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Dholuo
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<h2 id="literacy-of-the-luo-from-south-nyanza">Literacy (<i>Of the Luo from South Nyanza)</i></h2> <p>The foundations of the Dholuo written language and today's Dholuo literary tradition, as well as the modernization of the Joluo people in Kenya, began in 1907. It began with the arrival of a Canadian-born <a href="/facts/Seventh-day_Adventist/m8VpCo8n">Seventh-day Adventist</a> missionary <a href="/facts/Arthur_Carscallen/7GqLrTru">Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen</a>, whose missionary work over a period of about 14 years along the eastern shores of <a href="/facts/Lake_Victoria/GLQHLh4M">Lake Victoria</a> left a legacy. <i>(This applies only to the Luo of Southern Nyanza, which are to the East of Lake Victoria).</i> This legacy continues today through the Obama family of Kenya and the Seventh-day Adventist Church to which the Obamas and many other Joluo converted in the early part of the 20th century. The Obamas of Kenya are relatives of former US president <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>From 1906 to 1921, Carscallen was superintendent of the Seventh-day Adventist Church's <a href="/facts/British_East_Africa/LWjfxem4">British East Africa</a> Mission, and was charged with establishing missionary stations in eastern Kenya near Lake Victoria and proselytizing among the local population. These stations would include Gendia, Wire Hill, <a href="/facts/Rusinga_Island/gDPQ1ysS">Rusinga Island</a>, Kanyadoto, Karungu, <a href="/facts/Kisii%2c_Kenya/B5296Saw">Kisii</a> (Nyanchwa), and Kamagambo. In 1913, he acquired a small press for the Mission and set up a small printing operation at Gendia in order to publish church materials, but also used it to impact education and <a href="/facts/Literacy/GpXB3QbJ">literacy</a> in the region. </p><p>Over a period of about five years administering to largely Jaluo congregations, Carscallen achieved a mastery of the Dholuo language and was credited with being the first to reduce the language to writing, publishing the <i>Elementary grammar of the Nilotic-Kavirondo language (Dhö Lwo)</i>, together with some useful phrases, English-Kavirondo and Kavirondo-English vocabulary, and some exercises with key to the same in 1910. Then, a little more than two years later, the mission translated portions of the <a href="/facts/New_Testament/k066sDIn">New Testament</a> from English to Dholuo, which were later published by the <a href="/facts/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society/Pblz0nal">British and Foreign Bible Society</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>In 2019, Jehovah’s Witnesses released the <a href="/facts/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures/3DmtCtR4">New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures</a> in the Luo language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Bible/SqkRTKCh">Bible</a> translation is distributed without charge, both in print and <a href="https://www.jw.org/luo/laibrari/muma/nwt/buge/">online</a>. </p><p>The grammar textbook Carscallen produced was widely used for many years throughout eastern Kenya, but his authorship of it is largely forgotten. It was later retitled to <i>Dho-Luo for Beginners</i> and republished in 1936. In addition to the grammar text, Carscallen compiled an extensive dictionary of "Kavirondo" (Dholuo) and English, which is housed at the <a href="/facts/SOAS%2c_University_of_London/xQyNNhww">School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</a>, UK. Neither of these works has been superseded, only updated, with new revised versions of the linguistic foundation that Carscallen established in 1910.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <h3>Vowels</h3> <p>Dholuo has two sets of five vowels, distinguished by the feature <a href="/facts/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root/P5C8A61k">[±ATR]</a> which is carried primarily on the first formant. While ATR is phonemic in the language, various phonological vowel harmony processes play a major role and can change the ATR of the vowel at output. A current change in certain dialects of Dholuo is that certain pronouns seem to be losing the ATR contrast and instead use [±ATR] in free variance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> [−ATR] vowels in Dholuo<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Near-close_vowel/uPhB2scU">Near-close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel/1eQAfkDy">ɪ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel/4taYcT5v">ʊ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/aDRvwE46">ɛ</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/yMNUClGt">ɔ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Near-open_central_vowel/GUR9Nk56">ɐ</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> [+ATR] vowels in Dholuo<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">e</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">o</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Consonants</h3> <p>In the table of consonants below, <a href="/facts/Orthography/sJPhCpsU">orthographic</a> symbols are included between angle brackets following the <a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a> symbols. Note especially the following: the use of ⟨y⟩ for /<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a>/, common in African orthographies; <a href="/facts/Th_(digraph)/KGnUBmjH">⟨th⟩</a>, <a href="/facts/Dh_(digraph)/9nbpVK98">⟨dh⟩</a> are <a href="/facts/Plosive_consonant/okC9pztc">plosives</a>, not <a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">fricatives</a> as in Swahili spelling (but phoneme /<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d̪</a>/ can fricativize intervocalically).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> Phonetic inventory of consonants in Dholuo<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Dental_consonant/Yraaz9Nm">Dental</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a> ⟨m⟩</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a> ⟨n⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_nasal/dLa9YG49">ɲ</a> ⟨ny⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a> ⟨ngʼ⟩</td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Plosive</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">prenasalized</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ᵐb</a> ⟨mb⟩</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ⁿd</a> ⟨nd⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ᶮɟ</a> ⟨nj⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ᵑɡ</a> ⟨ng⟩</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voicelessness/575TtTUn">voiceless</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> ⟨p⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t̪</a> ⟨th⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> ⟨t⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_palatal_plosive/nBqIqUIS">c</a> ⟨ch⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a> ⟨k⟩</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a> ⟨b⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d̪</a> ⟨dh⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a> ⟨d⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_plosive/otrWQbpW">ɟ</a> ⟨j⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a> ⟨g⟩</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨f⟩</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a> ⟨s⟩</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a> ⟨h⟩</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Trill_consonant/GKS3ga4q">Trill</a></th><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a> ⟨r⟩</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a> ⟨w⟩</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a> ⟨l⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a> ⟨y⟩</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Phonological characteristics</h3> <p>Dholuo is a <a href="/facts/Tone_(linguistics)/eprhXrWJ">tonal language</a>. There is both lexical tone and grammatical tone, e.g. in the formation of passive verbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It has <a href="/facts/Vowel_harmony/oQfPrTWV">vowel harmony</a> by <a href="/facts/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root/P5C8A61k">ATR status</a>: the vowels in a noncompound word must be either all [+ATR] or all [−ATR]. The ATR-harmony requirement extends to the semivowels /<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a>/, /<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593palatal_approximant/MGBhE7G1">ɥ</a>/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="grammar">Grammar</h2> <p>Dholuo is notable for its complex phonological alternations, which are used, among other things, in distinguishing <a href="/facts/Inalienable_possession/jTP6mv3j">inalienable possession</a> from alienable. The first example is a case of alienable possession, as the bone is not part of the dog. </p> <p>chogo</p><p>bone</p><p>guok</p><p>dog</p><p>(chok guok)</p><p> </p><p>chogo guok</p><p>bone dog</p><p>'the dog's bone' (which it is eating)</p> <p>The following is however an example of inalienable possession, the bone being part of the cow: </p> <p>chok</p><p>bone (<a href="/facts/Construct_state/duxG0U0K">construct state</a>)</p><p>dhiang'</p><p>cow</p><p>chok dhiang'</p><p>{bone (<a href="/facts/Construct_state/duxG0U0K">construct state</a>)} cow</p><p>'a cow bone'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></p> <h2 id="sample-phrases">Sample phrases</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>English</th><th>Luo</th></tr><tr><td>hello</td><td>misawa (ber)</td></tr><tr><td>How are you?</td><td>Idhi nade? Intie nade?</td></tr><tr><td>I'm fine.</td><td>Adhi maber.</td></tr><tr><td>What is your name?</td><td>Nyingi ng'a?</td></tr><tr><td>My name is…</td><td>Nyinga en…</td></tr><tr><td>I am happy to see you.</td><td>Amor neni.</td></tr><tr><td>Where do you come from?</td><td>In jakanye?</td></tr><tr><td>good morning</td><td>oyawore</td></tr><tr><td>good evening</td><td>oimore</td></tr><tr><td>God bless you.</td><td>Nyasaye ogwedhi.</td></tr><tr><td>good job</td><td>tich maber</td></tr><tr><td><i>Salvation</i></td><td>resruok</td></tr><tr><td>goodbye</td><td>oriti</td></tr><tr><td>I want water.</td><td>Adwaro pi.</td></tr><tr><td>I am thirsty.</td><td>Riyo deya. / Riyo omaka. / Riyo ohinga.</td></tr><tr><td>thank you</td><td>erokamano</td></tr><tr><td>child</td><td>nyathi</td></tr><tr><td>student (university student)</td><td>nyathi skul, japuonjre (ja mbalariany)</td></tr><tr><td>come</td><td>bi</td></tr><tr><td>go</td><td>dhiyo</td></tr><tr><td>take</td><td>kaw</td></tr><tr><td>return</td><td>dwok</td></tr><tr><td>come back</td><td>dwogi</td></tr><tr><td>sit</td><td>bedi</td></tr><tr><td>stand / stop</td><td>chung' / wee</td></tr><tr><td>hunger</td><td>kech</td></tr><tr><td>I am starved.</td><td>Kech kaya.</td></tr><tr><td>father</td><td>wuoro [Dinka] wur</td></tr><tr><td>mother</td><td>miyo [Dinka] mor mer</td></tr><tr><td>God</td><td><a href="/facts/Nyasaye/AdcFj45M">Nyasaye</a>, Nyakalaga, Were, Obong'o ( Different names associated with different attributes of God)</td></tr><tr><td>Lord (God)</td><td>Ruoth (Nyasaye)</td></tr><tr><td>God is good</td><td>Nyasaye ber</td></tr><tr><td>help</td><td>kony [Dinka] ba kony</td></tr><tr><td>man</td><td>dichuo</td></tr><tr><td>woman</td><td>dhako</td></tr><tr><td>boy</td><td>wuoyi (wuowi)</td></tr><tr><td>girl</td><td>nyako [Dinka] nya</td></tr><tr><td>book</td><td>buk, [Alego/Seme] buge</td></tr><tr><td>youth</td><td>rawera</td></tr><tr><td>pen</td><td>randiki</td></tr><tr><td>shorts</td><td>onyasa</td></tr><tr><td>trousers</td><td>long'</td></tr><tr><td>table</td><td>mesa</td></tr><tr><td>plate</td><td>tao</td></tr><tr><td>lock</td><td>rarind, ralor</td></tr><tr><td>leader</td><td>jatelo</td></tr><tr><td>bring</td><td>kel</td></tr><tr><td>Go back there.</td><td>Dog kucha.</td></tr><tr><td>Come back here.</td><td>Duog ka.</td></tr><tr><td>ask / query</td><td>penj</td></tr><tr><td>question</td><td>penjo</td></tr><tr><td>run</td><td>ringi [Dinka]</td></tr><tr><td>walk</td><td>wuothi</td></tr><tr><td>jump</td><td>dum / chikri [Alego/Seme]</td></tr><tr><td>rain</td><td>koth</td></tr><tr><td>sun</td><td>chieng'</td></tr><tr><td>moon</td><td>dwe / duee</td></tr><tr><td>stars</td><td>sulwe</td></tr><tr><td>work</td><td>ti</td></tr><tr><td>fish</td><td>rech [Dinka]</td></tr><tr><td>cold</td><td>koyo</td></tr><tr><td>I want to eat.</td><td>Adwaro chiemo.</td></tr><tr><td>I have something to say</td><td>An gi wach</td></tr><tr><td>grandfather</td><td>kwaro [Dinka] / kwar</td></tr><tr><td>grandmother</td><td>dayo [Dinka] / day</td></tr><tr><td>white man</td><td>ja rachar / ombogo / ja wagunda</td></tr><tr><td>cow / cattle</td><td>dwasi / dhiang'</td></tr><tr><td>sing</td><td>wer [Dinka]</td></tr><tr><td>song</td><td>wer</td></tr><tr><td>good, beautiful</td><td>ber, jaber</td></tr><tr><td>bad</td><td>rach</td></tr><tr><td>marriage</td><td>kend [Dinka], "keny" is the process, "thiek" is the marriage</td></tr><tr><td>marry</td><td>kendo</td></tr><tr><td>tomorrow</td><td>kiny</td></tr><tr><td>today</td><td>kawuono</td></tr><tr><td>here</td><td>ka / kae</td></tr><tr><td>there (close by)</td><td>kacha / kocha</td></tr><tr><td>there (far)</td><td>kucho</td></tr><tr><td>child</td><td>nyathi</td></tr><tr><td>money</td><td>omenda / chung' / oboke / sendi / pesa</td></tr><tr><td>gun</td><td>bunde</td></tr><tr><td>gun fire</td><td>maj bunde</td></tr><tr><td>start</td><td>chaki</td></tr><tr><td>dream</td><td>leki</td></tr><tr><td>stand</td><td>chung'</td></tr><tr><td>abroad</td><td>loka</td></tr><tr><td>talk</td><td>wuo/los</td></tr><tr><td>sit</td><td>bedi</td></tr><tr><td>praise</td><td>pak</td></tr><tr><td>eat</td><td>chiem</td></tr><tr><td>fire</td><td>mach</td></tr><tr><td>I want ugali.</td><td>Adwaro kuon.</td></tr><tr><td>maize, corn</td><td>oduma, bando</td></tr><tr><td>maize and beans</td><td>nyoyo</td></tr><tr><td>taxi</td><td><a href="/facts/Matatu/hP4U7F9l">matatu</a> (Swahili)</td></tr><tr><td>farm</td><td>puodho (Alego-Ndalo)</td></tr><tr><td>plough / dig out</td><td>pur / kuny</td></tr><tr><td>flying (in the air)</td><td>fuyo</td></tr><tr><td>fly (insect)</td><td>lwang'ni</td></tr><tr><td>stream (river)</td><td>aora</td></tr><tr><td>lake</td><td>nam</td></tr><tr><td>ocean</td><td>ataro</td></tr><tr><td>please</td><td>asayi</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Gregersen, E. (1961). <i>Luo: A grammar</i>. Dissertation: Yale University.</li> <li>Stafford, R. L. (1965). <i>An elementary Luo grammar with vocabularies</i>. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Omondi, Lucia Ndong'a (1982). <i>The major syntactic structures of Dholuo.</i> Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.</li> <li>Tucker, A. N. (ed. by Chet A. Creider) (1994). <i>A grammar of Kenya Luo (Dholuo).</i> 2 vols. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</li> <li>Okoth Okombo, D. (1997). <i>A Functional Grammar of Dholuo.</i> Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Asenath_Bole_Odaga/V5aVpcR7">Odaga, Asenath Bole</a> (1997). <i>English-Dholuo dictionary.</i> Lake Publishers & Enterprises, Kisumu. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9966-48-781-6.</li> <li>Odhiambo, Reenish Acieng' and Aagard-Hansen, Jens (1998). <i>Dholuo course book.</i> Nairobi.</li> <li>Capen, Carole Jamieson. 1998. <i><a href="https://www.webonary.org/dholuo/">Bilingual Dholuo-English dictionary, Kenya</a></i>. Tucson (Arizona): self-published. Kurasa ix, 322. [<a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-966688-10-4]</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <i>Dholuo test</i> of <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a> at Wikimedia Incubator <ul> <li>Kenya portal</li><li>Tanzania portal</li><li>Languages portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="http://economics.ozier.com/language/dholuo.html">Luo phrases and basics</a></li> <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/AHandbookOfTheKavirondoLanguage">A Handbook of the Kavirondo Language (1920)</a> – one of the earliest books on Dholuo</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521225707/http://kefaombewa.com/dHouse_of_Yahweh_is_House_of_Fueldaiownload/lakeside.ttf">Lakeside Font</a> - True Type Font for writing in Dholuo (archived)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Tucker 25 <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ethnologue report for Luo <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=luo" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=luo</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Peter Firstbrook, The Obamas: The Untold Story of an African Family. Crown Publishers, 2011. p. 106. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Firstbrook, Ibid., p. 126; Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, Elementary grammar of the Nilotic-Kavirondo language (Dhö Lwo), together with some useful phrases, English-Kavirondo and Kavirondo-English vocabulary, and some exercises with key to the same. London: St. Joseph's Foreign Missionary Society, 1910.; Dictionary of African Christian Biography — Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen. <a href="http://www.dacb.org/stories/kenya/carscallen_arthur.html" target="_blank">http://www.dacb.org/stories/kenya/carscallen_arthur.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Jehovah's Witnesses Release Luo-Language New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in Kenya". Jw.org. <a href="https://www.jw.org/en/news/jw/region/kenya/Jehovahs-Witnesses-Release-Luo-Language-New-World-Translation-of-the-Holy-Scriptures-in-Kenya/" target="_blank">https://www.jw.org/en/news/jw/region/kenya/Jehovahs-Witnesses-Release-Luo-Language-New-World-Translation-of-the-Holy-Scriptures-in-Kenya/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, Kavirondo Dictionary. Mimeographed, n.d. 374p. (SOAS Collections). Luo and English; Melvin K. Hendrix, An International Bibliography of African Lexicons. Scarecrow Press, 1982. <a href="/wiki/SOAS" target="_blank">/wiki/SOAS</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Swenson, Janel (2015). "ATR Quality in the Luo Vowel System". Canada Institute of Linguistics, EWP. 1: 102–145 – via CanIL. <a href="https://www.canil.ca/academics/electronic-working-papers/canil-ewp-volume-1-2015/" target="_blank">https://www.canil.ca/academics/electronic-working-papers/canil-ewp-volume-1-2015/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Tucker §1.43 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Okoth Okombo §1.3.4 <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Tucker §1.3, §1.42 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Tucker A. N. A Grammar of Kenya Luo (Dholuo). 1994:198. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>