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Forest Landscape Integrity Index
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<h2 id="forest-integrity">Forest Integrity</h2> <p>An ecosystem is considered to have integrity when its structure, composition, and ecological processes are within their natural range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="country-rankings">Country rankings</h2> <p>172 countries have been ranked: <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> Forest Landscape Integrity 2019<table><tbody><tr><th>Country</th><th>Mean FLII</th><th>Low integrity (km2)</th><th>Medium integrity (km2)</th><th>High integrity (km2)</th><th>Total forest area (km2)</th><th>Map</th></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Seychelles/Ub9we8XU">Seychelles</a></td><td>10</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>68</td><td>68</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a></td><td>9.8</td><td>1</td><td>72</td><td>495</td><td>569</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Guyana/xxadP7zF">Guyana</a></td><td>9.58</td><td>4,162</td><td>40,817</td><td>147,413</td><td>192,391</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/South_Sudan/DacJpKfT">South Sudan</a></td><td>9.45</td><td>5,083</td><td>59,389</td><td>146,218</td><td>210,691</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Suriname/zjwRFBPL">Suriname</a></td><td>9.39</td><td>6,796</td><td>25,031</td><td>107,954</td><td>139,781</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mongolia/ogQzUcQb">Mongolia</a></td><td>9.36</td><td>520</td><td>11,915</td><td>27,407</td><td>39,841</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Central_African_Republic/TKMWWr57">Central African Republic</a></td><td>9.28</td><td>30,161</td><td>139,350</td><td>379,097</td><td>548,608</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Botswana/dGw6g94p">Botswana</a></td><td>9.13</td><td>13</td><td>187</td><td>372</td><td>572</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Gabon/RKDffnwV">Gabon</a></td><td>9.07</td><td>11,780</td><td>118,348</td><td>120,852</td><td>250,979</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td>9.02</td><td>739,484</td><td>2,245,281</td><td>5,137,079</td><td>8,121,843</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a></td><td>8.99</td><td>480,206</td><td>1,027,386</td><td>2,968,268</td><td>4,475,860</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Republic_of_the_Congo/kNLEWqhl">Congo</a></td><td>8.89</td><td>24,512</td><td>124,215</td><td>158,184</td><td>306,911</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kyrgyzstan/MSNdCp8u">Kyrgyzstan</a></td><td>8.86</td><td>329</td><td>2,819</td><td>2,761</td><td>5,909</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a></td><td>8.86</td><td>85,793</td><td>190,547</td><td>509,720</td><td>786,061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C">Afghanistan</a></td><td>8.85</td><td>90</td><td>1,475</td><td>977</td><td>2,542</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bhutan/fSRsLss9">Bhutan</a></td><td>8.85</td><td>1,620</td><td>16,769</td><td>10,140</td><td>28,529</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Papua_New_Guinea/RLaVlhFC">Papua New Guinea</a></td><td>8.84</td><td>37,294</td><td>183,415</td><td>216,355</td><td>437,064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Vanuatu/ta20UNlL">Vanuatu</a></td><td>8.82</td><td>734</td><td>5,322</td><td>4,448</td><td>10,504</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a></td><td>8.78</td><td>64,650</td><td>170,792</td><td>351,112</td><td>586,554</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Tajikistan/xLLXqHEJ">Tajikistan</a></td><td>8.65</td><td>34</td><td>137</td><td>130</td><td>301</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bolivia/YNBoDKKR">Bolivia</a></td><td>8.47</td><td>78,745</td><td>280,532</td><td>272,007</td><td>631,284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Namibia/ahXuaypy">Namibia</a></td><td>8.43</td><td>5</td><td>13</td><td>17</td><td>36</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Angola/PQrYRHMd">Angola</a></td><td>8.35</td><td>105,487</td><td>284,054</td><td>315,895</td><td>705,436</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Fiji/JU8Hs8WH">Fiji</a></td><td>8.35</td><td>1,753</td><td>10,802</td><td>3,594</td><td>16,148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a></td><td>8.26</td><td>150,737</td><td>272,442</td><td>428,320</td><td>851,499</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a></td><td>8.23</td><td>6,068</td><td>18,926</td><td>15,294</td><td>40,288</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Palau/sYXMGPbX">Palau</a></td><td>8.09</td><td>45</td><td>333</td><td>9</td><td>387</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a></td><td>8.02</td><td>8,374</td><td>40,156</td><td>8,410</td><td>56,939</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cameroon/QnrdY05C">Cameroon</a></td><td>8</td><td>66,191</td><td>181,336</td><td>119,263</td><td>366,789</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Equatorial_Guinea/ARkq2P4f">Equatorial Guinea</a></td><td>7.99</td><td>3,982</td><td>17,595</td><td>5,007</td><td>26,585</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Georgia_(country)/ccBF8bBE">Georgia</a></td><td>7.79</td><td>6,982</td><td>17,803</td><td>9,784</td><td>34,570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Brunei/dyz9JUn8">Brunei Darussalam</a></td><td>7.71</td><td>1,102</td><td>2,842</td><td>1,498</td><td>5,442</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Comoros/b6HkaTRQ">Comoros</a></td><td>7.69</td><td>284</td><td>1,149</td><td>82</td><td>1,515</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a></td><td>7.67</td><td>3,361</td><td>12,930</td><td>2,162</td><td>18,453</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ecuador/Tdv7czY4">Ecuador</a></td><td>7.66</td><td>48,822</td><td>77,585</td><td>73,492</td><td>199,900</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/E2KmHDdv">DRC</a></td><td>7.56</td><td>533,118</td><td>935,508</td><td>727,983</td><td>2,196,608</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Federated_States_of_Micronesia/U9VGo9fh">Micronesia</a></td><td>7.55</td><td>8</td><td>35</td><td>0</td><td>43</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a></td><td>7.52</td><td>1,374,902</td><td>1,354,961</td><td>2,338,101</td><td>5,067,963</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Zambia/lCnlx5a1">Zambia</a></td><td>7.5</td><td>96,969</td><td>164,376</td><td>110,822</td><td>372,167</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/North_Macedonia/YpfcC5DA">North Macedonia</a></td><td>7.42</td><td>2,034</td><td>7,090</td><td>459</td><td>9,583</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a></td><td>7.42</td><td>2,090</td><td>7,859</td><td>1,139</td><td>11,088</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Lesotho/gYSatY8p">Lesotho</a></td><td>7.4</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Chile/uEyTfEcx">Chile</a></td><td>7.37</td><td>56,849</td><td>41,971</td><td>93,537</td><td>192,357</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/The_Bahamas/x6VKsUhj">Bahamas</a></td><td>7.35</td><td>741</td><td>1,935</td><td>399</td><td>3,075</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Nepal/yWCzTBR2">Nepal</a></td><td>7.23</td><td>13,785</td><td>41,992</td><td>3,760</td><td>59,538</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></td><td>7.22</td><td>117,672</td><td>239,624</td><td>103,852</td><td>461,148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a></td><td>7.21</td><td>98,249</td><td>189,966</td><td>72,557</td><td>360,772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Solomon_Islands/tcyQWq3Q">Solomon Islands</a></td><td>7.19</td><td>6,871</td><td>15,310</td><td>3,149</td><td>25,329</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a></td><td>7.18</td><td>129,745</td><td>220,188</td><td>96,924</td><td>446,857</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a></td><td>7.16</td><td>52,652</td><td>84,430</td><td>44,397</td><td>181,479</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mali/sAaVqV1e">Mali</a></td><td>7.16</td><td>451</td><td>996</td><td>140</td><td>1,586</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Somalia/3wQYwIdS">Somalia</a></td><td>7.16</td><td>347</td><td>1,384</td><td>46</td><td>1,777</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td>7.14</td><td>533,800</td><td>974,431</td><td>301,051</td><td>1,809,282</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Tanzania/MJueJ7E4">Tanzania</a></td><td>7.13</td><td>123,997</td><td>159,712</td><td>122,812</td><td>406,521</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></td><td>7.12</td><td>34,503</td><td>44,155</td><td>35,334</td><td>113,992</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Senegal/PPaRNYJH">Senegal</a></td><td>7.11</td><td>847</td><td>2,456</td><td>162</td><td>3,465</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Timor-Leste/IBQ69BRj">Timor-Leste</a></td><td>7.11</td><td>1,783</td><td>7,008</td><td>47</td><td>8,838</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM">India</a></td><td>7.09</td><td>117,992</td><td>254,792</td><td>54,428</td><td>427,211</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a></td><td>7.06</td><td>388</td><td>1,026</td><td>18</td><td>1,432</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norway</a></td><td>6.98</td><td>39,343</td><td>67,383</td><td>16,627</td><td>123,352</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/fVDmwSuG">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></td><td>6.95</td><td>91</td><td>221</td><td>0</td><td>312</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mozambique/mMWQ80JT">Mozambique</a></td><td>6.93</td><td>150,665</td><td>189,362</td><td>115,379</td><td>455,406</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a></td><td>6.82</td><td>193,908</td><td>280,445</td><td>121,842</td><td>596,195</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a></td><td>6.77</td><td>2,426</td><td>5,256</td><td>122</td><td>7,805</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Uzbekistan/o8wfw2xR">Uzbekistan</a></td><td>6.77</td><td>214</td><td>227</td><td>199</td><td>640</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a></td><td>6.74</td><td>2,260</td><td>4,076</td><td>451</td><td>6,787</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td>6.65</td><td>1,328,079</td><td>1,144,693</td><td>658,645</td><td>3,131,417</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe/7EbNfgsJ">Sao Tome and Principe</a></td><td>6.64</td><td>31</td><td>140</td><td>0</td><td>171</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Trinidad_and_Tobago/jTXQP4Fe">Trinidad and Tobago</a></td><td>6.62</td><td>1,478</td><td>2,176</td><td>418</td><td>4,072</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a></td><td>6.6</td><td>14,548</td><td>27,833</td><td>1,078</td><td>43,459</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a></td><td>6.6</td><td>535,370</td><td>509,018</td><td>431,973</td><td>1,476,361</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a></td><td>6.55</td><td>4,820</td><td>7,189</td><td>1,534</td><td>13,543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Montenegro/QynKJrw5">Montenegro</a></td><td>6.41</td><td>2,949</td><td>4,778</td><td>82</td><td>7,809</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a></td><td>6.39</td><td>78,538</td><td>102,626</td><td>29,877</td><td>211,041</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a></td><td>6.39</td><td>43,043</td><td>68,243</td><td>3,516</td><td>114,801</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a></td><td>6.38</td><td>8,786</td><td>14,547</td><td>1,453</td><td>24,786</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cape_Verde/YCNhPVhE">Cabo Verde</a></td><td>6.37</td><td>27</td><td>38</td><td>0</td><td>65</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Panama/GckVVhnp">Panama</a></td><td>6.37</td><td>25,420</td><td>21,310</td><td>14,605</td><td>61,336</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cambodia/t1wJd6GU">Cambodia</a></td><td>6.31</td><td>30,143</td><td>31,939</td><td>16,349</td><td>78,431</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Turkmenistan/YqJ4NvjU">Turkmenistan</a></td><td>6.31</td><td>5</td><td>33</td><td>0</td><td>37</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a></td><td>6.31</td><td>9,450</td><td>14,417</td><td>1,644</td><td>25,511</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Nigeria/gbW17BX8">Nigeria</a></td><td>6.2</td><td>64,621</td><td>65,355</td><td>24,307</td><td>154,283</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Chad/KStYoub3">Chad</a></td><td>6.18</td><td>5,261</td><td>6,016</td><td>1,910</td><td>13,187</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Saint_Lucia/fEUDuRwb">Saint Lucia</a></td><td>6.17</td><td>235</td><td>316</td><td>0</td><td>551</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Belize/2xVuhCTt">Belize</a></td><td>6.15</td><td>7,004</td><td>7,957</td><td>2,744</td><td>17,705</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a></td><td>6.09</td><td>18,884</td><td>26,325</td><td>847</td><td>46,057</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a></td><td>6.02</td><td>25,060</td><td>32,009</td><td>888</td><td>57,956</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Thailand/GCUnN4JK">Thailand</a></td><td>6</td><td>86,276</td><td>89,326</td><td>33,612</td><td>209,214</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/jNVA1gPB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td><td>5.99</td><td>13,387</td><td>17,031</td><td>574</td><td>30,993</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a></td><td>5.95</td><td>38,395</td><td>48,394</td><td>607</td><td>87,395</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a></td><td>5.91</td><td>91,820</td><td>100,831</td><td>8,393</td><td>201,044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Togo/7HzUaQkw">Togo</a></td><td>5.88</td><td>5,064</td><td>4,522</td><td>1,076</td><td>10,662</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Benin/G98jPhND">Benin</a></td><td>5.86</td><td>4,724</td><td>3,698</td><td>1,769</td><td>10,191</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a></td><td>5.83</td><td>20,.541</td><td>22,390</td><td>1,613</td><td>44,544</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td><td>5.8</td><td>135,783</td><td>133,480</td><td>16,005</td><td>285,268</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Malawi/HTj5q7Wc">Malawi</a></td><td>5.74</td><td>12,514</td><td>12,167</td><td>2,396</td><td>27,078</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Guinea-Bissau/YqJjM4Ex">Guinea-Bissau</a></td><td>5.7</td><td>9,274</td><td>8,702</td><td>855</td><td>18,831</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Laos/S0afugjX">Laos</a></td><td>5.59</td><td>92,986</td><td>80,564</td><td>19,252</td><td>192,801</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Armenia/t3GQx9sU">Armenia</a></td><td>5.46</td><td>1,894</td><td>1,681</td><td>3</td><td>3,577</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a></td><td>5.46</td><td>567</td><td>478</td><td>0</td><td>1,045</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Bangladesh/NXk4f78Y">Bangladesh</a></td><td>5.45</td><td>10,013</td><td>7,251</td><td>1,947</td><td>19,211</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Cuba/vHjTXLPW">Cuba</a></td><td>5.4</td><td>22,605</td><td>18,460</td><td>1,632</td><td>42,697</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a></td><td>5.35</td><td>174,415</td><td>109,779</td><td>23,494</td><td>307,687</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a></td><td>5.35</td><td>82,551</td><td>75,353</td><td>9,588</td><td>167,492</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Serbia/U0LVzPdI">Serbia</a></td><td>5.29</td><td>17,513</td><td>14,112</td><td>516</td><td>32,141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Algeria/UXDF4Tj6">Algeria</a></td><td>5.22</td><td>7,418</td><td>6,044</td><td>81</td><td>13,543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kosovo/lbyzI6UW">Kosovo</a></td><td>5.19</td><td>2,628</td><td>1,775</td><td>47</td><td>4,450</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a></td><td>5.14</td><td>1,354</td><td>987</td><td>0</td><td>2,340</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a></td><td>5.08</td><td>144,310</td><td>83,572</td><td>9,294</td><td>237,176</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Jamaica/jeDulmwE">Jamaica</a></td><td>5.01</td><td>5,362</td><td>3,249</td><td>158</td><td>8,770</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a></td><td>5.01</td><td>130,825</td><td>91,957</td><td>21,499</td><td>244,281</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a></td><td>4.94</td><td>45,489</td><td>34,968</td><td>3,196</td><td>83,653</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a></td><td>4.92</td><td>15,732</td><td>10,522</td><td>379</td><td>26,633</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Guinea/MaBu4ysQ">Guinea</a></td><td>4.9</td><td>81,702</td><td>54,877</td><td>2,895</td><td>139,475</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a></td><td>4.85</td><td>15</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Liberia/U99yfl2k">Liberia</a></td><td>4.79</td><td>51,975</td><td>31,162</td><td>11,025</td><td>94,163</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Antigua_and_Barbuda/DXQrHm3x">Antigua and Barbuda</a></td><td>4.72</td><td>114</td><td>92</td><td>0</td><td>206</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a></td><td>4.65</td><td>27,164</td><td>12,838</td><td>4,164</td><td>44,167</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a></td><td>4.63</td><td>120,340</td><td>66,584</td><td>11,922</td><td>198,846</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/The_Gambia/en5tl7Sz">Gambia</a></td><td>4.56</td><td>181</td><td>85</td><td>0</td><td>266</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/SMPo2Ybr">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></td><td>4.55</td><td>95</td><td>50</td><td>0</td><td>145</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a></td><td>4.53</td><td>57,519</td><td>28,901</td><td>2,160</td><td>88,580</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td><td>4.52</td><td>161,987</td><td>49,496</td><td>74,121</td><td>285,604</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Burundi/GTNtpIra">Burundi</a></td><td>4.5</td><td>6,882</td><td>3,841</td><td>46</td><td>10,769</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Liechtenstein/dPnsqDnS">Liechtenstein</a></td><td>4.5</td><td>59</td><td>42</td><td>0</td><td>101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Honduras/75jMlRQ1">Honduras</a></td><td>4.48</td><td>57,899</td><td>23,802</td><td>3,692</td><td>85,392</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Andorra/VItvtXBe">Andorra</a></td><td>4.45</td><td>170</td><td>49</td><td>0</td><td>219</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Uganda/PabdegRm">Uganda</a></td><td>4.36</td><td>77,303</td><td>36,381</td><td>7,507</td><td>121,190</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Slovakia/gmJwpwM3">Slovakia</a></td><td>4.34</td><td>17,615</td><td>8,165</td><td>0</td><td>25,781</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a></td><td>4.23</td><td>82,770</td><td>46,013</td><td>133</td><td>128,916</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Grenada/V2kbBXcM">Grenada</a></td><td>4.22</td><td>221</td><td>86</td><td>0</td><td>308</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Eswatini/Mfz58p4W">Eswatini</a></td><td>4.21</td><td>5,054</td><td>2,501</td><td>14</td><td>7,569</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a></td><td>4.2</td><td>28,427</td><td>13,558</td><td>4,702</td><td>46,686</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a></td><td>4.19</td><td>19,890</td><td>9,364</td><td>518</td><td>29,772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a></td><td>4.14</td><td>170</td><td>85</td><td>0</td><td>255</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/El_Salvador/6Plzw4vr">El Salvador</a></td><td>4.05</td><td>8,837</td><td>2,947</td><td>0</td><td>11,784</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Haiti/yjgyeK9w">Haiti</a></td><td>4.01</td><td>7,116</td><td>2,831</td><td>12</td><td>9,959</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Guatemala/MoMcSnla">Guatemala</a></td><td>3.85</td><td>58,572</td><td>18,764</td><td>5,592</td><td>82,928</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Rwanda/UKR5UdKy">Rwanda</a></td><td>3.85</td><td>5,665</td><td>2,170</td><td>619</td><td>8,454</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Slovenia/EcYU22W4">Slovenia</a></td><td>3.78</td><td>11,065</td><td>3,791</td><td>0</td><td>14,856</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a></td><td>3.76</td><td>541</td><td>115</td><td>0</td><td>656</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a></td><td>3.65</td><td>79,403</td><td>26,858</td><td>25</td><td>106,286</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ivory_Coast/mSSED5Yl">Cote d'Ivoire</a></td><td>3.64</td><td>158,010</td><td>41,005</td><td>7,288</td><td>206,303</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a></td><td>3.64</td><td>841</td><td>282</td><td>0</td><td>1,123</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Belarus/vweHwgob">Belarus</a></td><td>3.63</td><td>77,870</td><td>20,847</td><td>91</td><td>98,808</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Nicaragua/PsyPGXxm">Nicaragua</a></td><td>3.63</td><td>65,356</td><td>17,646</td><td>4,858</td><td>87,860</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Uruguay/X6V0apCb">Uruguay</a></td><td>3.61</td><td>11,793</td><td>3,998</td><td>0</td><td>15,791</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a></td><td>3.59</td><td>104</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>113</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a></td><td>3.55</td><td>36,666</td><td>12,422</td><td>21</td><td>49,109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a></td><td>3.53</td><td>13,636</td><td>4,412</td><td>10</td><td>18,058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Ukraine/Qof0uqAj">Ukraine</a></td><td>3.3</td><td>89,540</td><td>20,183</td><td>176</td><td>109,900</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a></td><td>3.05</td><td>24,473</td><td>4,832</td><td>52</td><td>29,358</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a></td><td>2.79</td><td>12</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sierra_Leone/gWP9YL0v">Sierra Leone</a></td><td>2.76</td><td>52,512</td><td>11,858</td><td>640</td><td>65,010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></td><td>2.28</td><td>122,168</td><td>11,307</td><td>0</td><td>133,475</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Hungary/YRedQLtI">Hungary</a></td><td>2.25</td><td>18,729</td><td>2,047</td><td>0</td><td>20,776</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a></td><td>2.24</td><td>101,886</td><td>7,103</td><td>0</td><td>108,989</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Moldova/qGBNGewt">Moldova</a></td><td>2.2</td><td>3,113</td><td>202</td><td>0</td><td>3,315</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Latvia/y2PSa8lx">Latvia</a></td><td>2.09</td><td>38,164</td><td>2,137</td><td>0</td><td>40,301</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czechia</a></td><td>1.71</td><td>32,161</td><td>1,611</td><td>0</td><td>33,772</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td><td>1.65</td><td>29,149</td><td>2,917</td><td>35</td><td>32,101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Lithuania/dApVjLWW">Lithuania</a></td><td>1.62</td><td>24,554</td><td>930</td><td>0</td><td>25,484</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a></td><td>1.36</td><td>8,803</td><td>297</td><td>0</td><td>9,099</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a></td><td>1.12</td><td>1,170</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1,170</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a></td><td>1.11</td><td>170</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>172</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Dominica/suCgsaVj">Dominica</a></td><td>1.06</td><td>531</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>533</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Ireland/k8JzXVze">Ireland</a></td><td>0.92</td><td>5,283</td><td>96</td><td>0</td><td>5,378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a></td><td>0.82</td><td>25,966</td><td>553</td><td>0</td><td>26,519</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a></td><td>0.6</td><td>5,250</td><td>72</td><td>0</td><td>5,322</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a></td><td>0.56</td><td>4,772</td><td>218</td><td>69</td><td>5,059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a></td><td>0.5</td><td>5,756</td><td>31</td><td>0</td><td>5,787</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/San_Marino/dlbbyRcT">San Marino</a></td><td>0.01</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><td> Countries with high mean FLII (8-10) Countries with medium mean FLII (5-7.99) Countries with low mean FLII (0-4.99)</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="background">Background</h2> <p>The index was authored by a global team of forest <a href="/facts/Conservation_biology/S2693mIF">conservation</a> experts, including:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Institution</th><th>Author(s)</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wildlife_Conservation_Society/8pCKr4aX">Wildlife Conservation Society</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Bronx/yVMesM0v">The Bronx</a></td><td>H.S. Grantham; A. Duncan; T. D. Evans; K. R. Jones; J. Walston; J. G. Robinson; M. Callow; T. Clements; H. M. Costa; A. DeGemmis; P. R. Elsen; P. Franco; S. Jupiter; A. Kang; S. Lieberman; M. Linkie; M. Mendez; <a href="/facts/Cristi%C3%A1n_Samper/sswPr2PR">C. Samper</a>; J. Silverman; T. Stevens; E. Stokes; T. Tear; R. Tizard; S. Wang; J. E. M. Watson</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/University_of_Queensland/Umrq4nJ7">University of Queensland</a>, <a href="/facts/Brisbane/DdUE1VPW">Brisbane</a></td><td>H. L. Beyer; S. Maxwell; <a href="/facts/Hugh_Possingham/STKBnUBV">H. Possingham</a>; J. E. M. Watson</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Carleton_University/aQwyrPzt">Carleton University</a>, <a href="/facts/Ottawa/x5FkqX7F">Ottawa</a></td><td>R. Schuster</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wildlife_Conservation_Society_Canada/HyXeHCmP">Wildlife Conservation Society Canada</a>, <a href="/facts/Toronto/cnXH7881">Toronto</a></td><td>J. C. Ray</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/United_Nations_Development_Program/y3gpXUHD">United Nations Development Program</a>, <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a></td><td>J. Ervin</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/World_Resources_Institute/gK16YEME">World Resources Institute</a>, <a href="/facts/Washington,_DC/enXPK156">Washington, DC</a></td><td>E. Goldman; R. Taylor</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Northern_Arizona_University/BewuhL7X">Northern Arizona University</a>, <a href="/facts/Flagstaff,_Arizona/CYTyVnIW">Flagstaff</a></td><td>S. Goetz; P. Jantz</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Montana_State_University/2c8pVBCj">Montana State University</a>, <a href="/facts/Bozeman/EeHvb9IV">Bozeman</a></td><td>A. Hansen</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rainforest_Foundation_Norway/Laeglm0I">Rainforest Foundation Norway</a>, <a href="/facts/Oslo/PRJtFYUl">Oslo</a></td><td>E. Hofsvang</td></tr><tr><td>Global Wildlife Conservation, <a href="/facts/Austin,_Texas/xpVP4t98">Austin, Texas</a></td><td>P. Langhammer; <a href="/facts/Russell_Mittermeier/hn2Nv1ly">R. Mittermeier</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arizona_State_University/e4lLNfmP">Arizona State University</a>, <a href="/facts/Tempe,_Arizona/WxGF9L8G">Tempe, Arizona</a></td><td>P. Langhammer</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/James_Cook_University/5vesMfa2">James Cook University</a>, <a href="/facts/Cairns/JX4b1c3d">Cairns</a></td><td><a href="/facts/William_F._Laurance/yLBuybSQ">W. F. Laurance</a>; N. J. Murray</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/University_of_Oxford/ExVVQL6V">University of Oxford</a>, <a href="/facts/Oxford/kHvWDTXW">Oxford</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Yadvinder_Malhi/tvQjg8D2">Y. Malhi</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/The_Nature_Conservancy/0YkQxxW1">The Nature Conservancy</a>, <a href="/facts/Arlington,_VA/NlfCfCQM">Arlington, Virginia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hugh_Possingham/STKBnUBV">H. Possingham</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory/zPXnxRBf">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, <a href="/facts/Pasadena,_California/Y6AEEI03">Pasadena, California</a></td><td>S. Saatchi</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature/u8NgdHjK">World Wide Fund for Nature Germany</a>, <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a></td><td>A. Shapiro</td></tr><tr><td>International Institute of Sustainability, <a href="/facts/Rio_de_Janeiro/AVPTJJ2C">Rio de Janeiro</a></td><td>B. Strassburg</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/University_of_Northern_British_Columbia/JCMo0Hgw">University of Northern British Columbia</a>, <a href="/facts/Prince_George,_British_Columbia/9avfkvSC">Prince George, British Columbia</a></td><td>O. Venter</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/International_Institute_for_Applied_Systems_Analysis/wNGvQASN">International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis</a>, <a href="/facts/Laxenburg/EQs5LMra">Laxenburg, Austria</a></td><td>P. Visconti</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Intact_forest_landscape/2eN1pfMS">Intact forest landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_forest_area/RKtYrVXs">List of countries by forest area</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.forestlandscapeintegrity.com/">Official site & map</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Elcacho, Joaquim (2020-12-14). "Descubre con este mapa dónde están los mejores bosques de tu país y del mundo" [Discover with this map where are the best forests in your country and in the world]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 2020-12-16. <a href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/fauna-flora/20201214/6119278/descubre-mapa-donde-mejores-bosques-pais-mundo.html" target="_blank">https://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/fauna-flora/20201214/6119278/descubre-mapa-donde-mejores-bosques-pais-mundo.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature-based Solutions Initiative. University of Oxford. 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2020-12-16. <a href="https://www.naturebasedsolutionsinitiative.org/news/anthropogenic-modification-of-forests-means-only-40-of-remaining-forests-have-high-ecosystem-integrity/" target="_blank">https://www.naturebasedsolutionsinitiative.org/news/anthropogenic-modification-of-forests-means-only-40-of-remaining-forests-have-high-ecosystem-integrity/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Попова, Марина (2020-12-09). "Прямое влияние человека обошло стороной 40 процентов современных лесов" [Direct human influence bypassed 40 percent of modern forests] (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-12-16. <a href="https://nplus1.ru/news/2020/12/09/ecosystem-integrity" target="_blank">https://nplus1.ru/news/2020/12/09/ecosystem-integrity</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"New Forest Landscape Integrity Index Reveals that Only 40 Percent of World's Forests Have High Integrity". WCS Newsroom. Wildlife Conservation Society. 2020-12-08. Retrieved 2020-12-16. <a href="https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/15605/New-Forest-Landscape-Integrity-Index-Reveals-that-Only-40-Percent-of-Worlds-Forests-Have-High-Integrity.aspx" target="_blank">https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/15605/New-Forest-Landscape-Integrity-Index-Reveals-that-Only-40-Percent-of-Worlds-Forests-Have-High-Integrity.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Forest Landscape Integrity Index". www.forestintegrity.com. Retrieved 2024-11-17. <a href="https://www.forestintegrity.com/" target="_blank">https://www.forestintegrity.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Forest Landscape Integrity Index - Further Information". www.forestintegrity.com. Retrieved 2024-11-17. <a href="https://www.forestintegrity.com/further-information" target="_blank">https://www.forestintegrity.com/further-information</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Parrish, Jeffrey D.; Braun, David P.; Unnasch, Robert S. (2003). "Are We Conserving What We Say We Are? Measuring Ecological Integrity within Protected Areas". BioScience. 53 (9): 851. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0851:AWCWWS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282003%29053%5B0851%3AAWCWWS%5D2.0.CO%3B2" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282003%29053%5B0851%3AAWCWWS%5D2.0.CO%3B2</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>