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1911 in science
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<h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li>June 28 – The <a href="/facts/Nakhla_meteorite/qv2MaGnj">Nakhla meteorite</a> (from <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>) lands in the area of <a href="/facts/Alexandria%2c_Egypt/hdg1twWA">Alexandria, Egypt</a>, purportedly killing a dog.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="conservation">Conservation</h2> <ul><li>May 19 – <a href="/facts/Parks_Canada/cGtdWpW6">Parks Canada</a>, the world's first <a href="/facts/National_park/otRgEoQ3">national park</a> service, is established as the Dominion Parks Branch under the <a href="/facts/Environment_Canada/2cLH9LEg">Department of the Interior</a>.</li> <li>July 7 – The United States, Russia, the United Kingdom and Japan, meeting in Washington, D.C., sign the <a href="/facts/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911/9tTJVgFv">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a>, prohibiting open-water <a href="/facts/Seal_hunting/ppCsCypW">seal hunting</a> of the endangered <a href="/facts/Fur_seal/0wr4enjM">fur seal</a> in the North Pacific Ocean,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> the first international <a href="/facts/Treaty/KCfhDfDV">treaty</a> to address <a href="/facts/Wildlife_conservation/XzdYfcEz">wildlife conservation</a> issues. In the next six years, the seal population increases by 30%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="geology">Geology</h2> <ul><li>January 3 – <a href="/facts/1911_Kebin_earthquake/gp2muzTC">1911 Kebin earthquake</a>: An <a href="/facts/Earthquake/NGjIzagw">earthquake</a> of 7.7 <a href="/facts/Moment_magnitude_scale/jLCldUuF">moment magnitude</a> strikes near <a href="/facts/Almaty/Yh24FdEl">Almaty</a> in <a href="/facts/Russian_Turkestan/6VCunIzp">Russian Turkestan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="exploration">Exploration</h2> <ul><li>July 24 – American explorer <a href="/facts/Hiram_Bingham_III/v4tojKYA">Hiram Bingham III</a> rediscovers the <a href="/facts/Inca/GjNowI6t">Inca</a> citadel of <a href="/facts/Machu_Picchu/s5uIPBGG">Machu Picchu</a>, <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a>, and introduces it to the world.</li> <li>December 14 – <a href="/facts/Norwegians/K7PdhVMG">Norwegian</a> explorer <a href="/facts/Roald_Amundsen/0tt20la0">Roald Amundsen</a> and a team of four become the first people to reach the <a href="/facts/South_Pole/jBdpXTnh">South Pole</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Robert_Remak_(mathematician)/2FkzTRLu">Robert Remak</a>'s doctoral dissertation <i><i>Über die Zerlegung der endlichen Gruppen in indirekte unzerlegbare Faktoren</i></i> establishes that any two decompositions of a <a href="/facts/Finite_group/vv2tvogB">finite group</a> into a <a href="/facts/Direct_product/GehGQmNV">direct product</a> are related by a central automorphism.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Traian_Lalescu/5zP0vPku">Traian Lalescu</a> publishes <i>Introduction to the Theory of Integral Equations</i>, the first ever monograph on the subject of <a href="/facts/Integral_equation/LCu4Imfq">integral equations</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Eugen_Bleuler/LgJF5WWY">Eugen Bleuler</a> expands on his definition of <a href="/facts/Schizophrenia/FMP4lQ57">schizophrenia</a> as a condition distinct from <i><a href="/facts/Dementia_praecox/rcjeokCq">Dementia praecox</a></i>, in <i>Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>April 8 – <a href="/facts/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes/bJk48dFD">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> discovers the phenomenon of <a href="/facts/Superconductivity/pqQAlSzJ">superconductivity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>June 24–30 – <a href="/facts/Domenico_Pacini/BXoGWpkd">Domenico Pacini</a> runs a series of measurements of underwater ionization in the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Genoa/tpCuf0we">Gulf of Genoa</a>, demonstrating that the radiation later recognised as <a href="/facts/Cosmic_rays/uxCVdTKd">cosmic rays</a> cannot be originated by the Earth's crust.</li> <li>October – The first <a href="/facts/Solvay_Conference/XoNYFptp">Solvay Congress</a> of physicists convenes.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ernest_Rutherford/hjjMEskl">Ernest Rutherford</a> explains the <a href="/facts/Geiger%25E2%2580%2593Marsden_experiment/cmgI1Ha9">Geiger–Marsden experiment</a> and derives the Rutherford <a href="/facts/Cross_section_(physics)/lo014h2D">cross section</a> by deducing the existence of a <a href="/facts/Atom/FoQ4kGN5">compact atomic nucleus</a> from <a href="/facts/Rutherford_scattering/pDrXNfmK">scattering experiments</a>. He proposes the <a href="/facts/Rutherford_model/xE2Glczp">Rutherford model</a> of the atom and demonstrates that <a href="/facts/J._J._Thomson/Y4jyndJF">J. J. Thomson</a>'s <a href="/facts/Plum_pudding_model/Bw7K1yXo">plum pudding model</a> is incorrect.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Wilson_(physicist)/DlvmMa6u">Charles Wilson</a> finishes a sophisticated <a href="/facts/Cloud_chamber/89YSNbpN">cloud chamber</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="psychology">Psychology</h2> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Ponzo_illusion/o7zcTW1t">Ponzo illusion</a>, a <a href="/facts/Geometrical-optical_illusion/GnGwfEd3">geometrical-optical illusion</a>, is first demonstrated by Italian psychologist <a href="/facts/Mario_Ponzo/Iykzlj9P">Mario Ponzo</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>January 18 – <a href="/facts/Eugene_Ely/JToLhwUu">Eugene Ely</a> lands on the deck of the <a href="/facts/USS_Pennsylvania_(ACR-4)/RVHSs5b0">USS <i>Pennsylvania</i></a> anchored in <a href="/facts/San_Francisco_Bay/gupuMeaU">San Francisco Bay</a>, the first aircraft <a href="/facts/Landing/AcT1IShv">landing</a> on a ship.</li> <li>June 5 – <a href="/facts/Charles_F._Kettering/8kHdW5e7">Charles F. Kettering</a> files a United States <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patent</a> for an electric <a href="/facts/Starter_motor/4IFcgw83">starter motor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>November 4 – <a href="/facts/MS_Selandia/Y17yFl2M">MS <i>Selandia</i></a>, the first large ocean-going <a href="/facts/Diesel_engine/9B9opxvA">diesel</a> ship, is launched in Denmark; <a href="/facts/Ivar_Knudsen/Ke2zIs9C">Ivar Knudsen</a> is the diesel engineer. The 1909-launched Dutch diesel <a href="/facts/Tanker_(ship)/lqAWBT3A">tanker</a> <i>Vulcanus</i> also enters service this year.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Joseph_Rawlings/JSSlUxu9">John Joseph Rawlings</a> files a United Kingdom patent for a <a href="/facts/Wall_plug/g3k3DxPo">wall plug</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Lewis_Gun/HpnxV8mD">Lewis</a> automatic <a href="/facts/Light_machine_gun/151xtamS">light machine gun</a> is invented by <a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">United States Army</a> Colonel <a href="/facts/Isaac_Newton_Lewis/B8sPoXPI">Isaac Newton Lewis</a>, based on initial work by Samuel Maclean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="other-events">Other events</h2> <ul><li>March–May – A serialized version of <a href="/facts/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor/cLfxAVbq">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a>'s <a href="/facts/Monograph/o8VRGpVc">monograph</a> <i><a href="http://www.eldritchpress.org/fwt/taylor.html">The Principles of Scientific Management</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> appears in <i><a href="/facts/The_American_Magazine/NI5fAgAW">The American Magazine</a></i>, boosting the efficiency movement.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prizes</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a> – <a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Wien/Fm4W3S11">Wilhelm Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/facts/Marie_Curie/EGjeuJ14">Marie Curie</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Medicine</a> – <a href="/facts/Allvar_Gullstrand/3j8zCb6o">Allvar Gullstrand</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>January 26 – <a href="/facts/Polykarp_Kusch/1D2GLXbW">Polykarp Kusch</a> (died <a href="/facts/1993_in_science/4xUKJN04">1993</a>), German-born molecular physicist, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>.</li> <li>February 14 – <a href="/facts/Willem_Johan_Kolff/os87vhNs">Willem Johan Kolff</a> (died <a href="/facts/2009_in_science/m9t2hRa2">2009</a>), Dutch inventor of <a href="/facts/Hemodialysis/oB7fIKP7">hemodialysis</a>.</li> <li>March 26 – <a href="/facts/Bernard_Katz/3FMvw2bM">Bernard Katz</a> (died <a href="/facts/2003_in_science/DEzE438Y">2003</a>), German-born biophysicist, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li>April 3 – <a href="/facts/Michael_Woodruff/GY71pEhr">Michael Woodruff</a> (died <a href="/facts/2001_in_science/BeRcDMev">2001</a>), English pioneer of <a href="/facts/Organ_transplant/1jNvVJn6">organ transplant</a> <a href="/facts/Surgery/fG8tWf5Y">surgery</a>.</li> <li>April 6 – <a href="/facts/Feodor_Lynen/ooLr9Rzu">Feodor Lynen</a> (died <a href="/facts/1979_in_science/0DcRyAFw">1979</a>), German biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li> <li>April 8 – <a href="/facts/Melvin_Calvin/2PnPFS1n">Melvin Calvin</a> (died <a href="/facts/1997_in_science/2lj8b7UK">1997</a>), American biochemist, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.</li> <li>April 16 – <a href="/facts/William_T._Stearn/kkWD9qV9">William T. Stearn</a> (died <a href="/facts/2001_in_science/BeRcDMev">2001</a>), English <a href="/facts/Botanist/PaIRoxnb">botanist</a>.</li> <li>April 18 – <a href="/facts/Maurice_Goldhaber/qnqFC0QS">Maurice Goldhaber</a> (died <a href="/facts/2011_in_science/wT16UWvG">2011</a>), Austrian-born <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a>.</li> <li>May 22 – <a href="/facts/Anatol_Rapoport/Ehto4zId">Anatol Rapoport</a> (died <a href="/facts/2007_in_science/whoJWyrv">2007</a>), Russian-born <a href="/facts/Mathematical_psychology/BkwE1PM7">mathematical psychologist</a>.</li> <li>June 13 – <a href="/facts/Luis_Walter_Alvarez/YjnP5cd5">Luis Alvarez</a> (died <a href="/facts/1988_in_science/ShyCLa9F">1988</a>), American experimental physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.</li> <li>June 25 – <a href="/facts/William_Howard_Stein/cSFqrHdB">William Howard Stein</a> (died <a href="/facts/1980_in_science/tYbuYCB1">1980</a>), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.</li> <li>July 3 – <a href="/facts/Herbert_E._Grier/WR5IsAyX">Herbert E. Grier</a> (died <a href="/facts/1999_in_science/YN95P3IN">1999</a>), American <a href="/facts/Electrical_engineer/YYXW1KLW">electrical engineer</a>.</li> <li>July 4 – <a href="/facts/Frederick_Seitz/JKNVG2Wx">Frederick Seitz</a> (died <a href="/facts/2008_in_science/NLKwU0lC">2008</a>), American <a href="/facts/Solid-state_physicist/Cmc6hvyR">solid-state physicist</a>.</li> <li>July 5 – <a href="/facts/Emil_L._Smith/8YIA5SQL">Emil L. Smith</a> (died <a href="/facts/2009_in_science/m9t2hRa2">2009</a>), American <a href="/facts/Biochemist/gAWNAY5v">biochemist</a> studying protein structure and function and <a href="/facts/Biochemical_evolution/fa2pWEBp">biochemical evolution</a>.</li> <li>July 9 – <a href="/facts/John_Archibald_Wheeler/I1A5t0Fd">John A. Wheeler</a> (died 2008), American <a href="/facts/Theoretical_physicist/Cs2Y12rQ">theoretical physicist</a>.</li> <li>August 9 – <a href="/facts/William_Alfred_Fowler/WowQ2AlE">William A. Fowler</a> (died <a href="/facts/1995_in_science/D99HJHFY">1995</a>), American nuclear and astrophysicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.</li> <li>August 29 – <a href="/facts/John_Charnley/lUf8M45p">John Charnley</a> (died <a href="/facts/1982_in_science/xCDCCS8N">1982</a>), English <a href="/facts/Orthopaedic_surgeon/ahXDk3gD">orthopaedic surgeon</a>.</li> <li>September 29 – <a href="/facts/Reginald_Victor_Jones/RuCb83HT">R. V. Jones</a> (died <a href="/facts/1997_in_science/2lj8b7UK">1997</a>), English physicist, expert in electronic military defence.</li> <li>October 5 – <a href="/facts/Pierre_Dansereau/8kX2cHL8">Pierre Dansereau</a> (died <a href="/facts/2011_in_science/wT16UWvG">2011</a>), <a href="/facts/French_Canadian/CfYF8yXT">French Canadian</a> <a href="/facts/Ecologist/YE8upuJU">ecologist</a>.</li> <li>November 27 – <a href="/facts/Fe_del_Mundo/t8Hyvp7M">Fe del Mundo</a> (died <a href="/facts/2011_in_science/wT16UWvG">2011</a>), <a href="/facts/Filipino_people/1KcRNdYX">Filipino</a> <a href="/facts/Pediatrician/hnkMfLeg">pediatrician</a> and <a href="/facts/National_Scientist_of_the_Philippines/Ho0d0ouu">National Scientist of the Philippines</a>.</li> <li>December 14 – <a href="/facts/Hans_von_Ohain/M2TgMa7N">Hans von Ohain</a> (died <a href="/facts/1998_in_science/5r43b43U">1998</a>), German aeronautical engineer.</li> <li>December 23 – <a href="/facts/Niels_Kaj_Jerne/GJDtPkpD">Niels Kaj Jerne</a> (died <a href="/facts/1994_in_science/UcXgTVYC">1994</a>), English-born Danish immunologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>January 17 – Sir <a href="/facts/Francis_Galton/9Hu0Ex1R">Francis Galton</a> (born <a href="/facts/1822_in_science/dG1sLUrM">1822</a>), English <a href="/facts/List_of_explorers/83eyR34D">explorer</a> and <a href="/facts/Biologist/yJJGXyKR">biologist</a>.</li> <li>February 15 – <a href="/facts/Theodor_Escherich/yrX1eCdV">Theodor Escherich</a> (born <a href="/facts/1857_in_science/QtXS6yHk">1857</a>), German-born pediatric bacteriologist.</li> <li>March 1 – <a href="/facts/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%2527t_Hoff/sLJDVXtg">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a> (born <a href="/facts/1852_in_science/BSfIEwWG">1852</a>), Dutch <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a>.</li> <li>May 21 – <a href="/facts/Williamina_Fleming/KL7uxDgL">Williamina Fleming</a> (born 1857), American <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>May 24 – <a href="/facts/Ernst_Remak/jTtG5l5e">Ernst Remak</a> (born <a href="/facts/1849_in_science/mmaQsEug">1849</a>), German <a href="/facts/Neurologist/TXYEMSYI">neurologist</a>.</li> <li>June 26 – <a href="/facts/Signe_H%25C3%25A4ggman/6oKGEM1q">Signe Häggman</a> (born <a href="/facts/1863_in_science/ISd4glP4">1863</a>), Finnish pioneer of physical education of disabled people.</li> <li>December 2 – <a href="/facts/George_Davidson_(geographer)/I05SpenT">George Davidson</a> (born <a href="/facts/1825_in_science/cjn9dPRb">1825</a>), English-born <a href="/facts/Geodesist/EJH0Te0m">geodesist</a>, astronomer, <a href="/facts/Geographer/lQAzvXY0">geographer</a>, surveyor and engineer in the United States.</li> <li>December 10 – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker/AopgkJU1">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (born <a href="/facts/1817_in_science/IzLv950p">1817</a>), English <a href="/facts/Botanist/PaIRoxnb">botanist</a>.</li> <li>December 13 (O.S. November 30) – <a href="/facts/Nikolay_Beketov/eV6dz8Rq">Nikolay Beketov</a> (born <a href="/facts/1827_in_science/0qqb4SaX">1827</a>), Russian chemist.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"The Nakhla Meteorite". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2011-10-21. <a href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/snc/nakhla.html" target="_blank">https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/snc/nakhla.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Seal Treaty Signed". The New York Times. 1911-07-08. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" target="_blank">/wiki/The_New_York_Times</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Oda, Shigeru (1989). International Control of Sea Resources. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 76. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Thousands Dead Or Hurt In Earthquake". Pittsburgh Press. 5 January 1911. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press" target="_blank">/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Stotz-Ingenlath, Gabriele (2000). "Epistemological aspects of Eugen Bleuler's conception of schizophrenia in 1911" (PDF). Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 3 (2): 153–9. doi:10.1023/A:1009919309015. PMID 11079343. S2CID 25457004. Retrieved 2011-11-01. <a href="http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=1386-7423&volume=3&page=153" target="_blank">http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=1386-7423&volume=3&page=153</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Eugen Bleuler". Whonamedit?. Retrieved 2011-11-01. <a href="http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1294.html" target="_blank">http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1294.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Zilboorg, Gregory (1941). A History of Medical Psychology. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Zilboorg" target="_blank">/wiki/Gregory_Zilboorg</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>He presents his findings on April 28. van Delft, Dirk; Kes, Peter (September 2010). "The discovery of superconductivity". Physics Today. 63 (9): 38–43. Bibcode:2010PhT....63i..38V. doi:10.1063/1.3490499. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3490499" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3490499</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Ponzo, M. (1911). "Intorno ad alcune illusioni nel campo delle sensazioni tattili sull'illusione di Aristotele e fenomeni analoghi". Archives Italiennes de Biologie. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>No. 1,150,523. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Rawlplug History". Rawlplug. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2011-11-28. <a href="https://archive.today/20120529131746/http://www.rawlplug.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=3" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20120529131746/http://www.rawlplug.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=3</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Skennerton, Ian (2001). Small Arms Identification Series No. 14: .303 Lewis Machine Gun. Gold Coast, QLD (Australia): Arms & Militaria Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-949749-42-7. <a href="0-949749-42-7" target="_blank">0-949749-42-7</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074655/http://eldritchpress.org/fwt/taylor.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074655/http://eldritchpress.org/fwt/taylor.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"BBC – History – Marie Curie". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Todd, Deborah; Angelo, Joseph (2003). A to Z of Scientists in Space and Astronomy. New York: Facts of File. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-81604-639-3. <a href="978-0-81604-639-3" target="_blank">978-0-81604-639-3</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>