised in the <a href="/facts/Zero_hour/VUkms21y">zero hour</a> of <a href="/facts/Parliament_of_India/5BUcWtwn">parliament</a> regarding the regulation of content on YouTube (which has an enormous user base in India), particularly content that may have an adverse influence, especially on children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="social-impact">Social impact</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Social_impact_of_YouTube/CQMxjQr9">Social impact of YouTube</a>
Private individuals<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a> and large production corporations<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a> have used YouTube to grow their audiences. Indie creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a> Concurrently, <a href="/facts/Old_media/hnq8yNRM">old media</a> celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a> While YouTube's revenue-sharing "Partner Program" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a <a href="/facts/Video_production/ddNBwkGJ">video producer</a>—its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a> and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $2.5 million to $12 million<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a>—in 2012 <a href="/facts/Complete_Music_Update/RfDbN6Wl">CMU</a> business editor characterized YouTube as "a free-to-use ... promotional platform for the music labels."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a> In 2013 <a href="/facts/Forbes/lyULpGhW">Forbes</a>' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a> Videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo in that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a> By early 2013, <a href="/facts/Billboard_(magazine)/CVruQGq5">Billboard</a> had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the <a href="/facts/Billboard_Hot_100/gwKl8VL9">Billboard Hot 100</a> and related genre charts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a>

Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been "fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution", <a href="/facts/TED_(conference)/Sc3JxnA1">TED</a> curator <a href="/facts/Chris_Anderson_(entrepreneur)/Pg5y0mbw">Chris Anderson</a> referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that "what <a href="/facts/Johannes_Gutenberg/HkQISRmx">Gutenberg</a> did for writing, online video can now do for face-to-face communication."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a> Anderson asserted that it is not far-fetched to say that online video will dramatically accelerate scientific advance, and that video contributors may be about to launch "the biggest learning cycle in human history."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a> In education, for example, the <a href="/facts/Khan_Academy/4G99cy12">Khan Academy</a> grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan's cousin into what Forbes' Michael Noer called "the largest school in the world", with technology poised to <a href="/facts/Disruptive_innovation/ShoJutBR">disrupt</a> how people learn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a> YouTube was awarded a 2008 <a href="/facts/George_Foster_Peabody_Award/pC7Q1kqp">George Foster Peabody Award</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a> the website being described as a <a href="/facts/Speakers%2527_Corner/CNCYrAvI">Speakers' Corner</a> that "both embodies and promotes democracy."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a> The Washington Post reported that a disproportionate share of YouTube's most-subscribed channels feature minorities, contrasting with mainstream television in which the stars are largely white.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a> A <a href="/facts/Pew_Research_Center/082PuVBq">Pew Research Center</a> study reported the development of "visual journalism", in which citizen eyewitnesses and established news organizations share in content creation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a> The study also concluded that YouTube was becoming an important platform by which people acquire news.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a>
YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the <a href="/facts/CNN%2fYouTube_presidential_debates/cknPlc3K">CNN/YouTube presidential debates</a> (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a <a href="/facts/TechPresident/gBRWbxNJ">techPresident</a> co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a> Describing the <a href="/facts/Arab_Spring/IJrjLoll">Arab Spring</a> (2010–2012), sociologist <a href="/facts/Philip_N._Howard/vPYqz15b">Philip N. Howard</a> quoted an activist's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using "Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a> In 2012, more than a third of the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution condemning <a href="/facts/Joseph_Kony/nKVFljME">Joseph Kony</a> 16 days after the "<a href="/facts/Kony_2012/Vm9FM3f6">Kony 2012</a>" video was posted to YouTube, with resolution co-sponsor Senator <a href="/facts/Lindsey_Graham/mVX9F3je">Lindsey Graham</a> remarking that the video "will do more to lead to (Kony's) demise than all other action combined."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a>

Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the <a href="/facts/White_House/CJQc7dKF">White House</a>'s official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a> and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator <a href="/facts/Iman_Crosson/9KBAz9yp">Iman Crosson</a>'s YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the <a href="/facts/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act/5RW8EDo8">Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)</a>-compliant health insurance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a> In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators not only to promote awareness of Obamacare<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a> but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the "YouTube Generation".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a> Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' <a href="/facts/New_media/AhuRPHpN">new media</a> savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a>
Some YouTube videos have themselves had a direct effect on world events, such as <a href="/facts/Innocence_of_Muslims/GUfIfTtp">Innocence of Muslims</a> (2012) which spurred <a href="/facts/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims/KNjwb8l3">protests and related anti-American violence</a> internationally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a> TED curator Chris Anderson described a phenomenon by which geographically distributed individuals in a certain field share their independently developed skills in YouTube videos, thus challenging others to improve their own skills, and spurring invention and evolution in that field.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a> Journalist <a href="/facts/Virginia_Heffernan/1DuYGNu3">Virginia Heffernan</a> stated in The New York Times that such videos have "surprising implications" for the dissemination of culture and even the future of classical music.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a>
A 2017 article in <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times_Magazine/AQhGYeFC">The New York Times Magazine</a> posited that YouTube had become "the new <a href="/facts/Conservative_talk_radio/P0nLyBkC">talk radio</a>" for the <a href="/facts/Far-right_politics/QpBMz5Ss">far right</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a> Almost a year before YouTube's January 2019 announcement that it would begin a "gradual change" of "reducing <a href="/facts/Recommender_system/HjodW6nS">recommendations</a> of borderline content and content that could misinform users in harmful ways",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a> Zeynep Tufekci had written in The New York Times that, "(g)iven its billion or so users, YouTube may be one of the most powerful radicalizing instruments of the 21st century".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a> Under YouTube's changes to its recommendation engine, the most-recommended channel evolved from conspiracy theorist <a href="/facts/Alex_Jones/Kw10B5MN">Alex Jones</a> (2016) to <a href="/facts/Fox_News/jyP1hm2q">Fox News</a> (2019).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a> According to a 2020 study, viewership of far-right videos on YouTube peaked in 2017 and "a growing body of journalistic evidence" suggested that YouTube was radicalizing young men through its recommendation engine, but that such evidence was "fraught with a bias towards sensationalism". It also found more "mainstream-adjacent Conservative creators" gaining over <a href="/facts/Alt-right/h4XtmDca">alt-right</a> and extremist videos by 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a> A 2022 study found that "despite widespread concerns that YouTube's algorithms send people down 'rabbit holes' with recommendations to extremist videos, little systematic evidence exists to support this conjecture", and that such exposure was "heavily concentrated among a small group of people with high prior levels of gender and racial resentment."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a> A 2024 study by the <a href="/facts/Institute_for_Strategic_Dialogue/9GqpFyu6">Institute for Strategic Dialogue</a> found that YouTube frequently recommended Christian videos and right-leaning and culturally conservative "<a href="/facts/Culture_war/3uok0f6F">culture war</a>" videos by Fox News and male lifestyle <a href="/facts/Influencers/LDKWohN1">influencers</a> to accounts that did not show an interest in such topics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a>
<a href="/facts/The_Legion_of_Extraordinary_Dancers/VynwCHcH">The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a> and the <a href="/facts/YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra/QjMsQxgJ">YouTube Symphony Orchestra</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a> selected their membership based on individual video performances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a> Further, the cyber-collaboration charity video "<a href="/facts/We_Are_the_World_25_for_Haiti_(YouTube_edition)/3GglKFLk">We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition)</a>" was formed by mixing performances of 57 globally distributed singers into a single musical work,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a> with The Tokyo Times noting the "We Pray for You" YouTube cyber-collaboration video as an example of a trend to use crowdsourcing for charitable purposes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a>
The anti-bullying <a href="/facts/It_Gets_Better_Project/18k069Lv">It Gets Better Project</a> expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or <a href="/facts/Suicide_among_LGBT_youth/3qXMP4TQ">suicidal LGBT teens</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a> that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a>, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a> Similarly, in response to fifteen-year-old <a href="/facts/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd/kYXqsLqE">Amanda Todd</a>'s video "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm", legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a> In May 2018, after London <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Police/GANdhRWR">Metropolitan Police</a> claimed that <a href="/facts/UK_drill/1MVsjHWm">drill music</a> videos glamorizing violence gave rise to <a href="/facts/Gang/Wj4omovT">gang violence</a>, YouTube deleted 30 videos.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a>

<h2 id="finances">Finances</h2>
Prior to 2020, Google did not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "<a href="/facts/Materiality_(auditing)/nM4lb46C">not material</a>" in a regulatory filing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a> In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a> In 2012, YouTube's revenue from its ads program was estimated at $3.7 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a> In 2013, it nearly doubled and estimated to hit $5.6 billion according to <a href="/facts/Emarketer/5LRdF4t7">e-Marketer</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a> while others estimated $4.7 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a> The vast majority of videos on YouTube are free to view and supported by advertising.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a> In May 2013, YouTube introduced a trial scheme of 53 subscription channels with prices ranging from $0.99 to $6.99 a month.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a> The move was seen as an attempt to compete with other providers of online subscription services such as <a href="/facts/Netflix/TKtlFVY9">Netflix</a>, <a href="/facts/Amazon_Prime_Video/xyAbHsRE">Amazon Prime</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hulu/BzDs7GsQ">Hulu</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a>
Google first published exact revenue numbers for YouTube in February 2020 as part of Alphabet's 2019 financial report. According to Google, YouTube had made US$15.1 billion in ad revenue in 2019, in contrast to US$8.1 billion in 2017 and US$11.1 billion in 2018. YouTube's revenues made up nearly 10% of the total Alphabet revenue in 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> These revenues accounted for approximately 20 million subscribers combined between YouTube Premium and YouTube Music subscriptions, and 2 million subscribers to YouTube TV.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a>
YouTube had $29.2 billion ads revenue in 2022, up by $398 million from the prior year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a> In Q2 2024, ad revenue rose to $8.66 billion, up 13% on Q1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a>

<h3>Partnership with corporations</h3>
YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with <a href="/facts/NBC/zyfTYCvW">NBC</a> in June 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a> In March 2007, it struck a deal with the <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a> for three channels with BBC content, one for news and two for entertainment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a> In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with <a href="/facts/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/sQdE9Kg2">MGM</a>, <a href="/facts/Lions_Gate_Entertainment/3wQMInyd">Lions Gate Entertainment</a>, and <a href="/facts/CBS/BhMsVoej">CBS</a>, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for U.S. viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, <a href="/facts/Fox_Broadcasting_Company/yeFeCgGk">Fox</a>, and <a href="/facts/Walt_Disney_Studios_Motion_Pictures/vhjGH9wd">Disney</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a> In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a> In January 2010, YouTube introduced a film rentals service,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a> available in many countries, and TV shows can be bought in several countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a> The service offers over 6,000 films.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a>

<h4>2017 advertiser boycott</h4>
In March 2017, the government of the United Kingdom pulled its advertising campaigns from YouTube, after reports that its ads had appeared on videos containing extremist content. The government demanded assurances that its advertising would "be delivered safely and appropriately". <a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a> newspaper, as well as other major British and U.S. brands, similarly suspended their advertising on YouTube in response to their advertising appearing near <a href="/facts/Offensive_content/6HJkzrgl">offensive content</a>. Google stated that it had "begun an extensive review of our advertising policies and have made a public commitment to put in place changes that give brands more control over where their ads appear".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a> In early April 2017, the YouTube channel <a href="/facts/H3h3Productions/IP7r29L9">h3h3Productions</a> presented evidence claiming that a <a href="/facts/Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">Wall Street Journal</a> article had fabricated screenshots showing major brand advertising on an offensive video containing <a href="/facts/Johnny_Rebel_(singer)/6HHpkPz8">Johnny Rebel</a> music overlaid on a <a href="/facts/Chief_Keef/6zpyIRnh">Chief Keef</a> music video, citing that the video itself had not earned any ad revenue for the uploader. The video was retracted after it was found that the ads had been triggered by the use of copyrighted content in the video.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a>
On April 6, 2017, YouTube announced that to "ensure revenue only flows to creators who are playing by the rules", it would change its practices to require that a channel undergo a policy compliance review, and have at least 10,000-lifetime views, before they may join the YouTube Partner Program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a>

<h3>YouTuber earnings</h3>

In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program (YPP), a system based on <a href="/facts/Google_AdSense/ApWGT7cI">AdSense</a> which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a> YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a>
There are over two million members of the YouTube Partner Program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a> According to <a href="/facts/TubeMogul/jk1efKE4">TubeMogul</a>, in 2013 a pre-roll advertisement on YouTube (one that is shown before the video starts) cost advertisers on average $7.60 per 1000 views. Usually, no more than half of the eligible videos have a pre-roll advertisement, due to a lack of interested advertisers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a>
YouTube's policies restrict certain forms of content from being included in videos being monetized with advertising, including videos containing violence, strong language, sexual content, "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown" (unless the content is "usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain"),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a> and videos whose user comments contain "inappropriate" content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a> In 2013, YouTube introduced an option for channels with at least a thousand subscribers to require a paid subscription for viewers to watch videos.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a> In April 2017, YouTube set an eligibility requirement of 10,000 lifetime views for a paid subscription.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a> On January 16, 2018, the eligibility requirement for monetization was changed to 4,000 hours of watch-time within the past 12 months and 1,000 subscribers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a> The move was seen as an attempt to ensure that videos being monetized did not lead to controversy, but was criticized for penalizing smaller YouTube channels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a>
<a href="/facts/YouTube_Play_Button/ckdE5bzH">YouTube Play Buttons</a>, a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards, are a recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a> The trophies made of nickel plated copper-nickel alloy, golden plated brass, silver plated metal, ruby, and red tinted crystal glass are given to channels with at least one hundred thousand, a million, ten million, fifty million subscribers, and one hundred million subscribers, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a>
YouTube's policies on "<a href="/facts/Censorship_by_Google/mvIwnz1Q">advertiser-friendly content</a>" restrict what may be incorporated into videos being monetized; this includes strong violence, language,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a> sexual content, and "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown", unless the content is "usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a> In September 2016, after introducing an enhanced notification system to inform users of these violations, YouTube's policies were criticized by prominent users, including <a href="/facts/Philip_DeFranco/pSeVj6hy">Philip DeFranco</a> and <a href="/facts/Vlogbrothers/TjGGmXTJ">Vlogbrothers</a>. DeFranco argued that not being able to earn advertising revenue on such videos was "censorship by a different name". A YouTube spokesperson stated that while the policy itself was not new, the service had "improved the notification and appeal process to ensure better communication to our creators".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a> <a href="/facts/Boing_Boing/XvAWXtgT">Boing Boing</a> reported in 2019 that LGBT keywords resulted in demonetization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a>
In the United States as of November 2020, and June 2021 worldwide,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a> YouTube reserves the right to monetize any video on the platform, even if their uploader is not a member of the YouTube Partner Program. This will occur on channels whose content is deemed "advertiser-friendly", and all revenue will go directly to Google without any share given to the uploader.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a>

<h3>Revenue to copyright holders</h3>
The majority of YouTube's advertising revenue goes to the publishers and video producers who hold the rights to their videos; the company retains 45% of the ad revenue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a> In 2010, it was reported that nearly a third of the videos with advertisements were uploaded without permission of the copyright holders. YouTube gives an option for copyright holders to locate and remove their videos or to have them continue running for revenue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a> In May 2013, <a href="/facts/Nintendo/dMrLpaHu">Nintendo</a> began enforcing its copyright ownership and claiming the advertising revenue from video creators who posted screenshots of its games.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a> In February 2015, Nintendo agreed to share the revenue with the video creators through the Nintendo Creators Program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a> On March 20, 2019, Nintendo announced on Twitter that the company will end the Creators program. Operations for the program ceased on March 20, 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Companies portal</li><li>Internet portal</li><li>San Francisco Bay Area portal</li><li>United States portal</li></ul>
<ul><li>Lists
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_video_hosting_services/P7SWLHca">Comparison of video hosting services</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs/yTrgn61g">List of Google Easter eggs#YouTube</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Internet_phenomena/ofeYrp4D">List of Internet phenomena</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_most-disliked_YouTube_videos/sDwyD2du">List of most-disliked YouTube videos</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_most-liked_YouTube_videos/HnUYcxvY">List of most-liked YouTube videos</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos/zN87UqFY">List of most-viewed YouTube videos</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels/vekBzdFB">List of most-subscribed YouTube channels</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_online_video_platforms/WKcBkqxn">List of online video platforms</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_YouTubers/VUlwKjao">List of YouTubers</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Lawsuits
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube%2c_Inc./DI5qq1PT">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Garcia_v._Google%2c_Inc./66IrNq5w">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc./vb7BNXyu">Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Criticism_of_Google/XIdunl5k">Criticism of Google#Algorithms</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/IFilm/PTQXoAIm">iFilm</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Google_Video/SnoLarqV">Google Video</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Metacafe/L9t6rIuh">Metacafe</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Revver/UjeLN9eQ">Revver</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/VMix/zSMcFQ8j">vMix</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Blip.tv/f41SSIao">blip.tv</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/VideoSift/D2eC4SJx">VideoSift</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Invidious/zqef3h5V">Invidious</a>, a free and open-source alternative frontend to YouTube</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Alternative_media/tudL2KPw">Alternative media</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/BookTube/pYnzzqtX">BookTube</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/BreadTube/quMxBBQq">BreadTube</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/CNN%2fYouTube_presidential_debates/cknPlc3K">CNN/YouTube presidential debates</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/YouTube_copyright_issues/oHrorELy">YouTube copyright issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Reply_girl/QGuFbmrI">Reply girl</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/YouTube_Awards/SYoceV7U">YouTube Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/YouTube_Creator_Awards/ckdE5bzH">YouTube Creator Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/YouTube_Instant/lahgEhUP">YouTube Instant</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/YouTube_Live/N17Rpsuz">YouTube Live</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Multi-channel_network/zRElGBM3">Multi-channel network</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/YouTube_Music_Awards/Vdjs9e33">YouTube Music Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/YouTube_Rewind/lXq7n0dM">YouTube Rewind</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/YouTube_Theater/Q0GsUnyw">YouTube Theater</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/YouTube_Poop/QAS0bvAK">YouTube Poop</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>

<ul><li>Bergen, Mark (2022). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zhTEAAAQBAJ">Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube's Chaotic Rise to World Dominance</a>. New York: Viking. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-593-29634-9. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1289250597">1289250597</a>.</li>
<li>Dickey, Megan Rose (February 15, 2013). <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/key-turning-points-history-of-youtube-2013-2">"The 22 Key Turning Points in the History of YouTube"</a>. <a href="/facts/Business_Insider/vxTTFRY4">Business Insider</a>. Retrieved March 25, 2017.</li>
<li>Kelsey, Todd (2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/socialnetworking0000kels">Social Networking Spaces: From Facebook to Twitter and Everything In Between</a>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4302-2596-6.</li>
<li>Lacy, Sarah (2008). The Stories of Facebook, YouTube and MySpace: The People, the Hype and the Deals Behind the Giants of Web 2.0. Richmond: Crimson. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85458-453-3.</li>
<li>Munger, Kevin; Hindman, Matt; Yalcin, Omer; Phillips, Joseph; Bisbee, James (2025). "Pressing Play on Politics: Quantitative Description of YouTube". Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media. 5.</li>
<li>Spangler, Todd (March 6, 2025). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250307152715/https://variety.com/2025/digital/news/youtube-20th-anniversary-sean-evans-hollywood-1236327520/">"YouTube at 20: How the Video Colossus Launched the Creator Economy and Turned From Hollywood Foe to Friend"</a>. <a href="/facts/Variety_(magazine)/38rXIaaG">Variety</a>. Archived from <a href="https://variety.com/2025/digital/news/youtube-20th-anniversary-sean-evans-hollywood-1236327520/">the original</a> on March 7, 2025. Retrieved March 17, 2025.</li>
<li>Walker, Rob (June 28, 2012). <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/magazine/on-youtube-amateur-is-the-new-pro.html">"On YouTube, Amateur Is the New Pro"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved March 26, 2017.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/">Official website</a> </li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Goodrow, Cristos (February 27, 2017). "You know what's cool? A billion hours". Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2021 – via YouTube. <a href="https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/you-know-whats-cool-billion-hours" target="_blank">https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/you-know-whats-cool-billion-hours</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Loke Hale, James (May 7, 2019). "More Than 500 Hours Of Content Are Now Being Uploaded To YouTube Every Minute". TubeFilter. Los Angeles, CA. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2019. <a href="https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/05/07/number-hours-video-uploaded-to-youtube-per-minute/" target="_blank">https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/05/07/number-hours-video-uploaded-to-youtube-per-minute/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Neufeld, Dorothy (January 27, 2021). "The 50 Most Visited Websites in the World". Visual Capitalist. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021. <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-50-most-visited-websites-in-the-world/" target="_blank">https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-50-most-visited-websites-in-the-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Germain, Thomas (February 13, 2025). "How a computer that 'drunk dials' videos is exposing YouTube's secrets". BBC. Retrieved February 13, 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20250213-youtube-at-20-a-computer-that-drunk-dials-online-videos-reveals-statistics-that-google-doesnt-want-you-to-know" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20250213-youtube-at-20-a-computer-that-drunk-dials-online-videos-reveals-statistics-that-google-doesnt-want-you-to-know</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Hooker, Lucy (February 1, 2016). "How did Google become the world's most valuable company?". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2021. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35460398" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35460398</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Alphabet Q1 2024 Earnings Release" (PDF). Alphabet Investor Relations. Retrieved November 1, 2024. <a href="https://abc.xyz/assets/91/b3/3f9213d14ce3ae27e1038e01a0e0/2024q1-alphabet-earnings-release-pdf.pdf" target="_blank">https://abc.xyz/assets/91/b3/3f9213d14ce3ae27e1038e01a0e0/2024q1-alphabet-earnings-release-pdf.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Google CFO Discusses YouTube's Advertising and Subscription Revenue". Business Insider. Retrieved November 1, 2024. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-cfo-analysts-ai-subscription-growth-2024-9" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/google-cfo-analysts-ai-subscription-growth-2024-9</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Helft, Miguel; Richtel, Matt (October 10, 2006). "Venture Firm Shares a YouTube Jackpot". The New York Times. ProQuest 433418867. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/technology/10payday.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/technology/10payday.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"YouTube founders now superstars". The Sydney Morning Herald. October 11, 2006. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021. <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/technology/youtube-founders-now-superstars-20061011-gdokrc.html" target="_blank">https://www.smh.com.au/technology/youtube-founders-now-superstars-20061011-gdokrc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Cloud, John (December 25, 2006). "The YouTube Gurus". Time. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570795,00.html" target="_blank">https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570795,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Hopkins, Jim (October 11, 2006). "Surprise! There's a third YouTube co-founder". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm" target="_blank">https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">McAlone, Nathan (October 2, 2015). "Here's how Janet Jackson's infamous 'nipplegate' inspired the creation of YouTube". Business Insider. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 13, 2024. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/idea-for-youtube-came-from-janet-jackson-nipplegate-2015-10" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/idea-for-youtube-came-from-janet-jackson-nipplegate-2015-10</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Cloud, John (December 25, 2006). "The YouTube Gurus". Time. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570795,00.html" target="_blank">https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570795,00.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Earliest surviving version of the YouTube website Wayback Machine, April 28, 2005. Retrieved June 19, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050428014715/https://www.youtube.com/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20050428014715/https://www.youtube.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"r p 2006: YouTube: From Concept to Hypergrowth – Jawed Karim". April 22, 2013. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAJEXUNmP5M" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAJEXUNmP5M</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Dredge, Stuart (March 16, 2016). "YouTube was meant to be a video-dating website". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2019. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/16/youtube-past-video-dating-website" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/16/youtube-past-video-dating-website</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Helft, Miguel; Richtel, Matt (October 10, 2006). "Venture Firm Shares a YouTube Jackpot". The New York Times. ProQuest 433418867. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/technology/10payday.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/technology/10payday.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Helft, Miguel (October 12, 2006). "San Francisco Hedge Fund Invested in YouTube". The New York Times. Vol. 156, no. 53, 730. ProQuest 433422252. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2018. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/12/technology/12hedges.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/12/technology/12hedges.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Kehaulani Goo, Sara (October 7, 2006). "Ready for Its Close-Up". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/06/AR2006100600660.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/06/AR2006100600660.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Whois Record for www.youtube.com". DomainTools. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2009. <a href="https://whois.domaintools.com/youtube.com" target="_blank">https://whois.domaintools.com/youtube.com</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Alleyne, Richard (July 31, 2008). "YouTube: Overnight success has sparked a backlash". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2480280/YouTube-Overnight-success-has-sparked-a-backlash.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2480280/YouTube-Overnight-success-has-sparked-a-backlash.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">jawed (April 23, 2005). "Me at the zoo". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2009. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Hurley Declaration" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved October 13, 2024. <a href="https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/www.google.com/en//press/pdf/c_hurley_declaration.pdf" target="_blank">https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/www.google.com/en//press/pdf/c_hurley_declaration.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Cross Bar". Wayback Machine. October 21, 2005. Archived from the original on November 26, 2005. Retrieved January 31, 2025. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126085739/https://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=qRjsLUy72x4" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051126085739/https://www.youtube.com/watch.php?v=qRjsLUy72x4</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"YouTube: a history". The Daily Telegraph. April 17, 2010. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/7596636/YouTube-a-history.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/7596636/YouTube-a-history.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Dickey, Megan Rose (February 15, 2013). "The 22 Key Turning Points in the History of YouTube". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 12, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/key-turning-points-history-of-youtube-2013-2" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/key-turning-points-history-of-youtube-2013-2</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Graham, Jefferson (November 21, 2005). "Video websites pop up, invite postings". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm" target="_blank">https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Pullen, John Patrick (February 23, 2011). "How Vimeo became hipster YouTube". Fortune. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2020. <a href="https://fortune.com/2011/02/23/how-vimeo-became-hipster-youtube/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/2011/02/23/how-vimeo-became-hipster-youtube/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Novak, Matt (February 14, 2020). "Here's What People Thought of YouTube When It First Launched in the Mid-2000s". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2020. <a href="https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/heres-what-people-thought-of-youtube-when-it-first-laun-1832019272" target="_blank">https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/heres-what-people-thought-of-youtube-when-it-first-laun-1832019272</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Biggs, John (February 20, 2006). "A Video Clip Goes Viral, and a TV Network Wants to Control It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2020. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/20/business/media/a-video-clip-goes-viral-and-a-tv-network-wants-to-control-it.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/20/business/media/a-video-clip-goes-viral-and-a-tv-network-wants-to-control-it.html</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Wallenstein, Andrew; Spangler, Todd (December 18, 2015). "'Lazy Sunday' Turns 10: 'SNL' Stars Recall How TV Invaded the Internet". Variety. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2019. <a href="https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/lazy-sunday-10th-anniversary-snl-1201657949/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/lazy-sunday-10th-anniversary-snl-1201657949/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Higgens, Bill (October 5, 2017). "Hollywood Flashback: 'SNL's' 'Lazy Sunday' Put YouTube on the Map in 2005". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2019. <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hollywood-flashback-snls-lazy-sunday-put-youtube-map-2005-1044829" target="_blank">https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hollywood-flashback-snls-lazy-sunday-put-youtube-map-2005-1044829</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online". USA Today. July 16, 2006. Archived from the original on December 31, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-16-youtube-views_x.htm" target="_blank">https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-16-youtube-views_x.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Zappone, Christian (October 12, 2006). "Help! YouTube is killing my business!". CNN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2008. <a href="https://money.cnn.com/2006/10/12/news/companies/utube/index.htm" target="_blank">https://money.cnn.com/2006/10/12/news/companies/utube/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Blakely, Rhys (November 2, 2006). "Utube sues YouTube". The Times. London. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved November 29, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403234216/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article623050.ece" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070403234216/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article623050.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">La Monica, Paul R. (October 9, 2006). "Google to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion". CNNMoney. CNN. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://money.cnn.com/2006/10/09/technology/googleyoutube_deal/" target="_blank">https://money.cnn.com/2006/10/09/technology/googleyoutube_deal/</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Arrington, Michael (October 9, 2006). "Google Has Acquired YouTube". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/09/google-has-acquired-youtube/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/09/google-has-acquired-youtube/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Arrington, Michael (November 13, 2006). "Google Closes YouTube Acquisition". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/13/google-closes-youtube-acquisition/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/13/google-closes-youtube-acquisition/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Google closes $A2b YouTube deal". The Age. November 14, 2006. Archived from the original on December 20, 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220214911/https://www.theage.com.au/news/Busness/Google-closes-A2b-YouTube-deal/2006/11/14/1163266548827.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071220214911/https://www.theage.com.au/news/Busness/Google-closes-A2b-YouTube-deal/2006/11/14/1163266548827.html</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Pullen, John Patrick (February 23, 2011). "How Vimeo became hipster YouTube". Fortune. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2020. <a href="https://fortune.com/2011/02/23/how-vimeo-became-hipster-youtube/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/2011/02/23/how-vimeo-became-hipster-youtube/</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Carter, Lewis (April 7, 2008). "Web could collapse as video demand soars". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584230/Web-could-collapse-as-video-demand-soars.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584230/Web-could-collapse-as-video-demand-soars.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"comScore Releases May 2010 U.S. Online Video Rankings". comScore. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010. <a href="https://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/6/comScore_Releases_May_2010_U.S._Online_Video_Rankings" target="_blank">https://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/6/comScore_Releases_May_2010_U.S._Online_Video_Rankings</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"YouTube redesigns website to keep viewers captivated". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226120718/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jfGfKKsiwbxNv8XoUbm8ZlRZZWyw" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140226120718/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jfGfKKsiwbxNv8XoUbm8ZlRZZWyw</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">"YouTube moves past 3 billion views a day". CNET. May 25, 2011. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.cnet.com/uk/news/youtube-moves-past-3-billion-views-a-day/" target="_blank">https://www.cnet.com/uk/news/youtube-moves-past-3-billion-views-a-day/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Bryant, Martin (May 25, 2011). "YouTube hits 3 Billion views per day, 2 DAYS worth of video uploaded every minute". The Next Web. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://thenextweb.com/google/2011/05/25/youtube-hits-3-billion-views-per-day-2-days-worth-of-video-uploaded-every-minute/" target="_blank">https://thenextweb.com/google/2011/05/25/youtube-hits-3-billion-views-per-day-2-days-worth-of-video-uploaded-every-minute/</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Oreskovic, Alexei (January 23, 2012). "Exclusive: YouTube hits 4 billion daily video views". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-youtube-idUSTRE80M0TS20120123" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-youtube-idUSTRE80M0TS20120123</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Whitelaw, Ben (April 20, 2011). "Almost all YouTube views come from just 30% of films". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8464418/Almost-all-YouTube-views-come-from-just-30-of-films.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8464418/Almost-all-YouTube-views-come-from-just-30-of-films.html</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">"YouTube's website redesign puts the focus on channels". BBC. December 2, 2011. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2011. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16006524" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16006524</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Cashmore, Pete (October 26, 2006). "YouTube Gets New Logo, Facelift and Trackbacks – Growing Fast!". Mashable. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2011. <a href="https://mashable.com/2006/10/26/youtube-gets-new-logo-facelift-and-trackbacks-growing-fast/" target="_blank">https://mashable.com/2006/10/26/youtube-gets-new-logo-facelift-and-trackbacks-growing-fast/</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Protalinski, Emil (June 5, 2013). "Google Rolls Out Redesigned YouTube 'One Channel' Layout to All". The Next Web. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved July 20, 2023. <a href="https://thenextweb.com/news/youtube-rolls-out-redesigned-one-channel-layout-to-all-users" target="_blank">https://thenextweb.com/news/youtube-rolls-out-redesigned-one-channel-layout-to-all-users</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Welch, Chris (May 19, 2013). "YouTube users now upload 100 hours of video every minute". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/19/4345514/youtube-users-upload-100-hours-video-every-minute" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/19/4345514/youtube-users-upload-100-hours-video-every-minute</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">E. Solsman, Joan (November 12, 2014). "YouTube's Music Key: Can paid streaming finally hook the masses?". CNET. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-music-key-googles-stab-at-taking-paid-streaming-songs-mainstream/" target="_blank">https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-music-key-googles-stab-at-taking-paid-streaming-songs-mainstream/</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Wasserman, Todd (February 15, 2015). "The revolution wasn't televised: The early days of YouTube". Mashable. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2018. <a href="https://mashable.com/2015/02/14/youtube-history/" target="_blank">https://mashable.com/2015/02/14/youtube-history/</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">"Hurley stepping down as YouTube chief executive". Agence France-Presse. October 29, 2010. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226121025/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ggtnJSISuXoPHgxu6HwPJJqVTT6g?docId=CNG.f7ff59e3829714d23524d35ed1afdd63.921" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140226121025/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ggtnJSISuXoPHgxu6HwPJJqVTT6g?docId=CNG.f7ff59e3829714d23524d35ed1afdd63.921</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Stelter, Brian (December 7, 2009). "Music Industry Companies Opening Video Site". The New York Times. ProQuest 1029889187. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/08/business/media/08vevo.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/08/business/media/08vevo.html</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"Bad Romance By Lady Gaga Becomes First YouTube Video To Hit 200 Million Views". May 9, 2010. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2022. <a href="https://pulse2.com/bad-romance-by-lady-gaga-becomes-first-youtube-video-to-hit-200-million-views/" target="_blank">https://pulse2.com/bad-romance-by-lady-gaga-becomes-first-youtube-video-to-hit-200-million-views/</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">McSherry, Corynne (April 5, 2012). "Viacom v. Google: A Decision at Last, and It's Mostly Good (for the Internet and Innovation)". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on May 5, 2024. Retrieved May 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/04/viacom-v-google-decision" target="_blank">https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/04/viacom-v-google-decision</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Oreskovic, Alexei (February 5, 2014). "Google taps longtime executive Wojcicki to head YouTube". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916183049/http://in.reuters.com/article/us-google-youtube/google-taps-longtime-executive-wojcicki-to-head-youtube-idINBREA141Y420140205" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170916183049/http://in.reuters.com/article/us-google-youtube/google-taps-longtime-executive-wojcicki-to-head-youtube-idINBREA141Y420140205</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Avalos, George (January 20, 2016). "YouTube expansion in San Bruno signals big push by video site". Mercury News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016. <a href="https://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_29405413/youtube-expansion-san-bruno-signals-big-push-by" target="_blank">https://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_29405413/youtube-expansion-san-bruno-signals-big-push-by</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Popper, Ben (August 29, 2017). "YouTube has a new look and, for the first time, a new logo". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2018. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/29/16216868/new-youtube-logo-redesign-font-color-app-design" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/29/16216868/new-youtube-logo-redesign-font-color-app-design</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">"YouTube launches pay-to-watch subscription channels". BBC News. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2013. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22474715" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22474715</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Nakaso, Dan (May 7, 2013). "YouTube providers could begin charging fees this week". Mercury News. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2013. <a href="https://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_23184159/youtube-providers-could-begin-charging-fees-this-week" target="_blank">https://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_23184159/youtube-providers-could-begin-charging-fees-this-week</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">"Paid content discontinued January 1, 2018 – YouTube Help". Google Inc. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021. <a href="https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7515570?hl=en" target="_blank">https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7515570?hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Browne, Ryan (June 22, 2018). "YouTube introduces paid subscriptions and merchandise selling in bid to help creators monetize the platform". CNBC. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2021. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/22/youtube-introduces-paid-channel-subscriptions-and-merchandise-selling.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/22/youtube-introduces-paid-channel-subscriptions-and-merchandise-selling.html</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Parker, Laura (April 12, 2017). "A Chat With a Live Streamer Is Yours, for a Price". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2018. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/12/technology/personaltech/paying-for-live-stream-chat.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/12/technology/personaltech/paying-for-live-stream-chat.html</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Newton, Casey (November 12, 2014). "YouTube announces plans for a subscription music service". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2018. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2014/11/12/7201969/youtube-music-key-new-subscription-service" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2014/11/12/7201969/youtube-music-key-new-subscription-service</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Reader, Ruth (October 21, 2015). "Google wants you to pay $9.99 per month for ad-free YouTube". Venturebeat. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2015. <a href="https://venturebeat.com/2015/10/21/google-wants-you-to-pay-9-99-per-month-for-ad-free-youtube/" target="_blank">https://venturebeat.com/2015/10/21/google-wants-you-to-pay-9-99-per-month-for-ad-free-youtube/</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Popper, Ben (October 21, 2015). "Exclusive: An inside look at the new ad-free YouTube Red". The Verge. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved May 17, 2018. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Ingraham, Nathan (November 12, 2015). "YouTube Music isn't perfect, but it's still heaven for music nerds". Engadget.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2016. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2015/11/12/youtube-music-app-hands-on/" target="_blank">https://www.engadget.com/2015/11/12/youtube-music-app-hands-on/</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Perez, Sarah (February 23, 2015). "Hands on With "YouTube Kids," Google's Newly Launched, Child-Friendly YouTube App". TechCrunch. AOL. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/23/hands-on-with-youtube-kids-googles-newly-launched-child-friendly-youtube-app/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/23/hands-on-with-youtube-kids-googles-newly-launched-child-friendly-youtube-app/</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Dredge, Stuart (August 26, 2015). "Google launches YouTube Gaming to challenge Amazon-owned Twitch". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/26/youtube-gaming-live-website-apps" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/26/youtube-gaming-live-website-apps</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">"YouTube shooting: Suspect visited shooting range before attack". BBC News. April 4, 2018. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2018. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-43645812" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-43645812</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Goodrow, Cristos (February 27, 2017). "You know what's cool? A billion hours". Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2021 – via YouTube. <a href="https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/you-know-whats-cool-billion-hours" target="_blank">https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/you-know-whats-cool-billion-hours</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Lumb, David (February 27, 2017). "One billion hours of YouTube are watched every day". Engadget. AOL. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-watched-daily/" target="_blank">https://www.engadget.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-watched-daily/</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Loke Hale, James (May 7, 2019). "More Than 500 Hours Of Content Are Now Being Uploaded To YouTube Every Minute". TubeFilter. Los Angeles, CA. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2019. <a href="https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/05/07/number-hours-video-uploaded-to-youtube-per-minute/" target="_blank">https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/05/07/number-hours-video-uploaded-to-youtube-per-minute/</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Buchholz, Katharina. "YouTube Responsible For 16% Of Global Internet Traffic". Forbes. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/katharinabuchholz/2025/04/25/youtube-responsible-for-16-of-global-internet-traffic/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/katharinabuchholz/2025/04/25/youtube-responsible-for-16-of-global-internet-traffic/</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Rouse, Kevin (June 4, 2020). "Rabbit Hole, episode Eight: 'We Go All'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/podcasts/rabbit-hole-qanon-youtube-tiktok-virus.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/podcasts/rabbit-hole-qanon-youtube-tiktok-virus.html</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Gold, Hadas (March 19, 2020). "Netflix and YouTube are slowing down in Europe to keep the internet from breaking". CNN. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/tech/netflix-internet-overload-eu/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/tech/netflix-internet-overload-eu/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">"YouTube is reducing the quality of videos for the next month — and it's because increased traffic amid the coronavirus outbreak is straining internet bandwidth". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-reducing-video-quality-globally-coronavirus-streaming-bandwidth-2020-3" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-reducing-video-quality-globally-coronavirus-streaming-bandwidth-2020-3</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Spangler, Todd (April 9, 2018). "YouTube Illegally Tracks Data on Kids, Groups Claim in FTC Complaint". Variety. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2018. <a href="https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/youtube-children-data-illegal-tracks-ftc-1202747401/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/youtube-children-data-illegal-tracks-ftc-1202747401/</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Mike, Masnick (September 6, 2019). "FTC's Latest Fine Of YouTube Over COPPA Violations Shows That COPPA And Section 230 Are On A Collision Course". Techdirt. Archived from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2019. <a href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190905/17343942934/ftcs-latest-fine-youtube-over-coppa-violations-shows-that-coppa-section-230-are-collision-course.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190905/17343942934/ftcs-latest-fine-youtube-over-coppa-violations-shows-that-coppa-section-230-are-collision-course.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Kelly, Makena (September 4, 2019). "Google will pay $170 million for YouTube's child privacy violations". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2019. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/4/20848949/google-ftc-youtube-child-privacy-violations-fine-170-milliion-coppa-ads" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/4/20848949/google-ftc-youtube-child-privacy-violations-fine-170-milliion-coppa-ads</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Fung, Brian (September 4, 2019). "Google and FTC reach $170 million settlement over alleged YouTube violations of kids' privacy". CNN Business. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2019. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/04/tech/google-youtube-ftc-settlement/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/04/tech/google-youtube-ftc-settlement/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Matthews, David (January 6, 2020). "YouTube rolls out new controls aimed at controlling children's content". TechSpot. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2020. <a href="https://www.techspot.com/news/83422-youtube-rolls-out-new-controls-aimed-controlling-children.html" target="_blank">https://www.techspot.com/news/83422-youtube-rolls-out-new-controls-aimed-controlling-children.html</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Kelly, Makena (December 11, 2019). "YouTube calls for 'more clarity' on the FTC's child privacy rules". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2019. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/11/21011229/youtube-google-coppa-ftc-creators-videos-childrens-privacy-regulations" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/11/21011229/youtube-google-coppa-ftc-creators-videos-childrens-privacy-regulations</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Spangler, Todd (February 24, 2021). "YouTube New 'Supervised' Mode Will Let Parents Restrict Older Kids' Video Viewing". Variety. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2021. <a href="https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/youtube-supervised-accounts-kid-controls-1234913968/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/youtube-supervised-accounts-kid-controls-1234913968/</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Sato, Mia (August 2023). "YouTube is adding a slew of new TikTok-like features to Shorts". The Verge. Retrieved August 14, 2024. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/1/23814549/youtube-shorts-live-video-feed-effects-monetization-tiktok" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/1/23814549/youtube-shorts-live-video-feed-effects-monetization-tiktok</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Welch, Chris (April 18, 2019). "YouTube is finally coming back to Amazon's Fire TV devices". The Verge. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2021. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/18/18412525/youtube-amazon-fire-tv-prime-video-chromecast-return-announcement" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/18/18412525/youtube-amazon-fire-tv-prime-video-chromecast-return-announcement</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Solsman, Joan E. (April 30, 2021). "Roku: YouTube TV app removed from channel store as deal with Google ends". CNET. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021. <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/roku-youtube-tv-app-removed-from-channel-store-as-deal-with-google-ends/" target="_blank">https://www.cnet.com/news/roku-youtube-tv-app-removed-from-channel-store-as-deal-with-google-ends/</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">"YouTube removing dislike 'discourages trolls' but 'unhelpful for users'". BBC News. November 12, 2021. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-59264070" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-59264070</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Vincent, James (November 17, 2021). "YouTube co-founder predicts 'decline' of the platform following removal of dislikes". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/17/22787080/youtube-dislikes-criticism-cofounder-jawed-karim-first-video-description-zoo" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/17/22787080/youtube-dislikes-criticism-cofounder-jawed-karim-first-video-description-zoo</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Binder, Matt (November 17, 2021). "YouTube cofounder protests decision to remove 'dislikes' with an edit to first-ever YouTube upload". Mashable. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021. <a href="https://mashable.com/article/youtube-cofounder-protests-decision-to-remove-dislikes" target="_blank">https://mashable.com/article/youtube-cofounder-protests-decision-to-remove-dislikes</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Kan, Michael (November 17, 2021). "YouTube Co-Founder Says Removing Dislike Counts Is a 'Stupid Idea'". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2021. <a href="https://uk.pcmag.com/social-media/137045/youtube-co-founder-says-removing-dislike-counts-is-a-stupid-idea" target="_blank">https://uk.pcmag.com/social-media/137045/youtube-co-founder-says-removing-dislike-counts-is-a-stupid-idea</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Kan, Michael (November 29, 2021). "Browser Extension Brings Back Dislike Count to YouTube Videos". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2022. <a href="https://www.pcmag.com/news/browser-extension-brings-back-dislike-count-to-youtube-videos" target="_blank">https://www.pcmag.com/news/browser-extension-brings-back-dislike-count-to-youtube-videos</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Wojcicki, Susan (January 25, 2022). "Letter from Susan: Our 2022 Priorities". YouTube Official Blog. Archived from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2022. <a href="https://blog.youtube/inside-youtube/letter-susan-our-2022-priorities/" target="_blank">https://blog.youtube/inside-youtube/letter-susan-our-2022-priorities/</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Livemint (September 19, 2022). "YouTube ends experiment that forced users to watch large unskippable ads". mint. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022. <a href="https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/youtube-ends-experiment-that-forced-users-to-watch-large-unskippable-ads-11663572953523.html" target="_blank">https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/youtube-ends-experiment-that-forced-users-to-watch-large-unskippable-ads-11663572953523.html</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Krasnoff, Barbara (October 15, 2022). "How to choose your YouTube handle". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Krasnoff" target="_blank">/wiki/Barbara_Krasnoff</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Peters, Jay; Roth, Emma (January 16, 2023). "YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki steps down after nine years at the helm". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/16/23602759/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-stepping-down-neal-mohan-google" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/16/23602759/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-stepping-down-neal-mohan-google</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Afshar, Paradise (August 10, 2024). "Susan Wojcicki, former YouTube CEO, dies at 56". CNN. Archived from the original on August 10, 2024. Retrieved October 19, 2024. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/10/business/susan-wojcicki-obit/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/10/business/susan-wojcicki-obit/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">"Allow ads on videos that you watch – YouTube Help". Google News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023. <a href="https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/14129599?hl=en" target="_blank">https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/14129599?hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Dave, Paresh. "YouTube's Crackdown Spurs Record Uninstalls of Ad Blockers". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023. <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/youtubes-ad-blocker-crackdown-spurs-record-uninstalls/" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/story/youtubes-ad-blocker-crackdown-spurs-record-uninstalls/</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Amadeo, Ron (April 16, 2024). "YouTube puts third-party clients on notice: Show ads or get blocked". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on April 17, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/04/youtube-will-start-blocking-third-party-clients-that-dont-show-ads/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/04/youtube-will-start-blocking-third-party-clients-that-dont-show-ads/</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Amadeo, Ron (November 21, 2023). "Google Chrome will limit ad blockers starting June 2024". Ars Technica. Retrieved December 1, 2024. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/11/google-chrome-will-limit-ad-blockers-starting-june-2024/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/11/google-chrome-will-limit-ad-blockers-starting-june-2024/</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Peterson, Jake (July 26, 2024). "YouTube Has Launched Another Half-Baked Strategy to Kill Ad Blockers". Lifehacker. Retrieved December 1, 2024. <a href="https://lifehacker.com/tech/youtube-experimenting-with-a-way-to-kill-ad-blockers-for-good" target="_blank">https://lifehacker.com/tech/youtube-experimenting-with-a-way-to-kill-ad-blockers-for-good</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Mehta, Ivan (December 10, 2024). "YouTube is testing multiplayer mini-games". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 10, 2024. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/youtube-is-testing-multiplayer-mini-games/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/10/youtube-is-testing-multiplayer-mini-games/</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">"YouTube introduces multiplayer mini-games on Playables". Engadget. December 10, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2024. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/gaming/youtube-introduces-multiplayer-mini-games-on-playables-133056235.html" target="_blank">https://www.engadget.com/gaming/youtube-introduces-multiplayer-mini-games-on-playables-133056235.html</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Roth, Emma (December 20, 2024). "YouTube is cracking down on clickbait". The Verge. Retrieved January 26, 2025. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2024/12/20/24325999/youtube-clickbait-crackdown-india" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2024/12/20/24325999/youtube-clickbait-crackdown-india</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">"New YouTube rules in India as platform bans videos with clickbait titles". India Today. December 20, 2024. Retrieved December 20, 2024. <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/new-youtube-rules-in-india-as-platform-bans-videos-with-clickbait-titles-2652709-2024-12-20" target="_blank">https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/new-youtube-rules-in-india-as-platform-bans-videos-with-clickbait-titles-2652709-2024-12-20</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Perez, Sarah (April 9, 2025). "YouTube expands its 'likeness' detection technology, which detects AI fakes, to a handful of top creators". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 9, 2025. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2025/04/09/youtube-expands-its-likeness-detection-technology-which-detects-ai-fakes-to-a-handful-of-top-creators/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2025/04/09/youtube-expands-its-likeness-detection-technology-which-detects-ai-fakes-to-a-handful-of-top-creators/</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Peters, Jay; Roth, Emma (January 16, 2023). "YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki steps down after nine years at the helm". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/16/23602759/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-stepping-down-neal-mohan-google" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/16/23602759/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-stepping-down-neal-mohan-google</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Peters, Jay; Roth, Emma (January 16, 2023). "YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki steps down after nine years at the helm". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/16/23602759/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-stepping-down-neal-mohan-google" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/16/23602759/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-stepping-down-neal-mohan-google</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">"Access to YouTube tools & features". YouTube Help. Retrieved October 21, 2024 – via Google Support. <a href="https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9890437" target="_blank">https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9890437</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Seabrook, John (January 16, 2012). "Streaming Dreams". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2012. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/16/120116fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/16/120116fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">"Updates from VidCon: more users, more products, more shows and much more". Official YouTube Blog. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://youtube.googleblog.com/2017/06/updates-from-vidcon-more-users-more.html" target="_blank">https://youtube.googleblog.com/2017/06/updates-from-vidcon-more-users-more.html</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Hoffberger, Chase (December 21, 2012). "YouTube strips Universal and Sony of 2 billion fake views". The Daily Dot. Complex Media, Inc. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014. <a href="https://www.dailydot.com/news/youtube-universal-sony-fake-views-black-hat/" target="_blank">https://www.dailydot.com/news/youtube-universal-sony-fake-views-black-hat/</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Sabbagh, Dan (December 28, 2012). "Two billion YouTube music video views disappear ... or just migrate?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sabbagh" target="_blank">/wiki/Dan_Sabbagh</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Haran, Brady (June 22, 2012). Why do YouTube views freeze at 301?. Numberphile. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2018 – via YouTube. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" target="_blank">/wiki/Brady_Haran</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Snyder, Benjamin (August 6, 2015). "YouTube Finally Fixed This Annoying Feature". Time. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://time.com/3987570/youtube-301-views/" target="_blank">https://time.com/3987570/youtube-301-views/</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">"Abbreviated public-facing subscriber counts". YouTube Engineering and Developers Blog. 2019. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413152915/https://youtube-eng.googleblog.com/2019/08/abbreviated-public-facing-subscriber.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210413152915/https://youtube-eng.googleblog.com/2019/08/abbreviated-public-facing-subscriber.html</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Spangler, Todd (March 30, 2021). "YouTube Launches Test to Hide Video 'Dislike' Counts". Variety. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021. <a href="https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/youtube-test-hide-dislike-counts-1234940845/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/youtube-test-hide-dislike-counts-1234940845/</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Perez, Sarah (March 30, 2021). "YouTube tests hiding dislike counts on videos". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/30/youtube-tests-hiding-dislike-counts-on-videos/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/30/youtube-tests-hiding-dislike-counts-on-videos/</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">"YouTube to hide dislike counts for all videos on the platform: Here's all you need to know". MSN. November 11, 2021. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021. <a href="https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/youtube-to-hide-dislike-counts-for-all-videos-on-the-platform-heres-all-you-need-to-know/ar-AAQAxJc" target="_blank">https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/youtube-to-hide-dislike-counts-for-all-videos-on-the-platform-heres-all-you-need-to-know/ar-AAQAxJc</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">Germain, Thomas (February 13, 2025). "How a computer that 'drunk dials' videos is exposing YouTube's secrets". BBC. Retrieved February 13, 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20250213-youtube-at-20-a-computer-that-drunk-dials-online-videos-reveals-statistics-that-google-doesnt-want-you-to-know" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20250213-youtube-at-20-a-computer-that-drunk-dials-online-videos-reveals-statistics-that-google-doesnt-want-you-to-know</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">McGrady, Ryan; Zheng, Kevin; Curran, Rebecca; Baumgartner, Jason; Zuckerman, Ethan (December 20, 2023). "Dialing for Videos: A Random Sample of YouTube". Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media. 3. doi:10.51685/jqd.2023.022. ISSN 2673-8813. <a href="https://journalqd.org/article/view/4066/3766" target="_blank">https://journalqd.org/article/view/4066/3766</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Novak, Matt (February 14, 2020). "Here's What People Thought of YouTube When It First Launched in the Mid-2000s". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2020. <a href="https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/heres-what-people-thought-of-youtube-when-it-first-laun-1832019272" target="_blank">https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/heres-what-people-thought-of-youtube-when-it-first-laun-1832019272</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Marsden, Rhodri (August 12, 2009). "Why did my YouTube account get closed down?". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2009. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/rhodri-marsden-why-did-my-youtube-account-get-closed-down-1770618.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/rhodri-marsden-why-did-my-youtube-account-get-closed-down-1770618.html</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">Why do I have a sanction on my account? Archived January 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine YouTube. Retrieved February 5, 2012. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/t/copyright_strike" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/t/copyright_strike</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">"Is YouTube's three-strike rule fair to users?". BBC News. London. May 21, 2010. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2012. <a href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/click_online/8696716.stm" target="_blank">https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/click_online/8696716.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">"Viacom will sue YouTube for $1bn". BBC News. March 13, 2007. Archived from the original on January 15, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2008. <a href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6446193.stm" target="_blank">https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6446193.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">"Mediaset Files EUR500 Million Suit Vs Google's YouTube". CNNMoney.com. July 30, 2008. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2009. <a href="https://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200807301025DOWJONESDJONLINE000654_FORTUNE5.htm" target="_blank">https://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200807301025DOWJONESDJONLINE000654_FORTUNE5.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">"Premier League to take action against YouTube". The Daily Telegraph. May 5, 2007. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2312532/Premier-League-to-take-action-against-YouTube.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2312532/Premier-League-to-take-action-against-YouTube.html</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">Egelko, Bob (August 20, 2008). "Woman can sue over YouTube clip de-posting". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 25, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2008. <a href="https://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/20/MNU412FKRL.DTL" target="_blank">https://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/20/MNU412FKRL.DTL</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Finley, Klint (November 19, 2015). "Google Pledges to Help Fight Bogus YouTube Copyright Claims—for a Few". Wired. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.wired.com/2015/11/google-pledges-to-help-fight-bogus-youtube-copyright-claims-for-a-few/" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/2015/11/google-pledges-to-help-fight-bogus-youtube-copyright-claims-for-a-few/</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">"Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC". Docket Alarm, Inc. Ohio Northern District Court. July 18, 2013. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2014. <a href="https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/Ohio_Northern_District_Court/3--11-cv-00348/Smith__v_Summit_Entertainment_LLC/#q=" target="_blank">https://www.docketalarm.com/cases/Ohio_Northern_District_Court/3--11-cv-00348/Smith__v_Summit_Entertainment_LLC/#q=</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">District Judge James G. Carr (June 6, 2011). "Order". Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC. United States District Court, N.D. Ohio, Western Division. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2011. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4653165041580834913" target="_blank">https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4653165041580834913</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">"YouTube loses court battle over music clips". BBC News. London. April 20, 2012. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17785613" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17785613</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">"YouTube's seven-year stand-off ends". BBC News. London. November 1, 2016. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-37839038" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-37839038</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">"YouTube's Deal With Universal Blocks DMCA Counter Notices". TorrentFreak. April 5, 2013. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013. <a href="https://torrentfreak.com/youtube-deal-with-universal-blocks-dmca-counter-notices-130405/" target="_blank">https://torrentfreak.com/youtube-deal-with-universal-blocks-dmca-counter-notices-130405/</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">"Videos removed or blocked due to YouTube's contractual obligations". Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013. <a href="https://support.google.com/youtube/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=3045545" target="_blank">https://support.google.com/youtube/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=3045545</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Aswad, Jem (December 19, 2017). "YouTube Strikes New Deals With Universal and Sony Music". Variety. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. <a href="https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/universal-music-group-and-youtube-reach-new-global-multi-year-agreement-1202644815/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2017/biz/news/universal-music-group-and-youtube-reach-new-global-multi-year-agreement-1202644815/</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">Alexander, Julia (May 24, 2019). "YouTubers and record labels are fighting, and record labels keep winning". The Verge. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/24/18635904/copyright-youtube-creators-dmca-takedown-fair-use-music-cover" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/24/18635904/copyright-youtube-creators-dmca-takedown-fair-use-music-cover</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Alexander, Julia (May 24, 2019). "YouTubers and record labels are fighting, and record labels keep winning". The Verge. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/24/18635904/copyright-youtube-creators-dmca-takedown-fair-use-music-cover" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/24/18635904/copyright-youtube-creators-dmca-takedown-fair-use-music-cover</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">Delaney, Kevin J. (June 12, 2007). "YouTube to Test Software To Ease Licensing Fights". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2011. <a href="https://online.wsj.com/article/SB118161295626932114.html" target="_blank">https://online.wsj.com/article/SB118161295626932114.html</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">YouTube Advertisers (February 4, 2008), Video Identification, retrieved August 29, 2018[dead YouTube link] <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWizsV5Le7s" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWizsV5Le7s</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">King, David (December 2, 2010). "Content ID turns three". Official YouTube Blog. Retrieved August 29, 2018. <a href="https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/12/content-id-turns-three.html" target="_blank">https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/12/content-id-turns-three.html</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">"YouTube Content ID". September 28, 2010. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2015 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g2U12SsRns" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g2U12SsRns</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">More about Content ID YouTube. Retrieved December 4, 2011. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/t/contentid_more" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/t/contentid_more</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">Von Lohmann, Fred (April 23, 2009). "Testing YouTube's Audio Content ID System". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved December 4, 2011. <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/04/testing-youtubes-aud" target="_blank">https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/04/testing-youtubes-aud</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">Von Lohmann, Fred (February 3, 2009). "YouTube's January Fair Use Massacre". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved December 4, 2011. <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/01/youtubes-january-fair-use-massacre" target="_blank">https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/01/youtubes-january-fair-use-massacre</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">Content ID disputes YouTube. Retrieved December 4, 2011. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/t/contentid_dispute" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/t/contentid_dispute</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Hernandez, Patricia (April 28, 2016). "YouTube's Content ID System Gets One Much-Needed Fix". Kotaku. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://kotaku.com/youtubes-content-id-system-gets-one-much-needed-fix-1773643254" target="_blank">https://kotaku.com/youtubes-content-id-system-gets-one-much-needed-fix-1773643254</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">"Remove Content ID claimed songs from my videos – YouTube Help". Google Inc. Retrieved September 17, 2017. <a href="https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2902117?hl=en" target="_blank">https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2902117?hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">Siegel, Joshua; Mayle, Doug (December 9, 2010). "Up, Up and Away – Long videos for more users". Official YouTube Blog. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/12/up-up-and-away-long-videos-for-more.html" target="_blank">https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/12/up-up-and-away-long-videos-for-more.html</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">Pannett, Rachel (January 29, 2021). "Russia threatens to block YouTube after German channels are deleted over coronavirus misinformation". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/29/russia-ban-youtube-german-coronavirus/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/29/russia-ban-youtube-german-coronavirus/</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">"Russia threatens YouTube ban for deleting RT channels". BBC News. September 29, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-58737433" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-58737433</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">"YouTube blocks Russian state-funded media channels globally". Reuters. March 3, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/youtube-blocks-russian-state-funded-media-channels-globally-2022-03-11/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/youtube-blocks-russian-state-funded-media-channels-globally-2022-03-11/</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">"Youtube deletes Wargonzo channel". June 21, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2023. <a href="https://news.am/eng/news/708387.html" target="_blank">https://news.am/eng/news/708387.html</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">"British Pro-Russian YouTuber vows his assets shouldn't be frozen for promoting invasion". The Mirror. November 16, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/british-pro-russian-youtuber-vows-31457188" target="_blank">https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/british-pro-russian-youtuber-vows-31457188</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">"Russia fines Google for failing to delete 'false content' about Ukraine war". Politico. August 17, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023. <a href="https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-fine-google-ukraine-war/" target="_blank">https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-fine-google-ukraine-war/</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Fraser, Graham (October 31, 2024). "Russia fines Google more money than there is in entire world". BBC. Retrieved November 8, 2024. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdxvnwkl5kgo" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdxvnwkl5kgo</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">Cairns, Dan (October 31, 2024). "Russia fines Google more than world's entire GDP for blocking YouTube accounts". Sky News. Retrieved November 8, 2024. <a href="https://news.sky.com/story/russia-fines-google-more-than-worlds-entire-gdp-for-blocking-youtube-accounts-13245208" target="_blank">https://news.sky.com/story/russia-fines-google-more-than-worlds-entire-gdp-for-blocking-youtube-accounts-13245208</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">"Google's fines in Russia reach stratospheric levels — lawyer". TASS. October 29, 2024. <a href="https://tass.com/economy/1864291" target="_blank">https://tass.com/economy/1864291</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">"Russia says $20 decillion fine against Google is 'symbolic'". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. October 31, 2024. Retrieved November 8, 2024. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/31/russia-20-decillion-fine-against-google-symbolic-youtube-ban-pro-kremlin-media" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/31/russia-20-decillion-fine-against-google-symbolic-youtube-ban-pro-kremlin-media</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Arrington, Michael (March 31, 2008). "YouTube RickRolls Users". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2008/03/31/youtube-rickrolls-users/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2008/03/31/youtube-rickrolls-users/</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Wortham, Jenna (April 1, 2008). "YouTube 'Rickrolls' Everyone". Wired. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.wired.com/2008/04/youtube-rickrol/" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/2008/04/youtube-rickrol/</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Bas van den Beld (April 1, 2009). "April fools: YouTube turns the world up-side-down". searchcowboys.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved April 2, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403054721/https://www.searchcowboys.com/news/453" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090403054721/https://www.searchcowboys.com/news/453</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">Pichette, Patrick (March 31, 2010). "TEXTp saves YouTube bandwidth, money". Official YouTube Blog. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/03/textp-saves-youtube-bandwidth-money.html" target="_blank">https://youtube.googleblog.com/2010/03/textp-saves-youtube-bandwidth-money.html</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">Richmond, Shane (April 1, 2011). "YouTube goes back to 1911 for April Fools' Day". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/8421394/YouTube-goes-back-to-1911-for-April-Fools-Day.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/8421394/YouTube-goes-back-to-1911-for-April-Fools-Day.html</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Carbone, Nick (April 1, 2012). "April Fools' Day 2012: The Best Pranks from Around the Web". Time. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/04/01/april-fools-day-2012-the-best-pranks-from-around-the-web/" target="_blank">https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/04/01/april-fools-day-2012-the-best-pranks-from-around-the-web/</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">Quan, Kristene (April 1, 2013). "WATCH: YouTube Announces It Will Shut Down". Time. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/04/01/watch-youtube-announces-it-will-shut-down/" target="_blank">https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/04/01/watch-youtube-announces-it-will-shut-down/</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">Murphy, Samantha (March 31, 2013). "YouTube Says It's Shutting Down in April Fools' Day Prank". Mashable. Retrieved November 8, 2019. <a href="https://mashable.com/2013/03/31/youtube-april-fools-day/?europe=true" target="_blank">https://mashable.com/2013/03/31/youtube-april-fools-day/?europe=true</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">Kleinman, Alexis (April 1, 2014). "YouTube Reveals Its Viral Secrets in April Fools' Day Video". HuffPost. Retrieved April 1, 2014. <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/01/youtube-april-fools_n_5068694.html" target="_blank">https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/01/youtube-april-fools_n_5068694.html</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Alba, Alejandro (April 1, 2015). "17 April Fools' pranks from tech brands, tech giants today". Daily News. New York. Retrieved June 12, 2016. <a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/17-april-fool-pranks-tech-brands-tech-giants-today-article-1.2169557" target="_blank">https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/17-april-fool-pranks-tech-brands-tech-giants-today-article-1.2169557</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Sini, Rozina (April 1, 2016). "Snoopavision and other April Fools jokes going viral". BBC News. Retrieved April 1, 2016. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35941866" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35941866</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">"YouTube Premium" – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/premium" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/premium</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Trew, James (November 12, 2014). "YouTube unveils Music Key subscription service, here's what you need to know". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2014/11/12/youtube-launches-music-key/" target="_blank">https://www.engadget.com/2014/11/12/youtube-launches-music-key/</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Newton, Casey (November 12, 2014). "YouTube announces plans for a subscription music service". The Verge. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2014/11/12/7201969/youtube-music-key-new-subscription-service" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2014/11/12/7201969/youtube-music-key-new-subscription-service</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Spangler, Todd (November 12, 2014). "YouTube Launches 'Music Key' Subscription Service with More Than 30 Million Songs". Variety. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/youtube-launches-music-key-subscription-service-with-more-than-30-million-songs-1201354498/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/youtube-launches-music-key-subscription-service-with-more-than-30-million-songs-1201354498/</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">Spangler, Todd (October 21, 2015). "YouTube Red Unveiled: Ad-Free Streaming Service Priced Same as Netflix". Variety. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/youtube-red-launches-ad-free-svod-netflix-1201623219/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/youtube-red-launches-ad-free-svod-netflix-1201623219/</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Amadeo, Ron (October 21, 2015). ""YouTube Red" offers premium YouTube for $9.99 a month, $12.99 for iOS users". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/10/youtube-red-offers-premium-youtube-for-9-99-a-month-12-99-for-ios-users/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/10/youtube-red-offers-premium-youtube-for-9-99-a-month-12-99-for-ios-users/</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">Popper, Ben (October 21, 2015). "A first look at the ad-free YouTube Red subscription service". The Verge. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9586656/youtube-red-subscription-service-hands-on-video-release-date" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9586656/youtube-red-subscription-service-hands-on-video-release-date</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">Roberts, Hannah (November 3, 2016). "YouTube's ad-free paid subscription service looks like it is struggling to take off". Business Insider. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://nordic.businessinsider.com/membership-of-youtubes-paid-subscription-service-is-low-2016-11" target="_blank">https://nordic.businessinsider.com/membership-of-youtubes-paid-subscription-service-is-low-2016-11</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">"YouTube Red originals have racked up nearly 250 million views". The Verge. June 22, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/22/15855570/youtube-red-originals-250-million-views" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/22/15855570/youtube-red-originals-250-million-views</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">"Lyor Cohen Named YouTube's Global Head of Music". Billboard. Retrieved January 6, 2018. <a href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7525695/lyor-cohen-named-youtube-global-head-of-music" target="_blank">https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7525695/lyor-cohen-named-youtube-global-head-of-music</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">"How YouTube Is Playing the Peacemaker With Musicians". Fortune. Retrieved January 6, 2018. <a href="https://fortune.com/2018/01/04/youtube-lyor-cohen/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/2018/01/04/youtube-lyor-cohen/</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">Popper, Ben (October 21, 2015). "Red Dawn". The Verge. Retrieved June 4, 2025. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">"Inside YouTube's New Subscription Music Streaming Service". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2018. <a href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8457379/inside-youtube-new-subscription-music-streaming-service" target="_blank">https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8457379/inside-youtube-new-subscription-music-streaming-service</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">Snapes, Laura; Sweney, Mark (May 17, 2018). "YouTube to launch new music streaming service". The Guardian. Retrieved September 24, 2018. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/may/17/youtube-music-new-streaming-service-launch" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/may/17/youtube-music-new-streaming-service-launch</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:189">"YouTube is now showing ad-supported Hollywood movies". Advertising Age. November 16, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2021. <a href="https://adage.com/article/digital/youtube-starts-showing-free-hollywood-movies-ad-breaks/315631" target="_blank">https://adage.com/article/digital/youtube-starts-showing-free-hollywood-movies-ad-breaks/315631</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:190">"Changes to Google Play Movies & TV on certain smart TVS – Google Play Community". Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2021. <a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/thread/102498448?hl=en" target="_blank">https://support.google.com/googleplay/thread/102498448?hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:191">Clark, Mitchell (April 12, 2021). "Google is removing its Play Movies and TV app from every Roku and most smart TVs". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 19, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2021. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/12/22380593/google-play-movies-tv-app-smart-tvs-roku-samsung-lg-vizio-youtube-support" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/12/22380593/google-play-movies-tv-app-smart-tvs-roku-samsung-lg-vizio-youtube-support</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:192">Jay Peters (December 11, 2023). "Google is finally saying goodbye to Google Play Movies & TV". The Verge. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/11/23997066/google-play-movies-tv-app-removal" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/11/23997066/google-play-movies-tv-app-removal</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:193">Spangler, Todd (November 1, 2022). "YouTube Is Reselling Subscriptions to 34 Streaming Services, Including Paramount+ and Showtime". Variety. <a href="https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/youtube-primetime-channels-subscriptions-paramount-plus-showtime-1235419502/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/youtube-primetime-channels-subscriptions-paramount-plus-showtime-1235419502/</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:194">Holt, Kris (September 30, 2022). "You can now buy some YouTube TV add-ons without the $65 base plan". Engadget. Retrieved November 1, 2022. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/youtube-tv-add-on-channel-subscriptions-172712214.html" target="_blank">https://www.engadget.com/youtube-tv-add-on-channel-subscriptions-172712214.html</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:195">"Google's YouTube Grabs NFL Sunday Ticket in Seven-Year Deal". Variety. December 22, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022. <a href="https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/youtube-tv-nfl-sunday-ticket-2023-season-1235468074/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/youtube-tv-nfl-sunday-ticket-2023-season-1235468074/</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:196">"NFL, Google announce agreement to distribute NFL Sunday Ticket on YouTube TV, Primetime Channels". NFL.com. December 22, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022. <a href="https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-google-nfl-sunday-ticket-youtube-tv-youtube-primetime-channels" target="_blank">https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-google-nfl-sunday-ticket-youtube-tv-youtube-primetime-channels</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:197">"Max Now Available on YouTube Primetime Channels" (Press release). Warner Bros. Discovery. December 12, 2023. <a href="https://wbd.com/max-now-available-on-youtube-primetime-channels/" target="_blank">https://wbd.com/max-now-available-on-youtube-primetime-channels/</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:198">Rowan Davies (December 13, 2023). "Max becomes a YouTube primetime channel inductee – ads not included". TechRadar. Future US, Inc. <a href="https://www.techradar.com/streaming/max-becomes-a-youtube-primetime-channel-inductee-ads-not-included" target="_blank">https://www.techradar.com/streaming/max-becomes-a-youtube-primetime-channel-inductee-ads-not-included</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:199">Max's Primetime Channels and YouTube TV add-ons both offer in-app access to the streaming service's full content library (as well as provider login access to the standalone Max app and website), and live feeds of HBO's linear channels (limited to the primary East Coast feed on the Primetime Channels version) and the Max-exclusive CNN Max and Bleacher Report streaming channels. <a href="/wiki/HBO" target="_blank">/wiki/HBO</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">"YouTube TV launches today. It has some cool features and some big drawbacks". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. April 5, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2017. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-youtube-tv-20170405-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-youtube-tv-20170405-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">Warren, Christina (April 5, 2017). "YouTube Is Officially in the Live TV Game Now". Gizmodo. Gizmodo Media Group. Retrieved April 24, 2017. <a href="https://gizmodo.com/youtube-is-officially-in-the-live-tv-game-now-1794049030" target="_blank">https://gizmodo.com/youtube-is-officially-in-the-live-tv-game-now-1794049030</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">Lee, Dave (March 1, 2017). "YouTube takes on cable with new TV service". BBC. Retrieved March 1, 2017. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39124092" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39124092</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">Huddleston, Tom Jr (March 1, 2017). "Meet YouTube TV: Google's Live TV Subscription Service". Fortune. Retrieved March 1, 2017. <a href="https://fortune.com/2017/02/28/youtube-tv-live-streaming-subscription/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/2017/02/28/youtube-tv-live-streaming-subscription/</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">Lee, Dave (March 1, 2017). "YouTube takes on cable with new TV service". BBC. Retrieved March 1, 2017. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39124092" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39124092</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:205">Huddleston, Tom Jr (March 1, 2017). "Meet YouTube TV: Google's Live TV Subscription Service". Fortune. Retrieved March 1, 2017. <a href="https://fortune.com/2017/02/28/youtube-tv-live-streaming-subscription/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/2017/02/28/youtube-tv-live-streaming-subscription/</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:206">Jason Gurwin (September 27, 2022). "YouTube TV Launches New Option to Purchase Channel Add-Ons Without a Base Plan". The Streamable. <a href="https://thestreamable.com/news/youtube-tv-launches-new-option-to-purchase-add-ons-without-a-base-plan" target="_blank">https://thestreamable.com/news/youtube-tv-launches-new-option-to-purchase-add-ons-without-a-base-plan</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">Byford, Sam (September 27, 2016). "YouTube Go is a new app for offline viewing and sharing". The Verge. Retrieved February 10, 2018. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/27/13070804/youtube-go-announced-india-offline" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/27/13070804/youtube-go-announced-india-offline</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">Dave, Paresh (February 1, 2018). "YouTube's emerging markets-focused app expands to 130 countries". Reuters. Retrieved February 10, 2018. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-youtube/youtubes-emerging-markets-focused-app-expands-to-130-countries-idUSKBN1FL5ZI" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-youtube/youtubes-emerging-markets-focused-app-expands-to-130-countries-idUSKBN1FL5ZI</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">Singh, Manish (February 9, 2017). "YouTube Go is finally here, kind of". Mashable. Retrieved February 10, 2018. <a href="https://mashable.com/2017/02/09/youtube-go-release-india/" target="_blank">https://mashable.com/2017/02/09/youtube-go-release-india/</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">Ho, Victoria (November 30, 2017). "Data-friendly YouTube Go beta launches in Southeast Asia, Africa". Mashable. Retrieved February 10, 2018. <a href="https://mashable.com/2017/11/30/youtube-go-southeast-asia-africa" target="_blank">https://mashable.com/2017/11/30/youtube-go-southeast-asia-africa</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">Perez, Sarah. "Google's data-friendly app YouTube Go expands to over 130 countries, now supports higher quality videos". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 2, 2018. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/01/googles-data-friendly-app-youtube-go-expands-to-over-130-countries-now-supports-higher-quality-videos/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/01/googles-data-friendly-app-youtube-go-expands-to-over-130-countries-now-supports-higher-quality-videos/</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">"Google's 'offline first' YouTube Go app launches in 130 new markets, but not the U.S." VentureBeat. February 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018. <a href="https://venturebeat.com/2018/02/01/googles-offline-first-youtube-go-app-launches-globally/" target="_blank">https://venturebeat.com/2018/02/01/googles-offline-first-youtube-go-app-launches-globally/</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">Malik, Aisha (May 5, 2022). "YouTube Go is shutting down in August". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 5, 2022. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/05/youtube-go-shutting-down-august/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/05/youtube-go-shutting-down-august/</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">"YouTube's TikTok rival to be tested in India". BBC News. September 15, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54156997" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54156997</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Perez, Sarah (September 14, 2020). "YouTube launches its TikTok rival, YouTube Shorts, initially in India". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2024. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/14/youtube-launches-its-tiktok-rival-youtube-shorts-initially-in-india/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/14/youtube-launches-its-tiktok-rival-youtube-shorts-initially-in-india/</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">Amadeo, Ron (March 1, 2021). "YouTube's TikTok clone, "YouTube Shorts," is live in the US". Ars Technica. Retrieved May 4, 2021. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/03/youtubes-tiktok-clone-youtube-shorts-is-live-in-the-us/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/03/youtubes-tiktok-clone-youtube-shorts-is-live-in-the-us/</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">"YouTube Shorts launches in India after Delhi TikTok ban". The Guardian. September 15, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/sep/15/youtube-shorts-launches-in-india-after-delhi-tiktok-ban" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/sep/15/youtube-shorts-launches-in-india-after-delhi-tiktok-ban</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">"YouTube's TikTok competitor YouTube Shorts is rolling out globally". The Verge. July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/13/22575063/youtube-shorts-global-roll-out-tiktok-short-form-video" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/13/22575063/youtube-shorts-global-roll-out-tiktok-short-form-video</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">Gilliland, Nikki (December 5, 2018). "What is YouTube Stories and will it catch on?". EConsultancy. Retrieved October 14, 2020. <a href="https://econsultancy.com/what-is-youtube-stories-will-it-catch-on/" target="_blank">https://econsultancy.com/what-is-youtube-stories-will-it-catch-on/</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:220">"Express yourself with Stories". Creator Academy. November 25, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2020 – via YouTube. <a href="https://creatoracademy.youtube.com/page/course/express-with-stories" target="_blank">https://creatoracademy.youtube.com/page/course/express-with-stories</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:221">"YouTube Stories are Going Away on 6/26/2023 – YouTube Community". Google Help. Retrieved May 26, 2023. <a href="https://support.google.com/youtube/thread/217640760" target="_blank">https://support.google.com/youtube/thread/217640760</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:222">Amadeo, Ron (May 25, 2023). "YouTube Stories, Google's clone of Snapchat, is dying on June 26". Ars Technica. Retrieved May 26, 2023. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/05/youtube-is-killing-off-youtube-stories-its-snapchat-clone/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/05/youtube-is-killing-off-youtube-stories-its-snapchat-clone/</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:223">VR, Oculus. "Press Play: 'YouTube VR' Available Now on Oculus Go | Meta Quest Blog". www.meta.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.meta.com/blog/quest/press-play-youtube-vr-available-now-on-oculus-go-/" target="_blank">https://www.meta.com/blog/quest/press-play-youtube-vr-available-now-on-oculus-go-/</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:224">VR, Oculus. "Press Play: 'YouTube VR' Available Now on Oculus Go | Meta Quest Blog". www.meta.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.meta.com/blog/quest/press-play-youtube-vr-available-now-on-oculus-go-/" target="_blank">https://www.meta.com/blog/quest/press-play-youtube-vr-available-now-on-oculus-go-/</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:225">"Pico 4 Gets Official YouTube VR App". UploadVR. December 6, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.uploadvr.com/pico-4-official-youtube-vr-app/" target="_blank">https://www.uploadvr.com/pico-4-official-youtube-vr-app/</a> <a href="#fnref:225" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:226">"8K Playback on Meta Quest 3 Available Now". www.oculus.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.oculus.com/experiences/quest/developer-post/1850578212124322/" target="_blank">https://www.oculus.com/experiences/quest/developer-post/1850578212124322/</a> <a href="#fnref:226" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:227">Greenfield, Mattew (July 28, 2010). "Snake game hidden in YouTube: Procrastination squared". CNET. Archived from the original on March 25, 2025. Retrieved March 25, 2025. <a href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/gaming/snake-game-hidden-in-youtube-procrastination-squared/" target="_blank">https://www.cnet.com/tech/gaming/snake-game-hidden-in-youtube-procrastination-squared/</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:228">"Playables are now on YouTube". YouTube Blog. May 28, 2024. <a href="https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/youtube-playables/" target="_blank">https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/youtube-playables/</a> <a href="#fnref:228" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:229">Alexander, Julia (May 10, 2018). "The Yellow $: a comprehensive history of demonetization and YouTube's war with creators". Polygon. Retrieved November 3, 2019. <a href="https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/10/17268102/youtube-demonetization-pewdiepie-logan-paul-casey-neistat-philip-defranco" target="_blank">https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/10/17268102/youtube-demonetization-pewdiepie-logan-paul-casey-neistat-philip-defranco</a> <a href="#fnref:229" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:230">Wong, Julia Carrie; Levin, Sam (January 25, 2019). "YouTube vows to recommend fewer conspiracy theory videos". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 3, 2019. <a href="/wiki/Julia_Carrie_Wong" target="_blank">/wiki/Julia_Carrie_Wong</a> <a href="#fnref:230" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:231">Orphanides, K. G. (March 23, 2018). "Children's YouTube is still churning out blood, suicide and cannibalism". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved November 3, 2019. <a href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/youtube-for-kids-videos-problems-algorithm-recommend" target="_blank">https://www.wired.co.uk/article/youtube-for-kids-videos-problems-algorithm-recommend</a> <a href="#fnref:231" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:232">Orphanides, K. G. (February 20, 2019). "On YouTube, a network of paedophiles is hiding in plain sight". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved November 3, 2019. <a href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/youtube-pedophile-videos-advertising" target="_blank">https://www.wired.co.uk/article/youtube-pedophile-videos-advertising</a> <a href="#fnref:232" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:233">Alexander, Julia (May 10, 2018). "The Yellow $: a comprehensive history of demonetization and YouTube's war with creators". Polygon. Retrieved November 3, 2019. <a href="https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/10/17268102/youtube-demonetization-pewdiepie-logan-paul-casey-neistat-philip-defranco" target="_blank">https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/10/17268102/youtube-demonetization-pewdiepie-logan-paul-casey-neistat-philip-defranco</a> <a href="#fnref:233" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:234">"Turkmenistan". Reporters Without Borders. March 11, 2011. <a href="https://rsf.org/en/news/turkmenistan-1" target="_blank">https://rsf.org/en/news/turkmenistan-1</a> <a href="#fnref:234" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:235">Syundyukova, Nazerke (October 9, 2018). "Uzbekistan has blocked YouTube social network". The Qazaq Times. Retrieved January 23, 2019. <a href="https://qazaqtimes.com/en/article/48743" target="_blank">https://qazaqtimes.com/en/article/48743</a> <a href="#fnref:235" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:236">"Маҳаллий ОАВ: Ўзбекистонда Facebook ва YouTube яна ўчириб қўйилди" [Local Media: YouTube and Facebook once again blocked in Uzbekistan]. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's Uzbek Service (in Uzbek). January 16, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019. <a href="https://www.ozodlik.org/a/29713088.html" target="_blank">https://www.ozodlik.org/a/29713088.html</a> <a href="#fnref:236" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:237">Tolentino, Daysia (September 19, 2024). "Social media companies engaged in 'vast surveillance,' FTC finds, calling status quo 'unacceptable'". NBC News. Retrieved September 21, 2024. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/social-media-companies-engaged-vast-surveillance-ftc-finds-calling-sta-rcna171814" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/social-media-companies-engaged-vast-surveillance-ftc-finds-calling-sta-rcna171814</a> <a href="#fnref:237" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:238">Del Valle, Gaby (September 19, 2024). "The FTC says social media companies can't be trusted to regulate themselves". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved September 21, 2024. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/19/24249073/ftc-data-retention-privacy-report-facebook-meta-youtube-reddit" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2024/9/19/24249073/ftc-data-retention-privacy-report-facebook-meta-youtube-reddit</a> <a href="#fnref:238" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:239">A Look Behind the Screens: Examining the Data Practices of Social Media and Video Streaming Services (PDF) (Report). Federal Trade Commission. 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024. <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/Social-Media-6b-Report-9-11-2024.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/Social-Media-6b-Report-9-11-2024.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:239" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:240">"YouTube Censored: A Recent History", OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved September 23, 2012. <a href="https://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history" target="_blank">https://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history</a> <a href="#fnref:240" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:241">"The disturbing YouTube videos that are tricking children". BBC News. March 27, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-39381889" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-39381889</a> <a href="#fnref:241" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:242">Shu, Catherine (March 20, 2017). "YouTube responds to complaints that its Restricted Mode censors LGBT videos". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/19/youtube-lgbt-restricted-mode/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/19/youtube-lgbt-restricted-mode/</a> <a href="#fnref:242" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:243">David Meerman Scott. "Facebook and YouTube blocked by paranoid corporations at their own peril". Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="/wiki/David_Meerman_Scott" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Meerman_Scott</a> <a href="#fnref:243" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:244">Hannaford, Kat (March 17, 2011). "US Military Bans YouTube, Amazon and 11 Other Websites to Free Up Bandwidth for Japan Crisis". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182849/http://gizmodo.com/5782886/us-military-bans-youtube-amazon-and-11-other-websites-to-free-up-bandwidth-for-japan-crisis" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182849/http://gizmodo.com/5782886/us-military-bans-youtube-amazon-and-11-other-websites-to-free-up-bandwidth-for-japan-crisis</a> <a href="#fnref:244" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:245">"YouTube Censored: A Recent History", OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved September 23, 2012. <a href="https://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history" target="_blank">https://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history</a> <a href="#fnref:245" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:246">Strom, Stephanie (March 9, 2012). "YouTube Finds a Way Off Schools' Banned List". The New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/10/education/youtube-finds-a-way-off-schools-banned-list.html?mcubz=0" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/10/education/youtube-finds-a-way-off-schools-banned-list.html?mcubz=0</a> <a href="#fnref:246" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:247">"Turkmenistan". Reporters Without Borders. March 11, 2011. <a href="https://rsf.org/en/news/turkmenistan-1" target="_blank">https://rsf.org/en/news/turkmenistan-1</a> <a href="#fnref:247" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:248">Syundyukova, Nazerke (October 9, 2018). "Uzbekistan has blocked YouTube social network". The Qazaq Times. Retrieved January 23, 2019. <a href="https://qazaqtimes.com/en/article/48743" target="_blank">https://qazaqtimes.com/en/article/48743</a> <a href="#fnref:248" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:249">"Маҳаллий ОАВ: Ўзбекистонда Facebook ва YouTube яна ўчириб қўйилди" [Local Media: YouTube and Facebook once again blocked in Uzbekistan]. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's Uzbek Service (in Uzbek). January 16, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019. <a href="https://www.ozodlik.org/a/29713088.html" target="_blank">https://www.ozodlik.org/a/29713088.html</a> <a href="#fnref:249" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:250">"YouTube Censored: A Recent History", OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved September 23, 2012. <a href="https://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history" target="_blank">https://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history</a> <a href="#fnref:250" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:251">Vincent, James (May 26, 2020). "YouTube is deleting comments with two phrases that insult China's Communist Party". The Verge. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/26/21270290/youtube-deleting-comments-censorship-chinese-communist-party-ccp" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/26/21270290/youtube-deleting-comments-censorship-chinese-communist-party-ccp</a> <a href="#fnref:251" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:252">"Thailand Bans YouTube". The New York Times. April 5, 2007. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/business/worldbusiness/05tube.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/business/worldbusiness/05tube.html</a> <a href="#fnref:252" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:253">"YouTube site 'blocked' in Morocco". BBC News. May 29, 2007. Retrieved December 25, 2013. <a href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6702973.stm" target="_blank">https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6702973.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:253" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:254">"YouTube again accessible via Maroc Telecom". Reporters Without Borders. May 30, 2007. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2007. <a href="https://archive.today/20130416003945/http://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130416003945/http://ar.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22322</a> <a href="#fnref:254" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:255">Rosen, Jeffrey (November 28, 2008). "Google's Gatekeepers". The New York Times. ProQuest 905061951. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html</a> <a href="#fnref:255" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:256">"Turkey goes into battle with Google". BBC News. July 2, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2010. <a href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/10480877.stm" target="_blank">https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/10480877.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:256" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:257">"Turkey lifts two-year ban on YouTube". BBC News. October 30, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2010. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11659816" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11659816</a> <a href="#fnref:257" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:258">Champion, Marc (November 2, 2010). "Turkey Reinstates YouTube Ban". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 2, 2010. <a href="https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704462704575590420251199614.html?mod=googlenews_wsj" target="_blank">https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704462704575590420251199614.html?mod=googlenews_wsj</a> <a href="#fnref:258" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:259">"Turkey report", Freedom on the Net 2012, Freedom House, September 24, 2012, archived from the original on September 27, 2012 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927235933/https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey#_ftn21" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120927235933/https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey#_ftn21</a> <a href="#fnref:259" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:260">"Top Sites in Turkey". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217112619/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/TR" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220217112619/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/TR</a> <a href="#fnref:260" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:261">B. Kelley, Michael (March 27, 2014). "YouTube Blocked in Turkey Amid High-Level Intelligence Leak". Business Insider. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-blocked-in-turkey-2014-3" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-blocked-in-turkey-2014-3</a> <a href="#fnref:261" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:262">"Turkey moves to block YouTube access after 'audio leak'". BBC News. BBC. March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2014. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26773702" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26773702</a> <a href="#fnref:262" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:263">Wagstaff, Keith (March 27, 2014). "YouTube Banned in Turkey". NBC News. Retrieved March 27, 2014. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/youtube-banned-turkey-n63776" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/youtube-banned-turkey-n63776</a> <a href="#fnref:263" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:264">"Pakistan blocks YouTube website". BBC. February 24, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008. <a href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7261727.stm" target="_blank">https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7261727.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:264" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:265">"Pakistan lifts YouTube ban". ABC News (Australia). Agence France-Presse. February 26, 2008. Archived from the original on March 1, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080301140400/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/27/2173501.htm?section=world" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080301140400/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/27/2173501.htm?section=world</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:266">"Pakistan lifts the ban on YouTube". BBC. February 26, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008. <a href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7262071.stm" target="_blank">https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7262071.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:267">"Pakistan web users get round YouTube ban". Silicon Republic. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080629065235/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080629065235/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381</a> <a href="#fnref:267" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:268">"Pakistan blocks access to YouTube in internet crackdown". BBC News. May 20, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2010. <a href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/10130195.stm" target="_blank">https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/10130195.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:269">McCabe, Joanne (May 27, 2010). "YouTube ban lifted by Pakistan authorities". Metro. Associated Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722062958/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100722062958/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities</a> <a href="#fnref:269" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:270">"Pakistan lifts ban on YouTube". The Times of India. May 27, 2010. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-lifts-ban-on-YouTube/articleshow/5978581.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-lifts-ban-on-YouTube/articleshow/5978581.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:271">"Pakistan unblocks access to YouTube". BBC News. January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35345872" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35345872</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:272">"Watchdog urges Libya to stop blocking websites". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209004610/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gMqNCaIpcd74x_33F16sT_6IDriw" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100209004610/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gMqNCaIpcd74x_33F16sT_6IDriw</a> <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:273">"Libya", Freedom on the Net 2012, Freedom House, September 24, 2012, archived from the original on September 27, 2012 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927235826/https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/libya" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120927235826/https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/libya</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:274">"Afghanistan to unblock YouTube". Afghanistan Times. December 1, 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/https://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/https://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:275">Arghandiwal, Miriam (September 12, 2012). "Afghanistan bans YouTube to block anti-Muslim film". Reuters. Kabul. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-youtube-idUSBRE88B0SC20120912" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-youtube-idUSBRE88B0SC20120912</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:276">"YouTube blocked in Bangladesh over Prophet Mohamed video". The Independent. Associated Press. September 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824171641/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/youtube-blocked-in-bangladesh-over-prophet-mohamed-video-8152056.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170824171641/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/youtube-blocked-in-bangladesh-over-prophet-mohamed-video-8152056.html</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:277">Tsukayama, Haley (September 17, 2012). "YouTube blocked in Pakistan". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/youtube-blocked-in-pakistan/2012/09/17/30081fa2-00ea-11e2-b257-e1c2b3548a4a_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/youtube-blocked-in-pakistan/2012/09/17/30081fa2-00ea-11e2-b257-e1c2b3548a4a_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:278">Devnath, Arun (September 18, 2012). "Pakistan, Bangladesh Block YouTube Amid Islam Film Protests". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved September 18, 2012. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-18/pakistan-bangladesh-block-youtube-to-restrict-anti-islam-film.html" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-18/pakistan-bangladesh-block-youtube-to-restrict-anti-islam-film.html</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:279">"Russian court bans anti-Islam film". The News. September 29, 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-134721-Russian-court-bans-anti-Islam-film" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-1-134721-Russian-court-bans-anti-Islam-film</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:280">Willon, Phil; Keegan, Rebecca (September 12, 2012). "'Innocence of Muslims': Mystery shrouds film's California origins". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 1, 2019. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/la-xpm-2012-sep-12-la-fg-libya-filmmaker-20120913-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/la-xpm-2012-sep-12-la-fg-libya-filmmaker-20120913-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:281">"YouTube restricts video access over Libyan violence". CNN. September 12, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/12/tech/web/youtube-violence-libya/index.html?hpt=hp_c3" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/12/tech/web/youtube-violence-libya/index.html?hpt=hp_c3</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:282">"YouTube to block channels linked to Russia's RT and Sputnik across Europe". Reuters. March 1, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/youtube-block-channels-linked-russias-rt-sputnik-across-europe-2022-03-01/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/youtube-block-channels-linked-russias-rt-sputnik-across-europe-2022-03-01/</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:283">"YouTube Users Across Russia Report Sharp Decline in Loading Speeds". Retrieved August 1, 2022. <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/08/01/youtube-users-across-russia-report-sharp-decline-in-loading-speeds-a85902" target="_blank">https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/08/01/youtube-users-across-russia-report-sharp-decline-in-loading-speeds-a85902</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:284">"Trouble mounts for Ranveer Allahbadia & others linked to Samay Raina's show: Top developments". The Times of India. February 11, 2025. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved February 11, 2025. <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trouble-mounts-for-ranveer-allahbadia-others-linked-to-samay-rainas-show-indias-got-latent-top-developments/articleshow/118151638.cms" target="_blank">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trouble-mounts-for-ranveer-allahbadia-others-linked-to-samay-rainas-show-indias-got-latent-top-developments/articleshow/118151638.cms</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:285">Bruno, Antony (February 25, 2007). "YouTube stars don't always welcome record deals". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-youtube-idUSN2518918320070226" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-youtube-idUSN2518918320070226</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:286">Tufnell, Nicholas (November 27, 2013). "The rise and fall of YouTube's celebrity pioneers". Wired UK. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. <a href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-11/27/youtube-community" target="_blank">https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-11/27/youtube-community</a> <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:287">Bruno, Antony (February 25, 2007). "YouTube stars don't always welcome record deals". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-youtube-idUSN2518918320070226" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-youtube-idUSN2518918320070226</a> <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:288">Tufnell, Nicholas (November 27, 2013). "The rise and fall of YouTube's celebrity pioneers". Wired UK. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. <a href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-11/27/youtube-community" target="_blank">https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-11/27/youtube-community</a> <a href="#fnref:288" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:289">Seabrook, John (January 16, 2012). "Streaming Dreams / YouTube turns pro". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108081333/https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/16/120116fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120108081333/https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/16/120116fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all</a> <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:290">Berg, Madeline (November 2015). "The World's Top-Earning YouTube Stars 2015". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. • Berg, Madeline (November 2015). "The World's Top-Earning YouTube Stars 2015 / 1. PewDiePie: $12 million". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. <a href="https://www3.forbes.com/business/the-worlds-top-earning-youtube-stars-2015/" target="_blank">https://www3.forbes.com/business/the-worlds-top-earning-youtube-stars-2015/</a> <a href="#fnref:290" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:291">"Gangnam Style hits one billion views on YouTube". BBC News. December 21, 2012. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115080304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20812870" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140115080304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20812870</a> <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:292">Thayer, Katheryn (October 29, 2013). "The Youtube Music Awards: Why Artists Should Care". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102005910/https://www.forbes.com/sites/katherynthayer/2013/10/29/the-youtube-music-awards-why-artists-should-care/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131102005910/https://www.forbes.com/sites/katherynthayer/2013/10/29/the-youtube-music-awards-why-artists-should-care/</a> <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:293">"2013: Year in Rewind (report title) / Mapping the Landscape (specific section title)". Next Big Sound. January 2014. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. "Developing" artists 6.9%; "Undiscovered" artists 2.8%. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140121225546/https://www.nextbigsound.com/industryreport/2013" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140121225546/https://www.nextbigsound.com/industryreport/2013</a> <a href="#fnref:293" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:294">"Hot 100 News: Billboard and Nielsen Add YouTube Video Streaming to Platforms". Billboard. February 20, 2013. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140129170847/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549399/hot-100-news-billboard-and-nielsen-add-youtube-video-streaming-to-platforms" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140129170847/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549399/hot-100-news-billboard-and-nielsen-add-youtube-video-streaming-to-platforms</a> <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:295">Anderson, Chris (July 2010). "How web video powers global innovation". TED (conference). Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. (click on "Show transcript" tab) • Corresponding YouTube video from official TED channel was titled "How YouTube is driving innovation." <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202000212/https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_how_web_video_powers_global_innovation.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131202000212/https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_how_web_video_powers_global_innovation.html</a> <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:296">Anderson, Chris (July 2010). "How web video powers global innovation". TED (conference). Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. (click on "Show transcript" tab) • Corresponding YouTube video from official TED channel was titled "How YouTube is driving innovation." <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202000212/https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_how_web_video_powers_global_innovation.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131202000212/https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_how_web_video_powers_global_innovation.html</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:297">Noer, Michael (November 2, 2012). "One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education". Forbes. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204052929/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131204052929/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/</a> <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:298">YouTube.com (award profile), "Winner 2008", peabodyawards.com, May 2009. (Archived January 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine from the original on January 14, 2016). <a href="https://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/youtube.com" target="_blank">https://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/youtube.com</a> <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:299">Poniewozik, James (April 1, 2009). "Nonprofit Press Release Theater: Peabody Awards Announced". Time. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://entertainment.time.com/2009/04/01/nonprofit-press-release-theater-peabody-awards-announced/" target="_blank">https://entertainment.time.com/2009/04/01/nonprofit-press-release-theater-peabody-awards-announced/</a> <a href="#fnref:299" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:300">Tsukayama, Haley (April 20, 2012). "In online video, minorities find an audience". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/in-online-video-minorities-find-an-audience/2012/04/20/gIQAdhliWT_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/in-online-video-minorities-find-an-audience/2012/04/20/gIQAdhliWT_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:300" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:301">"PEJ: YouTube & News: A New Kind of Visual Journalism Is Developing, but Ethics of Attribution Have Yet to Emerge". Pew Research Center. July 16, 2012. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000334/https://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/press-release-2/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000334/https://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/press-release-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:301" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:302">"YouTube and News: A New Kind of Visual News". Pew Research Center. July 16, 2012. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001742/https://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/youtube-news/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001742/https://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/youtube-news/</a> <a href="#fnref:302" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:303">Q. Seelye, Katharine (June 13, 2007). "New Presidential Debate Site? Clearly, YouTube". The New York Times. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/13/us/politics/13cnd-youtube.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/13/us/politics/13cnd-youtube.html</a> <a href="#fnref:303" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:304">Howard, Philip N. (February 23, 2011). "The Arab Spring's Cascading Effects". Pacific Standard. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108053257/https://www.psmag.com/navigation/politics-and-law/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140108053257/https://www.psmag.com/navigation/politics-and-law/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/</a> <a href="#fnref:304" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:305">Wong, Scott (March 22, 2012). "Joseph Kony captures Congress' attention". Politico. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108184459/https://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=76ECD47B-6BE4-4703-BC79-E7955A4DE0D6" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140108184459/https://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=76ECD47B-6BE4-4703-BC79-E7955A4DE0D6</a> <a href="#fnref:305" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:306">"YouTube Video Creation – A Shared Process". Pew Research Center. July 16, 2012. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231055631/https://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/youtube-video-creationa-shared-process/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131231055631/https://www.journalism.org/2012/07/16/youtube-video-creationa-shared-process/</a> <a href="#fnref:306" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:307">Reston, Maeve (December 12, 2013). "Round 2: Obamacare and Hollywood open new social media campaign". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212184345/https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/politicsnow/la-pn-obamacare-hollywood-new-social-media-campaign-20131212,0,2435151.story" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131212184345/https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/politicsnow/la-pn-obamacare-hollywood-new-social-media-campaign-20131212,0,2435151.story</a> <a href="#fnref:307" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:308">McMorris-Santoro, Evan (March 2, 2014). "Obama Enlisted YouTube Personalities For Final Health Care Enrollment Push Last Week". Buzzfeed. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303172252/https://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-enlisted-youtube-personalities-for-final-health-care-e" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140303172252/https://www.buzzfeed.com/evanmcsan/obama-enlisted-youtube-personalities-for-final-health-care-e</a> <a href="#fnref:308" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:309">Cohen, Joshua (March 2, 2014). "Obama Meets With YouTube Advisors on How To Reach Online Audiences". Tubefilter. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306020608/https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/03/02/obama-meets-with-youtube-advisors-on-how-to-reach-online-audiences/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140306020608/https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/03/02/obama-meets-with-youtube-advisors-on-how-to-reach-online-audiences/</a> <a href="#fnref:309" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:310">Cohen, Joshua (March 2, 2014). "Obama Meets With YouTube Advisors on How To Reach Online Audiences". Tubefilter. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306020608/https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/03/02/obama-meets-with-youtube-advisors-on-how-to-reach-online-audiences/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140306020608/https://www.tubefilter.com/2014/03/02/obama-meets-with-youtube-advisors-on-how-to-reach-online-audiences/</a> <a href="#fnref:310" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:311">"U.S. warns of rising threat of violence amid outrage over anti-Islam video". CNN. September 14, 2012. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116033002/https://www.cnn.com/2012/09/13/world/meast/embassy-attacks-main/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131116033002/https://www.cnn.com/2012/09/13/world/meast/embassy-attacks-main/</a> <a href="#fnref:311" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:312">Anderson, Chris (July 2010). "How web video powers global innovation". TED (conference). Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. (click on "Show transcript" tab) • Corresponding YouTube video from official TED channel was titled "How YouTube is driving innovation." <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202000212/https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_how_web_video_powers_global_innovation.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131202000212/https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_how_web_video_powers_global_innovation.html</a> <a href="#fnref:312" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:313">Heffernan, Virginia (August 27, 2006). "Web Guitar Wizard Revealed at Last". The New York Times. ProQuest 93082065. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/arts/television/27heff.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/arts/television/27heff.html</a> <a href="#fnref:313" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:314">Herrman, John (August 3, 2017). "For the New Far Right, YouTube Has Become the New Talk Radio". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/03/magazine/for-the-new-far-right-youtube-has-become-the-new-talk-radio.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/03/magazine/for-the-new-far-right-youtube-has-become-the-new-talk-radio.html</a> <a href="#fnref:314" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:315">"Continuing our work to improve recommendations on YouTube". YouTube.GoogleBlog.com. January 25, 2019. Archived from the original on January 25, 2019. <a href="https://youtube.googleblog.com/2019/01/continuing-our-work-to-improve.html" target="_blank">https://youtube.googleblog.com/2019/01/continuing-our-work-to-improve.html</a> <a href="#fnref:315" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:316">Tufekci, Zeynep (March 10, 2018). "YouTube, the Great Radicalizer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/opinion/sunday/youtube-politics-radical.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/opinion/sunday/youtube-politics-radical.html</a> <a href="#fnref:316" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:317">Nicas, Jack (November 3, 2020). "YouTube Cut Down Misinformation. Then It Boosted Fox News / To battle false information, YouTube cut its recommendations to fringe channels and instead promoted major networks, especially Fox News". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104015452/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/03/technology/youtube-misinformation-fox-news.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201104015452/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/03/technology/youtube-misinformation-fox-news.html</a> <a href="#fnref:317" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:318">Munger, Kevin; Phillips, Joseph (October 21, 2020). "Right-Wing YouTube: A Supply and Demand Perspective". The International Journal of Press/Politics. 27 (1): 186–219. doi:10.1177/1940161220964767. ISSN 1940-1612. S2CID 226339609. <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161220964767" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161220964767</a> <a href="#fnref:318" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:319">* Chen, Annie Y.; Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo (April 22, 2022). "Subscriptions and external links help drive resentful users to alternative and extremist YouTube videos". arXiv:2204.10921 [cs.SI].
Wolfe, Liz (April 26, 2022). "YouTube Algorithms Don't Turn Unsuspecting Masses Into Extremists, New Study Suggests / A new study casts doubt on the most prominent theories about extremism-by-algorithm". Reason. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022.
 <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:319" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:320">Shapero, Julia (June 18, 2024). "Research finds pattern of YouTube recommending right-leaning, Christian videos". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. <a href="https://thehill.com/policy/technology/4727588-research-finds-pattern-of-youtube-recommending-right-leaning-christian-videos/" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/policy/technology/4727588-research-finds-pattern-of-youtube-recommending-right-leaning-christian-videos/</a> <a href="#fnref:320" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:321">Chu, Jon M. (February 2010). "The LXD: In the Internet age, dance evolves". TED (conference). Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104063431/https://www.ted.com/talks/the_lxd_in_the_internet_age_dance_evolves.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140104063431/https://www.ted.com/talks/the_lxd_in_the_internet_age_dance_evolves.html</a> <a href="#fnref:321" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:322">Nichols, Michelle (reporter) (April 14, 2009). Simao, Paul (ed.). "YouTube orchestra prepares for Carnegie debut". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-youtube-idUSTRE53D4PE20090414" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-youtube-idUSTRE53D4PE20090414</a> <a href="#fnref:322" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:323">Anderson, Chris (July 2010). "How web video powers global innovation". TED (conference). Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. (click on "Show transcript" tab) • Corresponding YouTube video from official TED channel was titled "How YouTube is driving innovation." <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202000212/https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_how_web_video_powers_global_innovation.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131202000212/https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_anderson_how_web_video_powers_global_innovation.html</a> <a href="#fnref:323" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:324">Nichols, Michelle (reporter) (April 14, 2009). Simao, Paul (ed.). "YouTube orchestra prepares for Carnegie debut". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-youtube-idUSTRE53D4PE20090414" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-youtube-idUSTRE53D4PE20090414</a> <a href="#fnref:324" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:325">Levs, Josh (interviewer) (March 6, 2010). "CNN Newsroom". CNN. Archived from the original on March 13, 2010. Also CNN Saturday Morning News and CNN Sunday Morning (archives). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100313010623/https://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1003/06/cnr.02.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100313010623/https://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1003/06/cnr.02.html</a> <a href="#fnref:325" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:326">Smart, Richard (May 11, 2011). "Crowdsourcing: After Quakebook, We Pray For You". The Tokyo Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612153700/https://www.tokyotimes.jp/post/en/1829/Crowdsourcing+After+Quakebook+We+Pray+For+You.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110612153700/https://www.tokyotimes.jp/post/en/1829/Crowdsourcing+After+Quakebook+We+Pray+For+You.html</a> <a href="#fnref:326" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:327">Hartlaub, Peter (October 8, 2010). "Dan Savage overwhelmed by gay outreach's response". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104120324/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Dan-Savage-overwhelmed-by-gay-outreach-s-response-3171312.php" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131104120324/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Dan-Savage-overwhelmed-by-gay-outreach-s-response-3171312.php</a> <a href="#fnref:327" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:328">"It Gets Better". White House. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102042529/https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/it-gets-better" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140102042529/https://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/it-gets-better</a> <a href="#fnref:328" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:329">"In wake of Amanda Todd suicide, MPs to debate anti-bullying motion". CTV News. October 14, 2012. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213910/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/in-wake-of-amanda-todd-suicide-mps-to-debate-anti-bullying-motion-1.995254" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213910/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/in-wake-of-amanda-todd-suicide-mps-to-debate-anti-bullying-motion-1.995254</a> <a href="#fnref:329" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:330">Waterson, Jim (May 28, 2018). "YouTube deletes 30 music videos after Met link with gang violence". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/29/youtube-deletes-30-music-videos-after-met-link-with-gang-violence" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/29/youtube-deletes-30-music-videos-after-met-link-with-gang-violence</a> <a href="#fnref:330" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:331">Yen, Yi-Wyn (March 25, 2008). "YouTube Looks For the Money Clip". CNN. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2008. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192446/https://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2008/03/25/youtube-looks-for-the-money-clip/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170212192446/https://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2008/03/25/youtube-looks-for-the-money-clip/</a> <a href="#fnref:331" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:332">Hardy, Quentin; Hessel, Evan (May 22, 2008). "GooTube". Forbes. Retrieved August 3, 2009. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0616/050.html" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0616/050.html</a> <a href="#fnref:332" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:333">Winkler, Rolfe (December 11, 2013). "YouTube Growing Faster Than Thought, Report Says". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 28, 2016. <a href="https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/12/11/streaming-video-means-streaming-dollars-for-youtube/" target="_blank">https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/12/11/streaming-video-means-streaming-dollars-for-youtube/</a> <a href="#fnref:333" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:334">Winkler, Rolfe (December 11, 2013). "YouTube Growing Faster Than Thought, Report Says". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 28, 2016. <a href="https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/12/11/streaming-video-means-streaming-dollars-for-youtube/" target="_blank">https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/12/11/streaming-video-means-streaming-dollars-for-youtube/</a> <a href="#fnref:334" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:335">"YouTube's ad revenue estimated at $5.6 billion". YAHOO. Retrieved March 28, 2016. <a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/video/youtubes-ad-revenue-estimated-5-195900788.html" target="_blank">https://finance.yahoo.com/video/youtubes-ad-revenue-estimated-5-195900788.html</a> <a href="#fnref:335" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:336">Winkler, Rolfe (December 11, 2013). "YouTube Growing Faster Than Thought, Report Says". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 28, 2016. <a href="https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/12/11/streaming-video-means-streaming-dollars-for-youtube/" target="_blank">https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/12/11/streaming-video-means-streaming-dollars-for-youtube/</a> <a href="#fnref:336" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:337">"YouTube launches pay-to-watch subscription channels". BBC News. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2013. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22474715" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22474715</a> <a href="#fnref:337" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:338">McAllister, Neil (May 9, 2013). "YouTube launches subscriptions with 53 paid channels". The Register. Retrieved May 20, 2013. <a href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/09/youtube_subscription_channels/" target="_blank">https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/09/youtube_subscription_channels/</a> <a href="#fnref:338" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:339">"YouTube launches pay-to-watch subscription channels". BBC News. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2013. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22474715" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22474715</a> <a href="#fnref:339" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:340">Statt, Nick (February 3, 2020). "YouTube is a $15 billion-a-year business, Google reveals for the first time". The Verge. Retrieved February 3, 2020. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/3/21121207/youtube-google-alphabet-earnings-revenue-first-time-reveal-q4-2019" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/3/21121207/youtube-google-alphabet-earnings-revenue-first-time-reveal-q4-2019</a> <a href="#fnref:340" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:341">"Alphabet Announces Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2019 Results" (PDF) (Press release). Alphabet Inc. February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. <a href="https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/2019Q4_alphabet_earnings_release.pdf?cache=05bd9fe" target="_blank">https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/2019Q4_alphabet_earnings_release.pdf?cache=05bd9fe</a> <a href="#fnref:341" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:342">Fingas, Jon (February 3, 2020). "YouTube Premium and Music have 20 million subscribers". Engadget. Retrieved February 3, 2020. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2020/02/03/youtube-premium-and-music-20-million-subscribers/" target="_blank">https://www.engadget.com/2020/02/03/youtube-premium-and-music-20-million-subscribers/</a> <a href="#fnref:342" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:343">"goog-20221231". www.sec.gov. Retrieved January 12, 2024. <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204423000016/goog-20221231.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204423000016/goog-20221231.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:343" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:344">Manfredi, Lucas; Cobb, Kayla (July 23, 2024). "YouTube Ad Revenue Rises 13% to $8.66 Billion in Q2". TheWrap. Retrieved July 24, 2024. <a href="https://www.thewrap.com/youtube-ad-revenue-q2-2024/" target="_blank">https://www.thewrap.com/youtube-ad-revenue-q2-2024/</a> <a href="#fnref:344" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:345">"Online Video: The Market Is Hot, but Business Models Are Fuzzy". Knowledge@wharton. Retrieved July 19, 2012. <a href="https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1519" target="_blank">https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1519</a> <a href="#fnref:345" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:346">Weber, Tim (March 2, 2007). "BBC strikes Google-YouTube deal". BBC News. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6411017.stm" target="_blank">https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6411017.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:346" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:347">Stone, Brad; Barnes, Brooks (November 9, 2008). "MGM to Post Full Films on YouTube". The New York Times. ProQuest 897152483. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/10/business/media/10mgm.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/10/business/media/10mgm.html</a> <a href="#fnref:347" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:348">D. Kramer, Staci (April 30, 2009). "It's Official: Disney Joins News Corp., NBCU In Hulu; Deal Includes Some Cable Nets". The Washington Post. Nash Holdings LLC. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/30/AR2009043001853.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/30/AR2009043001853.html</a> <a href="#fnref:348" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:349">Allen, Katie (November 19, 2009). "YouTube launches UK TV section with more than 60 partners". The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 13, 2009. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/nov/19/youtube-uk-full-length-shows" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/nov/19/youtube-uk-full-length-shows</a> <a href="#fnref:349" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:350">Helft, Miguel (January 20, 2010). "YouTube Takes a Small Step into the Film Rental Market". The New York Times. ProQuest 1458355634. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/technology/internet/21youtube.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/technology/internet/21youtube.html</a> <a href="#fnref:350" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:351">"Buy or rent movies and TV shows on YouTube - YouTube Help". support.google.com. <a href="https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9674101?hl=en-GB" target="_blank">https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9674101?hl=en-GB</a> <a href="#fnref:351" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:352">"YouTube to offer film rentals in the UK". BBC News. October 7, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15214939" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15214939</a> <a href="#fnref:352" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:353">Tsotsis, Alexia (May 9, 2011). "Google Partners With Sony Pictures, Universal And Warner Brothers For YouTube Movies". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/09/google-partners-with-sony-pictures-nbc-universal-and-warner-brothers-for-youtube-movies/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/09/google-partners-with-sony-pictures-nbc-universal-and-warner-brothers-for-youtube-movies/</a> <a href="#fnref:353" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:354">"Google Ad Crisis Spreads as Biggest Marketers Halt Spending". Bloomberg.com. March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-22/at-t-halts-spending-on-some-google-ads-after-youtube-controversy" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-22/at-t-halts-spending-on-some-google-ads-after-youtube-controversy</a> <a href="#fnref:354" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:355">"YouTube: UK government suspends ads amid extremism concerns". BBC News. March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39301712" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39301712</a> <a href="#fnref:355" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:356">Collins, Ben (April 4, 2017). "A YouTube Star, Reddit Detectives, and the Alt-Right Call Out a Fake News Story. Turns Out It Was Real". The Daily Beast. Retrieved April 5, 2017. <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/04/04/fake-news-blows-up-in-trolls-faces.html" target="_blank">https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/04/04/fake-news-blows-up-in-trolls-faces.html</a> <a href="#fnref:356" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:357">"How one little screenshot drove YouTube to the brink". Mashable. April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017. <a href="https://mashable.com/2017/04/04/youtube-h3h3-what-happened-wsj/" target="_blank">https://mashable.com/2017/04/04/youtube-h3h3-what-happened-wsj/</a> <a href="#fnref:357" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:358">"YouTube will no longer allow creators to make money until they reach 10,000 views". The Verge. April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15209220/youtube-partner-program-rule-change-monetize-ads-10000-views" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15209220/youtube-partner-program-rule-change-monetize-ads-10000-views</a> <a href="#fnref:358" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:359">Biggs, John (May 4, 2007). "YouTube Launches Revenue Sharing Partners Program, but no Pre-Rolls". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/04/youtube-launches-revenue-sharing-partners-program-but-no-pre-rolls/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/04/youtube-launches-revenue-sharing-partners-program-but-no-pre-rolls/</a> <a href="#fnref:359" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:360">Carmody, Tim (March 4, 2013). "It's not TV, it's the Web: YouTube partners complain about Google ads, revenue sharing". The Verge. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/4062810/youtube-partners-complain-revenue-sharing-google-ads" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/4062810/youtube-partners-complain-revenue-sharing-google-ads</a> <a href="#fnref:360" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:361">Edwards, Jim (August 3, 2015). "The biggest stars on YouTube make huge incomes ... yet they can't keep the vast majority of it". Business Insider. Retrieved September 16, 2024. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/money-youtube-stars-actually-make-2014-2" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/money-youtube-stars-actually-make-2014-2</a> <a href="#fnref:361" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:362">Lyons, Kim (August 23, 2021). "YouTube says its Partner Program now has 2 million members". The Verge. Retrieved October 23, 2023. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/23/22636827/youtube-partner-program-2-million-members-creators" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/23/22636827/youtube-partner-program-2-million-members-creators</a> <a href="#fnref:362" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:363">Kaufman, Leslie (February 1, 2014). "Chasing Their Star, on YouTube". The New York Times. ProQuest 1943327539. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/02/business/chasing-their-star-on-youtube.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/02/business/chasing-their-star-on-youtube.html</a> <a href="#fnref:363" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:364">Robertson, Adi (September 1, 2016). "Why is YouTube being accused of censoring vloggers?". The Verge. Retrieved March 19, 2017. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/1/12753108/youtube-is-over-party-advertising-monetization-censorship" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/1/12753108/youtube-is-over-party-advertising-monetization-censorship</a> <a href="#fnref:364" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:365">"After Child Video Scandal, YouTube Says Ad-Friendly Videos Can Be Demonetized For Inappropriate Comments". Tubefilter. February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019. <a href="https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/02/22/youtube-videos-demonetized-inappropriate-comments/" target="_blank">https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/02/22/youtube-videos-demonetized-inappropriate-comments/</a> <a href="#fnref:365" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:366">McCue, TJ. "Google's YouTube Introduces Paid Content Subscriptions". Forbes. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2013/01/30/google-youtube-introduces-paid-content-subscriptions/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2013/01/30/google-youtube-introduces-paid-content-subscriptions/</a> <a href="#fnref:366" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:367">"Introduction to paid content – YouTube Help". Google Inc. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/3249127?hl=en" target="_blank">https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/3249127?hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:367" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:368">"Additional Changes to the YouTube Partner Program (YPP) to Better Protect Creators". Retrieved January 16, 2018 – via YouTube. <a href="https://youtube-creators.googleblog.com/2018/01/additional-changes-to-youtube-partner.html" target="_blank">https://youtube-creators.googleblog.com/2018/01/additional-changes-to-youtube-partner.html</a> <a href="#fnref:368" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:369">"Additional Changes to the YouTube Partner Program (YPP) to Better Protect Creators". Retrieved January 16, 2018 – via YouTube. <a href="https://youtube-creators.googleblog.com/2018/01/additional-changes-to-youtube-partner.html" target="_blank">https://youtube-creators.googleblog.com/2018/01/additional-changes-to-youtube-partner.html</a> <a href="#fnref:369" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:370">Levin, Sam (January 18, 2018). "YouTube's small creators pay price of policy changes after Logan Paul scandal". The Guardian. Retrieved January 19, 2018. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/18/youtube-creators-vloggers-ads-logan-paul" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/18/youtube-creators-vloggers-ads-logan-paul</a> <a href="#fnref:370" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:371">"YouTube Creator Rewards". Retrieved August 14, 2017 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/yt/creators/rewards.html" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/yt/creators/rewards.html</a> <a href="#fnref:371" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:372">What is the Gold Play Button REALLY made of?!?. JerryRigEverything. December 3, 2016. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022 – via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHA2HbNtcG4" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHA2HbNtcG4</a> <a href="#fnref:372" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:373">"YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers". Tubefilter. December 19, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2017. <a href="https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/12/19/pewdiepie-ruby-play-button-youtube-50-million-subscribers/" target="_blank">https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/12/19/pewdiepie-ruby-play-button-youtube-50-million-subscribers/</a> <a href="#fnref:373" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:374">Spangler, Todd (January 14, 2019). "YouTube Explains Which Profanities and 'Inappropriate Language' Are Not OK for Ad-Supported Videos". Variety. Retrieved January 4, 2020. <a href="https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/yo'utube-profanity-ad-supported-video-demonetized-1203107619/" target="_blank">https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/yo'utube-profanity-ad-supported-video-demonetized-1203107619/</a> <a href="#fnref:374" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:375">Robertson, Adi (September 1, 2016). "Why is YouTube being accused of censoring vloggers?". The Verge. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/1/12753108/youtube-is-over-party-advertising-monetization-censorship" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/1/12753108/youtube-is-over-party-advertising-monetization-censorship</a> <a href="#fnref:375" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:376">Guynn, Jessica (September 2, 2016). "YouTubers protest 'advertiser friendly' policy". USA Today. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/09/01/youtube-creators-advertisers-controversy/89728728/" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/09/01/youtube-creators-advertisers-controversy/89728728/</a> <a href="#fnref:376" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:377">Mulkerin, Tim (September 1, 2016). "A bunch of famous YouTubers are furious at YouTube right now – here's why". Business Insider. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-stars-advertiser-friendly-content-guidelines-2016-9" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-stars-advertiser-friendly-content-guidelines-2016-9</a> <a href="#fnref:377" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:378">E. Solsman, Joan (September 1, 2016). "Pause the #YouTubeIsOverParty: YouTube isn't pulling more ads from stars' videos". CNET. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/pause-the-youtubeisoverparty-youtube-isnt-pulling-more-ads-from-stars-videos/" target="_blank">https://www.cnet.com/news/pause-the-youtubeisoverparty-youtube-isnt-pulling-more-ads-from-stars-videos/</a> <a href="#fnref:378" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:379">Beschizza, Rob (October 2, 2019). "YouTube demonetizing videos where LGBTQ keywords are said". Boing Boing. Retrieved January 4, 2020. <a href="https://boingboing.net/2019/10/02/youtube-demonetizing-videos-wh.html" target="_blank">https://boingboing.net/2019/10/02/youtube-demonetizing-videos-wh.html</a> <a href="#fnref:379" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:380">"YouTube announces changes in its terms of services". The Telegraph (India). May 21, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2021. <a href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/youtube-announces-changes-in-its-terms-of-services/cid/1816154" target="_blank">https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/youtube-announces-changes-in-its-terms-of-services/cid/1816154</a> <a href="#fnref:380" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:381">Graham, Megan (November 19, 2020). "YouTube will put ads on non-partner videos but won't pay the creators". CNBC. Retrieved May 23, 2021. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/19/youtube-will-put-ads-on-non-partner-videos-but-wont-pay-the-creators.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/19/youtube-will-put-ads-on-non-partner-videos-but-wont-pay-the-creators.html</a> <a href="#fnref:381" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:382">Garett Sloane, YouTube Ad Revenue, disclosed by Google for the first time, topped $15 billion in 2019, Advertising Age (February 3, 2020). <a href="https://adage.com/article/digital/youtube-ad-revenue-disclosed-google-first-time-topped-15-billion-2019/2233811" target="_blank">https://adage.com/article/digital/youtube-ad-revenue-disclosed-google-first-time-topped-15-billion-2019/2233811</a> <a href="#fnref:382" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:383">Miller, Claire Cain (September 2, 2010). "YouTube Ads Turn Videos into Revenue". The New York Times. ProQuest 1461135701. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/03/technology/03youtube.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/03/technology/03youtube.html</a> <a href="#fnref:383" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:384">MacDonald, Keza (May 16, 2013). "Nintendo enforces copyright on YouTube Let's Plays". IGN. j2 Global. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/16/nintendo-enforces-copyright-on-youtube-lets-plays" target="_blank">https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/16/nintendo-enforces-copyright-on-youtube-lets-plays</a> <a href="#fnref:384" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:385">Tassi, Paul (February 6, 2015). "Nintendo Updates Their Bad YouTube Policies By Making Them Worse". Forbes. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/02/06/nintendo-updates-their-bad-youtube-policies-by-making-them-worse/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/02/06/nintendo-updates-their-bad-youtube-policies-by-making-them-worse/</a> <a href="#fnref:385" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:386">Johnson, Eric (February 4, 2015). "Nintendo Wants YouTubers to Pretend Its Competitors' Games Don't Exist". Recode. Retrieved March 25, 2017. <a href="https://www.recode.net/2015/2/4/11558648/nintendo-wants-youtubers-to-pretend-its-competitors-games-dont-exist" target="_blank">https://www.recode.net/2015/2/4/11558648/nintendo-wants-youtubers-to-pretend-its-competitors-games-dont-exist</a> <a href="#fnref:386" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:387">Hernandez, Patricia (January 29, 2015). "Nintendo's YouTube Plan Is Already Being Panned By YouTubers [Update]". Kotaku. Univision Communications. Retrieved March 26, 2017. <a href="https://kotaku.com/nintendos-youtube-plan-is-already-being-panned-by-youtu-1682527904" target="_blank">https://kotaku.com/nintendos-youtube-plan-is-already-being-panned-by-youtu-1682527904</a> <a href="#fnref:387" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:388">Plunkett, Luke (November 28, 2018). "Nintendo's Controversial Creators Program Is Shutting Down". Kotaku. Retrieved October 20, 2021. <a href="https://kotaku.com/nintendos-controversial-creators-program-is-shutting-do-1830728813" target="_blank">https://kotaku.com/nintendos-controversial-creators-program-is-shutting-do-1830728813</a> <a href="#fnref:388" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:389">Kent, Emma (November 29, 2018). "Nintendo scraps controversial Creators Program, making life easier for YouTubers". Eurogamer. Retrieved October 20, 2021. <a href="https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-11-29-nintendo-scraps-creators-program-making-life-much-easier-for-youtubers" target="_blank">https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-11-29-nintendo-scraps-creators-program-making-life-much-easier-for-youtubers</a> <a href="#fnref:389" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

YouTube open-in-new

YouTube