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<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p><i>Tamil</i> is derived from the name of the <a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">language</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The people are referred to as <i>Tamiḻar</i> in Tamil language, which is etymologically linked to the name of the language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">origin</a> and precise etymology of the word Tamil is unclear with multiple theories attested to it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Kamil_Zvelebil/fKdYExgq">Kamil Zvelebil</a> suggests that the term <i>tamiz</i> might have been derived from <i>tam</i> meaning "self" and "-iz" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of <i>tamiz</i> < <i>tam-iz</i> < <i>*tav-iz</i> < <i>*tak-iz</i>, meaning "the proper process (of speaking)".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Franklin_Southworth/2JnaMjEv">Franklin Southworth</a> suggests that the name comes from <i>tam-miz</i> > <i>tam-iz</i> meaning "self-speak", or "our own speech".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>It is unknown whether the term <i>Tamila</i> and its equivalents in <a href="/facts/Prakrit/8X8AUK2y">Prakrit</a> such as <i>Damela</i>, <i>Damila</i>, or <i>Tamira</i> was first used as a self designation or by outsiders. The <a href="/facts/Hathigumpha_inscription/ncHuLB0w">Hathigumpha inscription</a> from <a href="/facts/Udayagiri_and_Khandagiri_Caves/zcAw6cV2">Udayagiri</a> in <a href="/facts/Eastern_India/8CFJmsg7">Eastern India</a> dated to the second century BCE,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> describes a <i>T[r]amira samghata</i> (Confederacy of Tamil rulers), which was in existence for the previous 113 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Epigraphical evidence from the second century BCE mentioning <i>Damela</i> or <i>Dameda</i> from <a href="/facts/History_of_Sri_Lanka/KRPPGoaT">ancient Sri Lanka</a> have been found.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Buddhist_texts/1jSFL7Wd">Buddhist</a> <a href="/facts/Jataka/l7EEg5h7">Jataka</a> texts, there is a mention of a <i>Damila-rattha</i> (Tamil dynasty).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Hellenistic_Greece/45ye3dGC">Greek</a> historian <a href="/facts/Strabo/dzQ59zwn">Strabo</a> (first century BCE) mentions that the <a href="/facts/Roman_Emperor/sT4nFc67">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/facts/Augustus/RGfMCR2V">Augustus</a> received an ambassador from <i>Pandyan of Dramira</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> An inscription from <a href="/facts/Amaravathi_village%2c_Guntur_district/aUAhRF1B">Amaravati</a> dated to third century CE refers to a <i>Dhamila-vaniya</i> (Tamil trader).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>In India</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/History_of_Tamil_Nadu/zCNKx7m6">History of Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/facts/Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history/hUCFBLdS">Sources of ancient Tamil history</a></p> <h4>Pre-historic period (before 4th century BCE)</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Archaeological_evidence/CNHr7zAE">Archaeological evidence</a> suggests the region was first inhabited by hominids over 400 millennia ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Artifacts recovered in <a href="/facts/Adichanallur/S0rtwJJ5">Adichanallur</a> by the <a href="/facts/Archaeological_Survey_of_India/aVeou2RT">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI) indicate <a href="/facts/Megalith/wnyXzqda">megalithic</a> urn burials, dating from back to 1500 BCE.,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> which are also described in early Tamil literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Neolithic/wRS0Bnh4">Neolithic</a> <a href="/facts/Celt_(tool)/tTF3BgjN">celts</a> with the <a href="/facts/Indus_script/HTwS3ruS">Indus script</a> dated between 15th and 20th century BCE indicate the use of early <a href="/facts/Harappan_language/slRECrmL">Harappan language</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Excavations at <a href="/facts/Keezhadi_excavation_site/A0JW96Sw">Keezhadi</a> have revealed a large urban settlement, with the earliest artefact dated to 580 BCE, during the time of urbanization in the <a href="/facts/Indo-Gangetic_plain/kWHsYSNK">Indo-Gangetic plain</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Further epigraphical inscriptions found at Adichanallur use <a href="/facts/Tamil_Brahmi/vHmYf1pY">Tamil Brahmi</a>, a rudimentary script dated to 5th century BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Potsherds uncovered from Keeladi indicate a script which might be a transition between the Indus Valley script and Tamil Brahmi script used later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h4>Sangam period (3rd century BCE–3rd century CE)</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Sangam_period/yJb34W98">Sangam period</a></p> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Tamilakam/LHCg4s1C">Tamilakam</a>, <a href="/facts/Sangam_landscape/qA6vI930">Sangam landscape</a>, and <a href="/facts/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country/ypSyuqbf">Economy of ancient Tamil country</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Sangam_period/yJb34W98">Sangam period</a> lasted from 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE with the main source of history during the period coming from the various <a href="/facts/Sangam_literature/xQaCAxcM">Sangam literature</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Ancient <a href="/facts/Tamilakam/LHCg4s1C">Tamilakam</a> was ruled by a <a href="/facts/Three_Crowned_Kings/mJkSzvNy">triumvirate</a> of monarchical states, <a href="/facts/Chera_dynasty/uRDQy2wX">Cheras</a>, <a href="/facts/Chola_dynasty/yV869VU4">Cholas</a> and <a href="/facts/Pandya_dynasty/W0alsFor">Pandyas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> These kings are referred to as <i>Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar</i> (Three glorified by heaven) in the Sangam literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The Cheras controlled the western part of Tamilkam, the Pandyas controlled the south, and the Cholas had their base in the <a href="/facts/Kaveri/LYhudW79">Kaveri</a> delta.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> They are mentioned in the inscriptions from the <a href="/facts/Mauryan_Empire/STQagR1r">Mauryan Empire</a> dated to third century BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)/J8BP6hbl">Kalinga</a> inscriptions from the second century BCE refers to a confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> The three kings called <i>Vendhar</i> ruled over several hill tribes headed by the <i><a href="/facts/Velirs/QyK8LLrH">Velir</a></i> chiefs and settlements headed by clan chiefs called <i>Kizhar</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The rulers of smaller territories were referred to as <i>Kurunilamannar</i>, with <i><a href="/facts/Purananuru/WAVWE6X7">Purananuru</a></i> mentioning the names of many such chieftains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <p>The Sangam period rulers patronized multiple religions including <a href="/facts/Historical_Vedic_religion/CLhJ6Au6">vedic religion</a>, <a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/facts/Jainism/h0glxhjH">Jainism</a> and sponsored some of the earliest Tamil literature with the oldest surviving work being <a href="/facts/Tolk%25C4%2581ppiyam/RXe6FDEz">Tolkāppiyam</a>, a book of Tamil grammar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> <i>Purananuru</i> describes the public life and various unique cultural practices that existed during the period. The text talks about the <a href="/facts/Yajna/fNRqgAE0">Vedic Sacrifices</a> performed by the kings as described in the <a href="/facts/Vedas/yQgc8B2x">Vedas</a> and the rituals performed for the dead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <p>Agriculture was an important occupation during the period, and there is evidence that networks of <a href="/facts/Irrigation/RWX5PEgK">irrigation</a> channels were built as early as the 3rd century BCE. The Sangam literature describe fertile lands and people organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to an established order.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and with the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Romans</a>. <a href="/facts/Roman_currency/85P0brkz">Roman coins</a> and other epigraphical evidence from South India and <a href="/facts/Sherd/5axlcVQ4">potsherds</a> with Tamil writing found in excavations along the <a href="/facts/Red_Sea/0dKWSgEe">Red Sea</a> indicate the presence of <a href="/facts/Roman_commerce/VUEP3XRM">Roman commerce</a> with the ancient Tamilakam.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Much of the commerce from the Romans and <a href="/facts/Han_dynasty/hanfxS9D">Han China</a> were facilitated via seaports including <a href="/facts/Muziris/w5366jxy">Muziris</a> and <a href="/facts/Korkai/Q0zE51Em">Korkai</a> with <a href="/facts/Spices/n6K7m0nq">spices</a> being the most prized goods along with <a href="/facts/Pearls/7ombxKgg">pearls</a> and <a href="/facts/Silk/3SKPK0JE">silk</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> There is evidence of emissaries sent to the Roman Emperor Augustus by the Pandya kings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> An anonymous Greek traveler's account from first century CE, <i><a href="/facts/Periplus_Maris_Erytraei/pPyl4hgS">Periplus Maris Erytraei</a></i>, describes the ports of the Pandya and Chera kingdoms in <i><a href="/facts/Damirica/QlyaIPvR">Damirica</a></i> and their commercial activity in detail. It also describes that the chief exports of the ancient Tamils were <a href="/facts/Black_pepper/6MMqGwm4">pepper</a>, <a href="/facts/Malabathrum/LQdJhtGu">malabathrum</a>, <a href="/facts/Pearl/7ombxKgg">pearls</a>, <a href="/facts/Ivory/pERH5AX6">ivory</a>, silk, <a href="/facts/Spikenard/5BNovKRa">spikenard</a>, <a href="/facts/Diamonds/IBUdnd1y">diamonds</a>, <a href="/facts/Sapphire/C11GJAmm">sapphires</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tortoiseshell_material/X3vDRvFL">tortoiseshell</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h4>Medieval era (4th–13th century CE)</h4> <p>From the fourth century CE, the region was ruled by the <a href="/facts/Kalabhra_dynasty/7GfjC8mB">Kalabhras</a>, warriors belonging to the <a href="/facts/Vellalar/VQg4Ac2v">Vellalar</a> community, who were once feudatories of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The Kalabhra era is referred to as the "dark period" of Tamil history, and information about it is generally inferred from any mentions in the literature and inscriptions that are dated many centuries after their era ended.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Around the seventh century CE, the Kalabhras were overthrown by the Pandyas and Cholas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Though they existed previously, the period saw the rise of the <a href="/facts/Pallava_dynasty/wyt798s7">Pallavas</a> in the sixth century CE under <a href="/facts/Mahendravarman_I/z5I4vVdr">Mahendravarman I</a>, who ruled parts of <a href="/facts/South_India/XqkE3NdU">South India</a> with <a href="/facts/Kanchipuram/h9IlCSjh">Kanchipuram</a> as their capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> The Pallavas were noted for their patronage of architecture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> Throughout their reign, the Pallavas remained in constant conflict with the Cholas, the Pandyas and other kingdoms of <a href="/facts/Chalukya_dynasty/kfwnEMqT">Chalukyas of Badami</a> and the <a href="/facts/Rashtrakutas/VpKg6gXK">Rashtrakutas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The Pandyas were revived by <a href="/facts/Kadungon/GRdzgeFx">Kadungon</a> towards the end of the sixth century CE and with the Cholas in obscurity in <a href="/facts/Uraiyur/Vgdd3zW5">Uraiyur</a>, the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas and the Pandyas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> The area west of the <a href="/facts/Western_Ghats/KzX5UdRo">Western Ghats</a> became increasingly distinct from the eastern parts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> A new language <a href="/facts/Malayalam/YLuvDWd3">Malayalam</a> evolved from Tamil in the region and the socio-cultural transformation was altered further by the migration of <a href="/facts/Sanskrit/ychfjhlx">Sanskrit</a>-speaking <a href="/facts/Indo-Aryan_peoples/Tjrybz3d">Indo-Aryans</a> from Northern India in the eighth century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <p>The Cholas were revived in the ninth century CE by <a href="/facts/Vijayalaya_Chola/GAWa3XFx">Vijayalaya Chola</a> and the last Pallavas ruler <a href="/facts/Aparajitavarman/oDAlBLVX">Aparajitavarman</a> was defeated by the Chola prince <a href="/facts/Aditya_I/myIf6KFS">Aditya I</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> After the defeat of the Pallavas, the Cholas became the dominant kingdom with the capital at <a href="/facts/Thanjavur/xb0UwFTs">Thanjavur</a>. The Chola influence expanded subsequently with <a href="/facts/Rajaraja_I/0EMw5j2g">Rajaraja I</a> conquering the entire Southern India and parts of present-day <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/facts/Maldives/sC2HeXby">Maldives</a>, and increased Chola influence across the <a href="/facts/Indian_Ocean/Kv0crwKG">Indian Ocean</a> in the eleventh century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Rajaraja brought in administrative reforms including the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual administrative units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Under his son <a href="/facts/Rajendra_Chola_I/KWGAtWfd">Rajendra Chola I</a>, the Chola empire reached its zenith and stretched as far as <a href="/facts/Bengal/xp3t2Dyd">Bengal</a> in the north and across the Indian Ocean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> He defeated the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Chalukya/ksTMI9tG">Eastern Chalukyas</a> and the <a href="/facts/Chola_navy/WhCttyUR">Chola navy</a> <a href="/facts/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya/qjHJjlqY">invaded</a> the <a href="/facts/Srivijaya/SruwFBQu">Srivijaya Empire</a> in South East Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> The Cholas had trade links with the Chinese <a href="/facts/Song_Dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song Dynasty</a> and across Southeast Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> The Cholas built many temples with the most notable being the <a href="/facts/Brihadisvara_Temple%2c_Thanjavur/vazYTHsv">Brihadisvara Temple</a> at Thanjavur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> The latter half of the eleventh century saw the union of Chola and <a href="/facts/Vengi/K9BCVD6g">Vengi</a> kingdoms under <a href="/facts/Kulottunga_I/2sseptqg">Kulottunga I</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> The Cholas repulsed attacks from the <a href="/facts/Western_Chalukyas/QxdvGvq5">Western Chalukyas</a> and maintained its influence over the various kingdoms of Southeast Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> According to historian <a href="/facts/Nilakanta_Sastri/RN4smLt5">Nilakanta Sastri</a>, Kulottunga avoided unnecessary wars and had a long and prosperous reign characterized by unparalleled success that laid the foundations of the empire for the next 150 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p> <p>The eventual decline of Chola power began towards the end of <a href="/facts/Kulottunga_III/F0YY56RQ">Kulottunga III</a>'s reign in the thirteenth century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> The Pandyas again reigned supreme under <a href="/facts/Maravarman_Sundara_Pandyan/1PBHGTKj">Maravarman Sundara I</a> and defeated the Cholas under <a href="/facts/Rajaraja_III/1a0pmsVz">Rajaraja III</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> Though the Cholas were revived briefly with the aid of <a href="/facts/Hoysalas/gk3DX5g4">Hoysalas</a>, civil war between Rajaraja and <a href="/facts/Rajendra_III/wkBQAECq">Rajendra III</a> weakened them further.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> With the Hoysalas later siding with the Pandyas, the Pandyas consolidated control over the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> The Pandya empire reached its zenith in the thirteenth century CE under <a href="/facts/Jatavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I/ChkbmlP3">Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I</a> after he defeated the Hoysalas, the <a href="/facts/Kakatiyas/ABXAFSDJ">Kakatiyas</a> and captured parts of Sri Lanka. The Pandyas ruled from their capital of <a href="/facts/Madurai/TaUDwHAq">Madurai</a> and expanded trade links with other maritime empires.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Venice/5aqUw6gJ">Venetian</a> explorer <a href="/facts/Marco_Polo/5I2muKvA">Marco Polo</a> mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> The Pandyas also built a number of temples including the <a href="/facts/Meenakshi_Amman_Temple/JnSYTms2">Meenakshi Amman Temple</a> at Madurai.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> In the fourteenth century CE, the Pandyan empire was engulfed in a civil war and also faced repeated invasions by the <a href="/facts/Delhi_Sultanate/19oLzpBF">Delhi Sultanate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> In 1335, the Pandyan capital was conquered by <a href="/facts/Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan/KDmHmpty">Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan</a> and the short-lived <a href="/facts/Madurai_Sultanate/fvfUE7RG">Madurai Sultanate</a> was established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> </p> <h4>Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE)</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Vijayanagara_empire/aVcSqnBj">Vijayanagara kingdom</a> was founded in 1336 CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by c. 1370 and ruled for almost two centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> In the sixteenth century, Vijaynagara king <a href="/facts/Krishnadeva_Raya/x1pDb8z7">Krishnadeva Raya</a> was forced to intervene in the conflict between their vassals, the Cholas and the Pandyas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Nayak_dynasty/37jpKHH9">Nayak</a> governor under Raya briefly took control of Madurai before it was restored to the empire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> The Vijayanagara empire was defeated in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Talikota/6MyRN4lg">Battle of Talikota</a> in 1565 by a confederacy of <a href="/facts/Deccan_sultanates/lQ55ugKR">Deccan sultanates</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> The Nayaks, who were the military governors in the Vijaynagara empire, took control of the region amongst whom the <a href="/facts/Nayaks_of_Madurai/6UGpHpEq">Nayaks of Madurai</a> and <a href="/facts/Nayaks_of_Thanjavur/DNLfNbLc">Nayaks of Thanjavur</a> were the most prominent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> They introduced the <a href="/facts/Polygar/MsD3V9Kr">palayakkararar</a> system and re-constructed some of the temples in Tamil Nadu including the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> </p> <h4>Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE)</h4> <p>In the 18th century, the <a href="/facts/Mughal_empire/yRg2kAy5">Mughal empire</a> administered the region through the <a href="/facts/Nawab_of_the_Carnatic/0Yl8vfyv">Nawab of the Carnatic</a> with his seat at <a href="/facts/Arcot/4FPWWJbH">Arcot</a>, who defeated the Madurai Nayaks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Maratha_kingdom/lwSD5RGx">Marathas</a> <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1741)/3Pma3YNl">attacked</a> several times and defeated the Nawab after the <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1751-1752)/MB1z2tl8">Siege of Trichinopoly (1751-1752)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> This led to a short-lived <a href="/facts/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom/zp2d6JGj">Thanjavur Maratha kingdom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> Europeans started to establish trade centres from the 16th century along the eastern coast. The <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Portugal/KUUfjXpt">Portuguese</a> arrived in 1522 followed by the <a href="/facts/Dutch_people/QhHtJ2WK">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/facts/Danes/rukzp11N">Danes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> In 1639, the <a href="/facts/British_East_India_Company/jpfw533d">British East India Company</a> obtained a grant for land from the Vijayanager emperor and the <a href="/facts/French_people/984axQ8y">French</a> established trading posts at <a href="/facts/Puducherry_(city)/kRl7qwb0">Pondichéry</a> in 1693.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> After several conflicts between the British and the French, the British established themselves as the major power in the eighteenth century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> The British regained control of Madras in 1749 through the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)/0fSkFEFq">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> and resisted a <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Madras/DuXxhTjb">French siege attempt</a> in 1759.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> </p><p>The British East India Company demanded tax collection rights, which led to constant conflicts with the local Palaiyakkarars and resulted in the <a href="/facts/Polygar_Wars/5lHJgxDq">Polygar Wars</a>. <a href="/facts/Puli_Thevar/40DdsoXg">Puli Thevar</a> was one of the earliest opponents, joined later by <a href="/facts/Rani_Velu_Nachiyar/5QEQbKSH">Rani Velu Nachiyar</a> and <a href="/facts/Kattabomman/G9BPxHGE">Kattabomman</a> in the first series of Polygar wars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Maruthu_brothers/LjsXzE59">Maruthu brothers</a> along with <a href="/facts/Oomaithurai/NTYkJTKP">Oomaithurai</a>, formed a coalition with <a href="/facts/Dheeran_Chinnamalai/g0LpnegF">Dheeran Chinnamalai</a> and Kerala Varma <a href="/facts/Pazhassi_Raja/rjHwU96n">Pazhassi Raja</a>, which fought the British in the Second Polygar War.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> In the later 18th century, the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Mysore/7Yeur3m4">Mysore kingdom</a> captured parts of the region and engaged in constant fighting with the British which culminated in the four <a href="/facts/Anglo-Mysore_War/9tC8BEI5">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> By the late eighteenth century CE, the British had conquered most of the region and established the <a href="/facts/Madras_Presidency/uQQfQFAU">Madras Presidency</a> with Madras as the capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> On 10 July 1806, the <a href="/facts/Vellore_mutiny/STfyDm7K">Vellore mutiny</a>, which was the first instance of a large-scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company, took place in <a href="/facts/Vellore_Fort/qmfGPKjc">Vellore Fort</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> After the <a href="/facts/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857/CLMQM4vl">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, the <a href="/facts/British_Parliament/7bFbPI9g">British Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/facts/Government_of_India_Act_1858/Rn0023yz">Government of India Act 1858</a>, which transferred the governance of India from the East India Company to the British crown, forming the <a href="/facts/British_Raj/hBe6wvPS">British Raj</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a> </p><p>Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the <a href="/facts/Ryotwari/jeNBKHCt">Ryotwari</a> system resulted in two severe famines in the Madras Presidency, the <a href="/facts/Great_Famine_of_1876%25E2%2580%259378/LtLgoQnd">Great Famine of 1876–78</a> and the <a href="/facts/Indian_famine_of_1896%25E2%2580%259397/7j9lf9Jc">Indian famine of 1896–97</a> which killed millions and the migration of many Tamils as bonded laborers to other British countries eventually forming the present <a href="/facts/Tamil_diaspora/2TrKycvG">Tamil diaspora</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Indian_Independence_movement/0n35LRk8">Indian Independence movement</a> gathered momentum in the early 20th century with the formation of the <a href="/facts/Indian_National_Congress/Im1gQksb">Indian National Congress</a>, which was based on an idea propagated by the members of the <a href="/facts/Theosophical_Society/XNh99neb">Theosophical Society</a> movement after a Theosophical convention held in Madras in December 1884.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a> Various Tamils were contributors to the Independence movement including <a href="/facts/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai/Md3Qqm42">V. O. Chidambaram Pillai</a>, <a href="/facts/Subramaniya_Siva/9fXgvmDt">Subramaniya Siva</a> and <a href="/facts/Subramania_Bharati/E4m3oDpK">Bharatiyar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a> The Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the <a href="/facts/Indian_National_Army/fYgG1hjM">Indian National Army</a> (INA), founded by <a href="/facts/Subhas_Chandra_Bose/GqqWIG0S">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a> </p> <h4>Post Indian Independence (1947–present)</h4> <p>After the <a href="/facts/Independence_of_India/0n35LRk8">Independence of India</a> in 1947, the Madras Presidency became <a href="/facts/Madras_State/X3Uzvzmm">Madras state</a>, comprising present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of <a href="/facts/Andhra_Pradesh/d51Lb0kX">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/facts/Karnataka/NhJAc4t9">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/facts/Kerala/DMP5u40q">Kerala</a>. The state was further re-organised as a state for Tamils when the boundaries were redrawn linguistically in <a href="/facts/States_Reorganisation_Act%2c_1956/mCVUooab">1956</a> into the current shape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> On 14 January 1969, Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a> In 1965, Tamils <a href="/facts/Anti-Hindi_agitations/hePXzHbb">agitated</a> against the <a href="/facts/Imposition_of_Hindi/umhJU9Qz">imposition of Hindi</a> and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication which eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the <a href="/facts/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index/EmdHBqvc">Human Development Index</a> of the Tamils have consistently improved due to <a href="/facts/Economic_reforms_in_India/X263gAD9">reform-oriented</a> economic policies and in the 2000s, the region has become one of the most urbanized states in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a> </p> <h3>In Sri Lanka</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_Tamils/eAcUj1cD">Sri Lankan Tamils</a></p> <h4>Pre-Anuradhapura period (before fifth century CE)</h4> <p>There are various theories from scholars over the presence of Tamil people in Sri Lanka. Historian <a href="/facts/K._Indrapala/4BXjoK0s">K. Indrapala</a> states that Tamil replaced a previous language of an indigenous mesolithic population, who later became the Eelam Tamils and the cultural diffusion happened well before the arrival of <a href="/facts/Sinhalese_people/bhCygCMS">Sinhalese people</a> in Sri Lanka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a> Eelam Tamils consider themselves lineal descendants of the aboriginal <a href="/facts/Naga_people_of_Sri_Lanka/WC3UeY17">Naga</a> and <a href="/facts/Yaksha/PK7sGajX">Yaksha</a> people of Sri Lanka. A <a href="/facts/Indian_Cobra/v2x877Gf">cobra</a> totem known as <i>Nakam</i> in the Tamil language is still part of the Tamil tradition in Sri Lanka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> Remains of settlements and megalithic burial sites of people culturally similar to those of present-day Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu in modern India have been excavated at Pomparippu on the west coast and in <a href="/facts/Kathiraveli/Qhfj4gzR">Kathiraveli</a> on the east coast of the island. These epigraphical evidence have been dated to a period between fifth century BCE and second century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a> Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archeologists to the beginning of the <a href="/facts/Iron_Age/mpQYShI0">Iron Age</a> in the region around twelfth century BCE. There were specific migration routes that extended from South India to the island. These people moved further to the South of the island, and intermingled with the existent people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> </p> <h4>Anuradhapura period (4th century BCE to 10th century CE)</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Black_and_red_ware_culture/Rv8kjegB">Black and red ware</a> potsherds found in Sri Lanka from the early reign of <a href="/facts/Anuradhapura_kingdom/ufEL5mQV">Anuradhapura kingdom</a>, indicate a similar cultural connection with the people of South India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Tamil_Brahmi/vHmYf1pY">Tamil Brahmi</a> inscriptions on them indicate Tamil clan names such as <i>Parumakal</i>, <i>Ay</i>, <i>Vel</i>, <i>Utiyan</i>, <i>Ticaiyan</i>, <i>Cuda</i> and <i>Naka</i>, which points to the presence of Tamils in the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> Excavations in <a href="/facts/Poonakari/rbgTXlPH">Poonakari</a> in the north of the island have yielded several inscriptions including the mention of <i>vela</i>, a name related to <i>velirs</i> of the ancient Tamil country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> Epigraphical evidence of people identified as Damelas (the Prakrit word for Tamil people) from the second century CE have been found in <a href="/facts/Anuradhapura/knduBob0">Anuradhapura</a>, the capital city of the northern <a href="/facts/Rajarata/33a1EwUV">Rajarata</a> region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> </p><p>Historical records mention that the three Tamil kingdoms were involved in the island's affairs from second century BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a> Chola king <a href="/facts/Ellalan/8pIIe13W">Ellalan</a> captured the Anuradhapura Kingdom from 205 BCE to 161 BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> Tamil soldiers from Tamilakam came to Anuradhapura in large numbers in the seventh century CE with the local chiefs and kings relying on them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a> In the eighth century CE, various Tamil villages collectively known as <i>Demel-kaballa</i> (Tamil allotment), <i>Demelat-valademin</i> (Tamil villages), and <i>Demel-gam-bim</i> (Tamil villages and lands) were established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a> In the ninth and tenth centuries CE, Pandya and Chola incursions started in the island which culminated with the Chola annexation of the island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a> </p> <h4>Polonnaruwa and Jaffna kingdom (11th–15th century CE)</h4> <p>The Chola influence lasted until the latter half of the eleventh century CE and the Chola decline was followed by the restoration of the <a href="/facts/Polonnaruwa/u4RWwtYM">Polonnaruwa monarchy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a> In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant <a href="/facts/Aryacakravarti_dynasty/u62bAM85">Aryacakravarti dynasty</a> established the <a href="/facts/Jaffna_Kingdom/n554tFlU">Jaffna Kingdom</a> on the <a href="/facts/Jaffna/A3hT7KsD">Jaffna</a> peninsula and in parts of northern Sri Lanka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a> In the fourteenth century CE, the Aryacakaravarthi expansion into the south of the island was halted by <a href="/facts/Alagakkonara/Hr0vkAdS">Alagakkonara</a>, who belonged to a feudal family from <a href="/facts/Kanchipuram/h9IlCSjh">Kanchipuram</a> that migrated to Sri Lanka in the previous century and converted to Buddhism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a> He served as the chief minister of the Sinhalese king <a href="/facts/Parakramabahu_V/hd0n4MVn">Parakramabahu V</a> (1344–59 CE) and his descendant Vira Alakeshwara briefly became the king later before the <a href="/facts/Ming_Dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming</a> admiral <a href="/facts/Zheng_He/jdwjjNMB">Zheng He</a> overthrew him in 1409 CE after which the influence of his family declined.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka/LN2c0acd">caste structure</a> of the Sinhalese also accommodated Hindu immigrants from South India, which led to the emergence of new Sinhalese caste groups such as the <i><a href="/facts/Radala/CIWnthRK">Radala</a></i>, the <i><a href="/facts/Salagama/M0469qW1">Salagama</a></i>, the <i><a href="/facts/Durava/BGIhVmC1">Durava</a></i> and the <i><a href="/facts/Karava/2hGwQsDC">Karava</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> </p> <h4>Later conflicts and European colonization (16th–20th century CE)</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Portuguese_Ceylon/5fVXCT9u">Portuguese Ceylon</a>, <a href="/facts/Dutch_Ceylon/L7vPmkPh">Dutch Ceylon</a>, and <a href="/facts/British_Ceylon/NWNgm3LG">British Ceylon</a></p> <p>The Aryachakaravarthi dynasty continued to rule over large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until arrival of the Europeans on the island in the sixteenth century CE. Portuguese traders reached Sri Lanka by 1505 CE and the Jaffna kingdom came to the attention of Portuguese due to its presence as a logistical and strategic base for accessing the interior ruled by the <a href="/facts/Kandyan_kingdom/vRqeXvU0">Kandyan kingdom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> King <a href="/facts/Sankili_Segarajasekaran/AkaFE79T">Cankili I</a> resisted contacts with the Portuguese and repelled <a href="/facts/Paravas/I6SGFC4Q">Parava</a> <a href="/facts/Catholics/rJ4F4gqH">Catholics</a> who were brought from India to the <a href="/facts/Mannar_Island/MQLq7s0F">Mannar Island</a> to take over the lucrative pearl fisheries from the Jaffna kings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a> The wrested Mannar during the <a href="/facts/Portuguese_invasion_of_Jaffna_kingdom_(1560)/t7rhHw7A">first invasion</a> in 1560 and killed king <a href="/facts/Puvirasa_Pandaram/hn0DDBkI">Puvirasa Pandaram</a> during the <a href="/facts/Portuguese_invasion_of_Jaffna_kingdom_(1591)/EPYVnbrk">second expedition</a> in 1591.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a> After the conflicts, the Portuguese <a href="/facts/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom/GBEvntUf">secured</a> the kingdom in 1619 from the unpopular <a href="/facts/Cankili_II/w3yonkop">Cankili II</a>, who was helped by the Thanjavur Nayaks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> English sailor <a href="/facts/Robert_Knox_(sailor)/ArkT8FYx">Robert Knox</a> arrived in the island in 1669 and described the Tamil settlements in the <i><a href="/facts/An_Historical_Relation_of_the_Island_Ceylon/qF9YGLUI">An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon</a></i> published in 1681.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Dutch_Republic/PlxBXbKF">Dutch</a> captured the island later and ruled for more than a century. Following the <a href="/facts/Invasion_of_Ceylon_(1795)/FnnnEw8z">1795 invasion of the British</a> and the <a href="/facts/Kandyan_Wars/b5Q9hS8u">Kandyan Wars</a>, the island came to the control of the British in the early nineteenth century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a> Upon arrival in June 1799, <a href="/facts/Hugh_Cleghorn_(colonial_administrator)/gbpq97FL">Hugh Cleghorn</a>, the island's first British colonial secretary, wrote to the British government: "Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island. First the Sinhalese, inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts, and secondly the Tamils who possess the Northern and Eastern districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language, and manners."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> Irrespective of the ethnic differences, the British imposed a unitary state structure in <a href="/facts/British_Ceylon/NWNgm3LG">British Ceylon</a> for better administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> During the British colonial rule, Tamils held higher positions in the government and were favoured by the British for their qualification in English education. In the northern highlands, the lands of the Sinhalese were seized by the British and <a href="/facts/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka/glGkQrjo">Indian Tamils</a> were settled there as plantation workers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a> Tamils who migrated in the nineteenth century CE to work on tea plantations were later termed as the <a href="/facts/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka/glGkQrjo">Indian Tamils</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> </p> <h4>Post Sri Lankan independence (1948–present)</h4> <p>Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948 and after the colonial rule ended, ethnic tension rose between the Sinhalese, who constituted a majority, and the Tamils.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a> In 1956, the <a href="/facts/Sinhala_Only_Act/x16StDQE">Sinhala Only Act</a> designated <a href="/facts/Sinhala_language/qfPUFGYS">Sinhala</a> as the only official language of Sri Lanka, which forced many Tamils to resign as civil servants because they were not fluent in the language. The Tamils saw the act as linguistic, cultural and economic discrimination against them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> Anti-Tamil <a href="/facts/Pogrom/RFDMb1df">pogroms</a> in <a href="/facts/1956_Ceylonese_riots/B7ycQ6kP">1956</a> and <a href="/facts/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom/LLw4hP4y">1958</a> resulted in deaths of many Tamils and further escalated the conflict.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a> More than a million Indian Tamil plantation workers were made stateless after Sri Lanka refused citizenship to them. In 1964, the <a href="/facts/Government_of_Sri_Lanka/qeRVs6r3">Sri Lankan</a> and <a href="/facts/Government_of_India/BIpETqjv">Indian governments</a> entered into an agreement, based on which, about 300,000 would be granted Sri Lankan citizenship and about 975,000 Tamils would be <a href="/facts/Repatriate/qCbTlgeY">repatriated</a> to India over a period of fifteen years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a> </p><p>A new <a href="/facts/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka/QzboJChI">Constitution</a> enacted in the 1970s further discriminated against the Tamils and various state-sponsored schemes led Sinhalese settlers into Tamil populated areas. The <a href="/facts/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom/K5VRKhM7">1977 anti-Tamil pogrom</a> was followed by a crackdown against the Tamils, which curtailed their rights. Following the declaration of state of emergency in 1981, state-backed Sinhalese mobs turned on Tamils, which led many Tamils to leave the country as refugees resulting in an exodus more than half a million to India and other countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a> By the 1970s, initial non-violent political struggle for an <a href="/facts/Tamil_Eelam/A7NedmUE">independent Tamil state</a> in the <a href="/facts/Northern_Province%2c_Sri_Lanka/u9D2aRFx">north</a> and <a href="/facts/North_Eastern_Province%2c_Sri_Lanka/FKn2Tzx8">east</a> of Sri Lanka, developed into a violent secessionist insurgency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a> This led to the bloody <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_civil_war/YyVryK1a">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> for more than three decades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a> The conflict resulted in the deaths of at least 100,000 Tamils in the island and led to the flight of over 800,000 refugees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a> The war ended after the <a href="/facts/2008%25E2%2580%25932009_Sri_Lankan_Army_Northern_offensive/9tSDzNuL">Sri Lankan military offensive</a> in 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a> Since the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan state has been subject to much global criticism for violating <a href="/facts/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka/tdwprTsy">human rights</a> as a result of committing <a href="/facts/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war/Joge6DQw">war crimes</a> through bombing civilian targets, usage of heavy weaponry, the <a href="/facts/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka/Y2eodCRb">abduction</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_attacks_on_civilians_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces/34JlKX7L">massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils</a> and <a href="/facts/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka/8AoU3VDQ">sexual violence</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geographic-distribution">Geographic distribution</h2> <h3>India</h3> <p>As per the <a href="/facts/2011_Census_of_India/U4V680pf">2011 Census</a>, there were 69 million Tamil speakers, constituting about 5.7% of the Indian population. Tamils formed the majority in the <a href="/facts/South_India/XqkE3NdU">South Indian</a> state of <a href="/facts/Tamil_Nadu/ouqcjUKE">Tamil Nadu</a> (63.8 million) and the <a href="/facts/Union_territory/I3EU7LVq">union territory</a> of <a href="/facts/Puducherry_(union_territory)/5CHgSWyT">Puducherry</a> (1.1 million).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a> There were also significant Tamil population in other states of India such as <a href="/facts/Karnataka/NhJAc4t9">Karnataka</a> (2.1 million), <a href="/facts/Andhra_Pradesh/d51Lb0kX">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/facts/Telangana/oE5VoLuj">Telangana</a> (0.7 million), <a href="/facts/Maharashtra/4hAVYlb4">Maharashtra</a> (0.5 million), and <a href="/facts/Kerala/DMP5u40q">Kerala</a> (0.5 million).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sri Lanka</h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_Tamils/eAcUj1cD">Sri Lankan Tamils</a>, <a href="/facts/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka/glGkQrjo">Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_Moors/owFb5PtR">Sri Lankan Moors</a></p> <p>Tamils in Sri Lanka are classified into two ethnic groups by the <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_government/qeRVs6r3">Sri Lankan government</a>: <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_Tamils/eAcUj1cD">Sri Lankan Tamils</a>, also known as Eelam Tamils, and <a href="/facts/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka/glGkQrjo">Indian Origin Tamils</a>, who accounted for 11.2%, and 4.1% of the country's population, respectively, in 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a> The Sri Lankan Tamils (or Ceylon Tamils) are the descendants of the Tamils of the old Jaffna Kingdom and east coast chieftainships called <a href="/facts/Vannimai/pxtRBEuv">Vannimais</a>. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of laborers who migrated from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a> Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and around <a href="/facts/Colombo/dcLPUe6t">Colombo</a>, whereas most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a> Historically, both the Tamil ethnic groups have identified themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a> </p><p>There also exists a significant <a href="/facts/Tamil_Muslim/uWycnSw8">Tamil Muslim</a> population in Sri Lanka. However, they are listed as a separate entity under the <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_Moor/owFb5PtR">Moors</a> by the government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a> However, genealogical evidence suggests that most of the Sri Lankan Moor community are of Tamil ethnicity, and that the majority of their ancestors were also Tamils who had lived in the country for generations, and had converted to Islam from other faiths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a> </p> <h3>Tamil diaspora</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Tamil_diaspora/2TrKycvG">Tamil diaspora</a> and <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora/BtsvsGUy">Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Tamil_Malaysians/Tyzz6Nbb">Tamil Malaysians</a>, <a href="/facts/Tamil_South_Africans/7Y663P0c">Tamil South Africans</a>, <a href="/facts/Tamil_Canadians/IuYVNlQ2">Tamil Canadians</a>, <a href="/facts/Tamil_British/T7Ab8Kmp">Tamil British</a>, <a href="/facts/Tamil_Americans/XYC1LSob">Tamil Americans</a>, <a href="/facts/Tamil_Indonesian/zV5bcYIz">Tamil Indonesian</a>, <a href="/facts/Myanmar_Tamils/Rqp0kKvh">Myanmar Tamils</a>, <a href="/facts/Tamils_in_R%25C3%25A9union/5VKtCRIP">Tamils in Réunion</a>, and <a href="/facts/Malbars/5VKtCRIP">Malbars</a></p> <p>Significant emigration from Indian subcontinent began in the late 18th century, when the Tamils went as <a href="/facts/Indian_indenture_system/Xyv8CKU1">indentured labourers</a> and established businesses in other territories under the control of the British empire such as <a href="/facts/British_Malaya/SwMnjlFx">Malaya</a>, <a href="/facts/Burma/zcqQH2oE">Burma</a>, <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>, <a href="/facts/Fiji/JU8Hs8WH">Fiji</a>, <a href="/facts/Mauritius/lVUARna5">Mauritius</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Caribbean/zRI9aMCh">Caribbean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a> The descendants of these Tamils continued to live in these countries, and practice their original culture, tradition and language. They form significant proportion of the population in <a href="/facts/Tamil_Malaysians/Tyzz6Nbb">Malaysia</a> (7%) and <a href="/facts/Indian_Singaporeans/5900kpgf">Singapore</a> (5%).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a> A significant population also exists in South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, as well as other regions such as the Southeast Asia and the Caribbean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a> However, <a href="/facts/Immigrant_generations/M342RoDQ">subsequent generations</a> might not speak the language as a <a href="/facts/Mother-tongue/1yK3tnLb">mother tongue</a>, but instead as a <a href="/facts/Second_language/aUqAzeNK">second</a> or <a href="/facts/Third_language_acquisition/Mz2qLBDg">third language</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a> </p><p>There is a small <a href="/facts/Tamils_in_Pakistan/cSkNb1Ec">Tamil community in Pakistan</a>, notably settled since the <a href="/facts/Partition_of_India/c8xmUWfG">partition</a> in 1947.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a> Since the 20th century, Tamils have migrated to other regions such as <a href="/facts/Middle_East/8CD6pLWv">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/facts/Western_World/UQl4e7du">Western World</a> for employment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a> A large emigration of Sri Lankan Tamils began in the 1980s, as they sought to escape the ethnic conflict there.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a> The largest concentration of Eelam Tamils outside Sri Lanka is found in <a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canada</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="culture">Culture</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Tamil_culture/jtrTv20E">Tamil culture</a></p> <h3>Language</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil language</a> and <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects/DfKQm5bP">Sri Lankan Tamil dialects</a></p> <p>Tamil people speak <a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/facts/Dravidian_languages/s8pMU64e">Dravidian languages</a> and is one of the oldest <a href="/facts/Classical_language_of_India/6XDhJrTq">classical languages</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a> According to epigraphist <a href="/facts/Iravatham_Mahadevan/8pwQe2fy">Iravatham Mahadevan</a>, the rudimentary <a href="/facts/Tamil_Brahmi/vHmYf1pY">Tamil Brahmi</a> script originated in South India in the 3rd century BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a> Though the old Tamil preserved features of <a href="/facts/Proto-Dravidian/z4JTp8mW">Proto-Dravidian</a> language,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a> modern-day spoken Tamil uses <a href="/facts/Loanword/PWGYczgY">loanwords</a> from other languages such as <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a> The existent Tamil grammar is largely based on the grammar book <i><a href="/facts/Na%25E1%25B9%2589%25E1%25B9%2589%25C5%25ABl/UGYU4XQd">Naṉṉūl</a></i> which incorporates facets from the old Tamil literary work <i><a href="/facts/Tolk%25C4%2581ppiyam/RXe6FDEz">Tolkāppiyam</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a> Since the later part of the 19th century, Tamils made the language as a key part of the Tamil identity and the language is personified in the form of <i>Tamil̲taay</i> ("Tamil mother").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a> Various <a href="/facts/Variety_(linguistics)/QyllMQha">varieties</a> of Tamil is spoken by the Tamils across regions such as <a href="/facts/Madras_Bashai/DEABR46E">Madras Bashai</a>, <a href="/facts/Kongu_Tamil/R83KVLUw">Kongu Tamil</a>, <a href="/facts/Madurai_Tamil/BPf7uWuA">Madurai Tamil</a>, <a href="/facts/Nellai_Tamil/45o7VqQ6">Nellai Tamil</a>, Kumari Tamil and various <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects/DfKQm5bP">Sri Lankan Tamil dialects</a> such as Batticaloa Tamil, Jaffna Tamil and Negombo Tamil in Sri Lanka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a> </p> <h3>Literature</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Tamil_literature/9v9aBT2y">Tamil literature</a> and <a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_literature/rYKwVqJR">Sri Lankan Tamil literature</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Sangam_literature/xQaCAxcM">Tamil literature</a> is of considerable antiquity compared to the contemporary literature from other Indian languages and represents one of the oldest bodies of literature in South Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a> The earliest epigraphic records have been dated to around the 3rd century BCE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a> Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as <a href="/facts/Tamil_Sangams/RgqyLUtR">Tamil Sangams</a>, the earliest of which destroyed by floods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a> The Sangam literature was broadly classified into three divisions: <i>iyal</i> (poetry), <i>isai</i> (music) and <i>nadagam</i> (drama).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a> The early Tamil literature was compiled and classified into two categories: <i><a href="/facts/Eighteen_Greater_Texts/ryfWYcNL">Patinenmelkanakku</a></i> ("Eighteen Greater Texts") consisting of the <i><a href="/facts/Eight_Anthologies/feCBBWhW">Ettuttokai</a></i> ("Eight Anthologies") and the <i><a href="/facts/Ten_Idylls/eztPXEhj">Pattuppattu</a></i> ("Ten Idylls"), and the <i><a href="/facts/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts/wdDhm8MF">Patinenkilkanakku</a></i> ("Eighteen Lesser Texts").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a> </p><p>The Tamil literature that followed in the next 300 years after the Sangam period is generally called the "post-Sangam" literature which included the <a href="/facts/Five_Great_Epics/F1uWnbFq">Five Great Epics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a> Another book of the post Sangam era is the <i><a href="/facts/Tirukkural/00BmMRYf">Tirukkural</a></i>, a book on ethics, by <a href="/facts/Thiruvalluvar/7vbnz81g">Thiruvalluvar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a> In the beginning of the <a href="/facts/Middle_age/RqzEKB9v">middle age</a>, <a href="/facts/Vaishnava/zUBtPcla">Vaishnava</a> and <a href="/facts/Saiva/jRkUxQFq">Saiva</a> literature became prominent following the <a href="/facts/Bhakti_movement/yASKGhTd">Bhakti movement</a> in 7th century CE with hymns composed by <a href="/facts/Alwars/zqxSrvhX">Alwars</a> and <a href="/facts/Nayanmars/5UXwkMTb">Nayanmars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a> Notable work from the post-Bhakti period included <i><a href="/facts/Ramavataram/607wIcf0">Ramavataram</a></i> by <a href="/facts/Kambar_(poet)/y4DtnJ0a">Kambar</a> in 12th century CE and <i><a href="/facts/Thiruppugazh/BWB6DKc0">Tiruppugal</a></i> by <a href="/facts/Arunagirinathar/gP18wsUQ">Arunagirinathar</a> in 15th century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a> In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named <i>Thambiraan Vanakkam</i>, thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Tamil_Lexicon/fXKhKrUB">Tamil Lexicon</a></i>, published by the <a href="/facts/University_of_Madras/vvlyBhKI">University of Madras</a> between 1924 and 1939, was amongst the first comprehensive <a href="/facts/Dictionary/klg2kL06">dictionaries</a> published in the language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a> The 19th century gave rise to <a href="/facts/Tamil_Renaissance/7wMPmxaa">Tamil Renaissance</a> and writings and poems by authors such as <a href="/facts/Meenakshi_Sundaram_Pillai/L9Dvjxdc">Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai</a>, <a href="/facts/U.V.Swaminatha_Iyer/IRYePY3m">U.V.Swaminatha Iyer</a>, <a href="/facts/C._W._Thamotharampillai/29R2btJM">Damodaram Pillai</a>, <a href="/facts/V._Kanakasabhai/HEK0EorJ">V. Kanakasabhai</a> and others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a> During the <a href="/facts/Indian_Independence_Movement/0n35LRk8">Indian Independence Movement</a>, many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, notably <a href="/facts/Bharathiar/E4m3oDpK">Bharathiar</a> and <a href="/facts/Bharathidasan/wLaWBudx">Bharathidasan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a> </p> <h3>Art and architecture</h3> <p>According to Tamil literature, there are 64 art forms called <i><a href="/facts/Kal%25C4%2581/GPv36gX3">aayakalaigal</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a> The art is classified into two broad categories: <i>kavin kalaigal</i> (beautiful art forms) which include architecture, sculpture, painting and poetry and <i>nun kalaigal</i> (fine art forms) which include dance, music and drama.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a> </p> <h4>Architecture</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Dravidian_architecture/CQbu2RHK">Dravidian architecture</a> is the distinct style of architecture of the Tamils. The large <i><a href="/facts/Gopuram/AnykgqQK">gopurams</a></i>, which are monumental ornate towers at the entrance of the temples form a prominent feature of <a href="/facts/Koil/dS54Xnfl">Hindu temples</a> of the Dravidian style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a> They are topped by <i><a href="/facts/Kalasam/1noCXdKr">kalasams</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Finial/X5MgxgSw">finials</a>) and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a> There are a number of early <a href="/facts/Indian_rock-cut_architecture/v6D4tynG">rock-cut</a> cave-temples established by the various Tamil kingdoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252"><sup>252</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253"><sup>253</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram/o86wu1GJ">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram</a>, built by the <a href="/facts/Pallava_art_and_architecture/ydeq07Te">Pallavas</a> in the 7th and 8th centuries has more than forty rock-cut temples, monoliths and <a href="/facts/Rock_relief/IlGc0S3k">rock reliefs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254"><sup>254</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255"><sup>255</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256"><sup>256</sup></a> The Pallavas, who built the group of monuments in <a href="/facts/Mahabalipuram/xAo7GnAs">Mahabalipuram</a> and <a href="/facts/Kanchipuram/h9IlCSjh">Kanchipuram</a>, were one of the earliest patronisers of the Dravidian architectural style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257"><sup>257</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258"><sup>258</sup></a> These gateways became regular features in the <a href="/facts/Chola_art_and_architecture/0XuadRtn">Cholas</a> and the <a href="/facts/Pandyan_art_and_architecture/JfNkJ5Pk">Pandya architecture</a>, was later expanded by the Vijayanagara and the <a href="/facts/Madurai_Nayaks/6UGpHpEq">Nayaks</a> and spread to other parts such as Sri Lanka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259"><sup>259</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260"><sup>260</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261"><sup>261</sup></a> There are more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262"><sup>262</sup></a> The influence of Tamil culture had led to the construction of various temples outside India by the Tamil dispora.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263"><sup>263</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264"><sup>264</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Mugal_Empire/yRg2kAy5">Mugal</a> influence in medieval times and the <a href="/facts/British_Empire/hrsz0j7A">British</a> influence later gave rise to a blend of <a href="/facts/Hindu/D7TFhcg1">Hindu</a>, <a href="/facts/Islamic/zDLbL45C">Islamic</a> and <a href="/facts/Gothic_revival/gWJmqCH1">Gothic revival</a> styles, resulting in the distinct <a href="/facts/Indo-Saracenic/pTrTdxjf">Indo-Saracenic</a> architecture with several institutions during the British era following the style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265"><sup>265</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266"><sup>266</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267"><sup>267</sup></a> By the early 20th century, the <a href="/facts/Art_deco/y1xFeh9t">art deco</a> made its entry upon in the urban landscape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268"><sup>268</sup></a> In the later part of the century, the architecture witnessed a rise in the <a href="/facts/Modernism/AfPDL45X">modern</a> <a href="/facts/Concrete/K6whGVNx">concrete</a> buildings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269"><sup>269</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270"><sup>270</sup></a> </p> <h4>Sculpture and paintings</h4> <p>Tamil sculpture ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed <a href="/facts/Bronze/YCYCVIKt">bronze</a> icons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271"><sup>271</sup></a> The bronze statues of the Cholas are considered to be one of the greatest contributions of Tamil art.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272"><sup>272</sup></a> Models made of a special mixture of <a href="/facts/Beeswax/dLxg45jP">beeswax</a> and <a href="/facts/Sal_tree/u5LohDuS">sal tree</a> <a href="/facts/Resin/r1uVThQ8">resin</a> were encased in clay and fired to melt the wax leaving a hollow mould, which would then be filled with molten metal and cooled to produce bronze statues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273"><sup>273</sup></a> Tamil paintings are usually centered around natural, religious or aesthetic themes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274"><sup>274</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sittanavasal_Cave/W479EugC">Sittanavasal</a> is a rock-cut <a href="/facts/Monastery/t8MRXpsM">monastery</a> and temple attributed to Pandyas and Pallavas which consist of <a href="/facts/Fresco/oj49kcQa">frescoes</a> and <a href="/facts/Mural/NKJCN7zK">murals</a> from the 7th century CE, painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in over a thin wet surface of lime plaster.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275"><sup>275</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276"><sup>276</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277"><sup>277</sup></a> Similar murals are found in temple walls, the most notable examples are the murals on the <a href="/facts/Ranganathaswamy_Temple%2c_Srirangam/LXJWVcwx">Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam</a> and the Brihadeeswarar temple at Thanjavur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278"><sup>278</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279"><sup>279</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280"><sup>280</sup></a> One of the major forms of Tamil painting is <a href="/facts/Thanjavur_painting/3rTsqBtR">Thanjavur painting</a>, which originated in the 16th century CE where a base made of cloth and coated with <a href="/facts/Zinc_oxide/P7sTyDez">zinc oxide</a> is painted using dyes and then decorated with semi-precious stones, as well as silver or gold threads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281"><sup>281</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282"><sup>282</sup></a> </p> <h4>Music</h4> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Music_of_Tamil_Nadu/2ChrXVjt">Music of Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/facts/Ancient_Tamil_music/0BKbakd1">Ancient Tamil music</a></p> <p>The ancient Tamil country had its own <a href="/facts/Ancient_Tamil_music/0BKbakd1">system of music</a> called <i>Tamil Pannisai</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283"><sup>283</sup></a> Sangam literature such as the <i><a href="/facts/Silappatikaram/xs967aST">Silappatikaram</a></i> from 2nd century CE describes music notes and instruments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284"><sup>284</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285"><sup>285</sup></a> A Pallava inscription dated to the 7th century CE has one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286"><sup>286</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287"><sup>287</sup></a> The Pallava inscriptions from the period describe the playing of <a href="/facts/String_instrument/srW2H8dV">string instrument</a> <a href="/facts/Veena/LrbUhrwg">veena</a> as a form of exercise for the fingers and the practice of singing musical hymns (<i>Thirupadigam</i>) in temples. From the 9th century CE, Shaivite hymns <i><a href="/facts/Thevaram/a4bKqdr4">Thevaram</a></i> and Vaishnavite hymns (<i><a href="/facts/Tiruvaymoli/qY88VXwK">Tiruvaymoli</a></i>) were sung along with playing of musical instruments. <a href="/facts/Carnatic_music/0vqePmMf">Carnatic music</a> originated later which included rhythmic and structured music by composers such <a href="/facts/Thyagaraja/nsDW48fz">Thyagaraja</a>, <a href="/facts/Muthuswami_Dikshitar/BoTxtcr0">Muthuswami Dikshitar</a>, and <a href="/facts/Shyama_Shastri/bBBP1oc3">Shyama Shastri</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288"><sup>288</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289"><sup>289</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Villu_Paatu/0VSYfFR9">Villu Paatu</a> is an ancient form of musical story-telling method where narration is interspersed with music played from a string bow and accompanying instruments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290"><sup>290</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291"><sup>291</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Gaana/AWt9eMSn">Gaana</a>, a combination of various folk musics is sung mainly in Chennai.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292"><sup>292</sup></a> </p><p>There are many traditional instruments from the region dating back to the Sangam period such as <a href="/facts/Parai/EezUN4Ck">parai</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293"><sup>293</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Tharai/eRtmEoFu">tharai</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294"><sup>294</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Yazh/5EY8M4Sn">yazh</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295"><sup>295</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Murasu/zMoYrDqV">murasu</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296"><sup>296</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297"><sup>297</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Nadaswaram/zIddzJGh">Nadaswaram</a>, a <a href="/facts/Reed_instrument/DNNzeueB">reed instrument</a> that is often accompanied by the <a href="/facts/Thavil/neLX2eKg">thavil</a>, a type of <a href="/facts/Drum_instrument/YIPLomXA">drum instrument</a> are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298"><sup>298</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Melam/2FAPnh8B">Melam</a> is from a group of <a href="/facts/Madhalam/j9vaKxS5">percussion instruments</a> from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events and functions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299"><sup>299</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300"><sup>300</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301"><sup>301</sup></a> </p> <h4>Performance arts</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu/AFpBA7EL">Dance forms of Tamil Nadu</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Bharatanatyam/VHI98YPI">Bharatanatyam</a> is a major genre of <a href="/facts/Indian_classical_dance/BCkc0sYH">Indian classical dance</a> that originated from the Tamils.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302"><sup>302</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303"><sup>303</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304"><sup>304</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305"><sup>305</sup></a> It is one of the oldest classical dance forms of India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306"><sup>306</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307"><sup>307</sup></a> There are many <a href="/facts/Folk_dance/Cm3n3yTj">folk dance</a> forms that originated and are practiced in the region. Major folk dance forms include <a href="/facts/Karakattam/spMe9gAH">Karakattam</a> and <a href="/facts/Kavadi_Aattam/BV39ewqx">Kavadiattam</a> which involve dancers balancing decorated pot(s) on their heads and arch shaped wooden sticks on their shoulders respectively while making dance movements with the body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308"><sup>308</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309"><sup>309</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310"><sup>310</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311"><sup>311</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Kolattam/2t66TPFb">Kolattam</a> and <a href="/facts/Kummi/2t66TPFb">Kummi</a> are usually performed by women while singing songs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312"><sup>312</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313"><sup>313</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314"><sup>314</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315"><sup>315</sup></a> In dances like <a href="/facts/Mayilattam/S5PQBEES">Mayilattam</a>, <a href="/facts/Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam/YxodxtCa">Puravaiattam</a>, and <a href="/facts/Puliyattam/FFVUnS9x">Puliyattam</a>, dancers dress like <a href="/facts/Indian_peafowl/3gCmv0HJ">peacocks</a>, <a href="/facts/Horses/uQ3FA0Ak">horses</a> and <a href="/facts/Bengal_tiger/munL9mS8">tigers</a> respectively and headdresses perform movements imitating the animals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316"><sup>316</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317"><sup>317</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318"><sup>318</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319"><sup>319</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320"><sup>320</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321"><sup>321</sup></a> Other traditional dance forms include the war dance <a href="/facts/Oyilattam/MkAqgxdd">Oyilattam</a> and <a href="/facts/Parai_Attam/SxYVS8Wz">Paraiattam</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322"><sup>322</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323"><sup>323</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324"><sup>324</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Koothu/eJ5IfnNQ">Koothu</a> is a form of street theater that consists of a play performance which consists of dance along with music, narration and singing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325"><sup>325</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326"><sup>326</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Bommalattam/Ycankv2o">Bommalattam</a> is a type of <a href="/facts/Puppetry/eIC58sLA">puppetry</a> that uses various <a href="/facts/Marionette/MwbrF0dI">doll marionettes</a> manipulated by rods and strings attached to them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327"><sup>327</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328"><sup>328</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329"><sup>329</sup></a> </p> <h4>Martial arts</h4> <p><a href="/facts/Silambattam/H649jtLr">Silambattam</a> is a <a href="/facts/Indian_martial_arts/Q3tvr3r5">martial dance</a> using a <i><a href="/facts/Silambam/H649jtLr">silambam</a></i>, a long staff of about 168 cm (66 in) in length, often made of wood such as bamboo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330"><sup>330</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331"><sup>331</sup></a> It was used for self-defense and to ward off animals and later evolved into a martial art and dance form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332"><sup>332</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Adimurai/KyDjHH5C">Adimurai</a> (or Kuttu varisai) is a martial art specializing in empty-hand techniques and application on vital points of the body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333"><sup>333</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334"><sup>334</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335"><sup>335</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Varma_kalai/wFUJIqBF">Varma kalai</a> is a Tamil traditional art of vital points which combines alternative medicine and martial arts, attributed to sage <a href="/facts/Agastya/vXT8Qm03">Agastiyar</a> and might form part of the training of other martial arts such as silambattam, adimurai or <a href="/facts/Kalaripayattu/CsUfXjeU">kalari</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336"><sup>336</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Malyutham/nREBMDGr">Malyutham</a> is the traditional form of combat-wrestling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337"><sup>337</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338"><sup>338</sup></a> </p><p>Tamil martial arts uses various types of weapons such as <a href="/facts/Valari/SXaertK7">valari</a> (iron sickle), <a href="/facts/Maduvu/suH0DXpV">maduvu</a> (deer horns), <a href="/facts/Sword/HoomVtF9">vaal</a> (sword) and <a href="/facts/Shield/aAg2QHer">kedayam</a> (shield), <a href="/facts/Urumi/yuY8Mlrk">surul vaal</a> (curling blade), <a href="/facts/Spear/CAs47lgJ">itti</a> or <a href="/facts/Vel/PCWpMr06">vel</a> (spear), <a href="/facts/Savuku/CEYYUY78">savuku</a> (whip), <a href="/facts/Katar_(dagger)/FrEfps0P">kattari</a> (fist blade), <a href="/facts/Aruval/rVUC91ya">aruval</a> (machete), silambam (bamboo staff), <a href="/facts/Knuckleduster/GtFtC5UA">kuttu katai</a> (spiked knuckleduster), <a href="/facts/Dagger/bKxEtuKD">kathi</a> (dagger), <a href="/facts/Bow_and_arrow/Ch6Thysp">vil ambu</a> (bow and arrow), <a href="/facts/Gada_(mace)/M6n357Rn">tantayutam</a> (mace), <a href="/facts/Trishula/TGX7eQ3G">soolam</a> (trident), <a href="/facts/Valari/SXaertK7">valari</a> (boomerang), <a href="/facts/Discus/gotog2wD">chakaram</a> (discus) and theepandam (flaming baton).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339"><sup>339</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340"><sup>340</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Wootz_steel/vVsqg46c">Wootz steel</a> used to make weapons, originated in the mid-1st millennium BCE in South India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341"><sup>341</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342"><sup>342</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343"><sup>343</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344"><sup>344</sup></a> Locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating wootz steel from the Cheras and the later trade introduced it to other parts of the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345"><sup>345</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346"><sup>346</sup></a> Since the early Sangam age, war was regarded as an honourable sacrifice and fallen heroes and kings were worshipped with <a href="/facts/Hero_stone/kPRrm0rB">hero stones</a> and heroic <a href="/facts/Martyrdom/JYxRcEzz">martyrdom</a> was glorified in ancient Tamil literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347"><sup>347</sup></a> Defeated kings committed <i><a href="/facts/Vatakkiruttal/jESreNzU">Vatakkiruttal</a></i>, a form of ritual suicide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348"><sup>348</sup></a> </p> <h4>Modern arts</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Tamil_cinema/PHhonhgw">Tamil cinema</a> and <a href="/facts/Tamil_television_soap_opera/wmKSoVWQ">Tamil television soap opera</a></p> <p>The Tamil film industry nicknamed as <a href="/facts/Kollywood/PHhonhgw">Kollywood</a> and is one of the largest industries of film production in India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349"><sup>349</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350"><sup>350</sup></a> Independent Tamil film production have also originated outside India in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Canada, and western Europe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351"><sup>351</sup></a> The concept of "Tent Cinema" was introduced in the early 1900s, in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352"><sup>352</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353"><sup>353</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354"><sup>354</sup></a> The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first Tamil talkie film was <i><a href="/facts/Kalidas_(film)/PNuWs9Vc">Kalidas</a></i>, which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after the release of India's first talking picture <i><a href="/facts/Alam_Ara/oCB8ld2g">Alam Ara</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355"><sup>355</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356"><sup>356</sup></a> </p> <h3>Clothing</h3> <p>Ancient literature and epigraphical records describe the various types of dresses worn by Tamil people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357"><sup>357</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358"><sup>358</sup></a> Tamil women traditionally wear a <i><a href="/facts/Sari/06V2KWyh">sari</a></i>, a garment that consists of a drape varying from 4.6 m (15 ft) to 8.2 m (27 ft) in length and 0.61 m (2 ft) to 1.2 m (4 ft) in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359"><sup>359</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360"><sup>360</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361"><sup>361</sup></a> Women wear colourful <a href="/facts/Silk_saree/06V2KWyh">silk sarees</a> on traditional occasions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362"><sup>362</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363"><sup>363</sup></a> Young girls wear a long skirt called <i>pavaadai</i> along with a shorter length sari called <i>dhavani</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364"><sup>364</sup></a> The men wear a <i><a href="/facts/Dhoti/J7a1hLvX">dhoti</a></i>, a 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes which is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365"><sup>365</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366"><sup>366</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367"><sup>367</sup></a> A colourful <i><a href="/facts/Lungi/jKsQ1LQN">lungi</a></i> with typical <a href="/facts/Batik/gzNjRaE3">batik</a> patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368"><sup>368</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369"><sup>369</sup></a> People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370"><sup>370</sup></a> </p> <h3>Calendar</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Tamil_calendar/QMmJzNId">Tamil calendar</a></p> <p>The Tamil calendar is a <a href="/facts/Sidereal_time/2JAVf8dy">sidereal</a> <a href="/facts/Solar_calendar/HWCAWfpX">solar calendar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371"><sup>371</sup></a> The <i>Tamil <a href="/facts/Panchangam/IURBDDTS">Panchangam</a></i> is based on the same and is generally used in contemporary times to check auspicious times for cultural and religious events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372"><sup>372</sup></a> The calendar follows a 60-year cycle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373"><sup>373</sup></a> There are 12 months in a year starting with <i><a href="/facts/Chithirai/QMmJzNId">Chithirai</a></i> when the <a href="/facts/Sun/CadPCVHh">Sun</a> enters the first <i><a href="/facts/R%25C4%2581%25C5%259Bi/v7sWp0ef">Rāśi</a></i> and the number of days in a month varies between 29 and 32.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374"><sup>374</sup></a> The new year starts following the <a href="/facts/March_equinox/27hlaADj">March equinox</a> in the middle of April.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375"><sup>375</sup></a> The days of week (<i>kiḻamai</i>) in the Tamil calendar relate to the celestial bodies in the <a href="/facts/Solar_System/QIcLSazQ">Solar System</a>: <a href="/facts/Sun/CadPCVHh">Sun</a>, <a href="/facts/Moon/zKHqEMPb">Moon</a>, <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>, <a href="/facts/Mercury_(planet)/lVa1GIyX">Mercury</a>, <a href="/facts/Jupiter/95m7XjMT">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/facts/Venus/pADnueP6">Venus</a>, and <a href="/facts/Saturn/D54LcGJ9">Saturn</a>, in that order.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376"><sup>376</sup></a> </p> <h3>Food and hospitality</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Tamil_cuisine/8NJVMTVE">Tamil cuisine</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Hospitality/qDosfg6c">Hospitality</a> is a major feature of Tamil culture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377"><sup>377</sup></a> It was considered as a social obligation and offering food to guests was regarded as one of the highest virtues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378"><sup>378</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379"><sup>379</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Rice/wvL1hBCz">Rice</a> is the diet staple and is served with <a href="/facts/Sambar_(dish)/jjqx33jA">sambar</a>, <a href="/facts/Rasam_(dish)/9RXmomVS">rasam</a>, and <a href="/facts/Poriyal/H6IX1yST">poriyal</a> as a part of a Tamil meal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380"><sup>380</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381"><sup>381</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Bananas/D6r2qPPq">Bananas</a> find mention in the Sangam literature and the traditional way of eating a meal involves having the food served on a <a href="/facts/Banana_leaf/cGLbc3Id">banana leaf</a>, which is discarded after the meal. Eating on banana leaves imparts a unique flavor to the food, and is considered healthy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382"><sup>382</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383"><sup>383</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384"><sup>384</sup></a> Food is usually eaten seated on the floor and the finger tips of the right hand is used to take the food to the mouth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385"><sup>385</sup></a> </p><p>There are regional sub-varieties namely Chettinadu, Kongunadu, Nanjilnadu, Pandiyanadu and Sri Lankan Tamil cuisines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386"><sup>386</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387"><sup>387</sup></a> There are both vegetarian and meat dishes with <a href="/facts/Fish/fln4gH9V">fish</a> traditionally consumed across the coast and other meat preferred in the interiors. The Chettinadu cuisine is popular for its meat based dishes and generous usage of <a href="/facts/Spices/n6K7m0nq">spices</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388"><sup>388</sup></a> The Kongunadu cuisine uses less spices and are generally cooked fresh. It uses <a href="/facts/Coconut/RUYNhNo2">coconut</a>, <a href="/facts/Sesame_seeds/mt1fttR6">sesame seeds</a>, <a href="/facts/Arachis_hypogaea/dMd0XWsu">groundnut</a>, and <a href="/facts/Turmeric/AYaT2xUs">turmeric</a> to go with various cereals and pulses grown in the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389"><sup>389</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390"><sup>390</sup></a> Nanjilnadu cuisine is milder and is usually based on fish and vegetables.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391"><sup>391</sup></a> Sri Lankan Tamil cuisine uses <a href="/facts/Gingelly_oil/3jLjqRnN">gingelly oil</a> and <a href="/facts/Jaggery/bkL47BU8">jaggery</a> along with coconut and spices, which differentiates it from the other culinary traditions in the island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392"><sup>392</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Biryani/Yme43FmK">Biryani</a> is a popular dish with several different versions prepared across various regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393"><sup>393</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Idli/VazWFBdK">Idli</a>, and <a href="/facts/Dosa_(food)/RjK4Hq8W">dosa</a> are popular breakfast dishes and other dishes cooked by to the Tamil people include <a href="/facts/Upma/4NnSqX8W">upma</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394"><sup>394</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Idiappam/dvtDsGes">idiappam</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395"><sup>395</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Pongal_(dish)/LzyJgB5n">pongal</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396"><sup>396</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Paniyaram/YLuyIQk4">paniyaram</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397"><sup>397</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Parotta/8T6SaNU2">parotta</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398"><sup>398</sup></a> </p> <h3>Medicine</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Siddha_medicine/Cluo11T3">Siddha medicine</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Siddha_medicine/Cluo11T3">Siddha medicine</a> is a form of <a href="/facts/Traditional_medicine/WLUmXCHz">traditional medicine</a> originating from the Tamils and is one of the oldest systems of medicine in India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399"><sup>399</sup></a> The word literally means perfection in Tamil and the system focuses on wholesome treatment based on various factors. As per Tamil tradition, the knowledge of Siddha medicine came from <a href="/facts/Shiva/SaHL5XBS">Shiva</a>, which was passed on to 18 holy men known as <i><a href="/facts/Siddhar/xTUXdCBl">Siddhar</a></i> led by <a href="/facts/Agastya/vXT8Qm03">Agastya</a>. The knowledge was then passed on orally and through palm leaf manuscripts to the later generations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400"><sup>400</sup></a> Siddha practitioners believe that all objects including the human body is composed of five basic elements – earth, water, fire, air, sky which are present in food and other compounds, which is used as the basis for the drugs and other therapies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401"><sup>401</sup></a> </p> <h3>Festivals</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Pongal_(festival)/CRUw9RdL">Pongal</a> is a major and multi-day <a href="/facts/Harvest_festival/KxfnKq1u">harvest festival</a> celebrated by Tamils in the month of <a href="/facts/Thai_month/QMmJzNId">Thai</a> according to the <a href="/facts/Tamil_calendar/QMmJzNId">Tamil solar calendar</a> (usually falls on 14 or 15 January).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402"><sup>402</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403"><sup>403</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404"><sup>404</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405"><sup>405</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Puthandu/a5SfU38C">Puthandu</a> is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the <a href="/facts/Tamil_calendar/QMmJzNId">Tamil calendar</a> and falls on in April every year on the <a href="/facts/Gregorian_calendar/axJfTXV1">Gregorian calendar</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406"><sup>406</sup></a> Other major festivals include <a href="/facts/Karthika_Deepam/35nnAWn2">Karthikai Deepam</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407"><sup>407</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408"><sup>408</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Thaipusam/HTEyUdG1">Thaipusam</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409"><sup>409</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410"><sup>410</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Panguni_Uthiram/lVyeuzDf">Panguni Uthiram</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411"><sup>411</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412"><sup>412</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Vaikasi_Visakam/1KDRRSJK">Vaikasi Visakam</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413"><sup>413</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Aadi_Perukku/W5oB2TsE">Aadi Perukku</a> is a Tamil cultural festival celebrated in the Tamil month of <a href="/facts/Tamil_calendar/QMmJzNId">Adi</a> and the worship of <a href="/facts/Mariamman/K9pUSVFD">Amman</a> and <a href="/facts/Ayyanar/BXf1omxh">Ayyanar</a> deities are organized during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414"><sup>414</sup></a> Other festivals celebrated include <a href="/facts/Ganesh_Chaturthi/1B4bjvwR">Ganesh Chaturthi</a>, <a href="/facts/Navarathri/edpyYXLY">Navarathri</a>, <a href="/facts/Deepavali/LdhcIQrj">Deepavali</a>, <a href="/facts/Eid_al-Fitr/C1brNDJX">Eid al-Fitr</a> and <a href="/facts/Christmas/EsuI0Gds">Christmas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415"><sup>415</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416"><sup>416</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417"><sup>417</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sports</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu/cQ8u0ysG">Sports in Tamil Nadu</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/Jallikattu/yRkxNCFz">Jallikattu</a> is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418"><sup>418</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419"><sup>419</sup></a> It has been practised since Sangam period with the aim of keeping people fit. Proficiency in the sport was considered a virtue while untamable bulls were held as a pride of the owner.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420"><sup>420</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421"><sup>421</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Kabaddi/GRIzCtxk">Kabaddi</a> is a traditional contact sport that originated from the Tamils.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422"><sup>422</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423"><sup>423</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Chess/47ykvkHF">Chess</a> is a popular <a href="/facts/Board_game/ctkuzWJU">board game</a> which originated as <a href="/facts/Chaturanga/P6x2SD7G">Sathurangam</a> in the 7th century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424"><sup>424</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Traditional_games_of_India/Xw5pRF2C">Traditional games</a> like <a href="/facts/Pallanguzhi/FYmjD01n">Pallanguzhi</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425"><sup>425</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu/cQ8u0ysG">Uriyadi</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426"><sup>426</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Gillidanda/2V9cGhpa">Gillidanda</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427"><sup>427</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Pachisi/J5ILMSGN">Dhaayam</a> are played across the region.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428"><sup>428</sup></a> In modern times, <a href="/facts/Cricket/tjuTASkU">Cricket</a> is the most popular sport.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429"><sup>429</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="religion">Religion</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Religion_in_ancient_Tamil_country/wHApFQKC">Religion in ancient Tamil country</a>, <a href="/facts/Dravidian_folk_religion/2X9baURa">Dravidian folk religion</a>, and <a href="/facts/Vaishnavism_in_Ancient_Tamilakam/TsyN6UpQ">Vaishnavism in Ancient Tamilakam</a></p> <p>As per the Sangam literature, the <a href="/facts/Sangam_landscape/qA6vI930">Sangam landscape</a> was classified into five categories known as <i>thinais</i>, which were associated with a <a href="/facts/Hinduism/oxV9YvQh">Hindu</a> deity: <a href="/facts/Murugan/yKmwcMhS">Murugan</a> in <i>kurinji</i> (hills), <a href="/facts/Thirumal/73SdC1JX">Thirumal</a> in <i>mullai</i> (forests), <a href="/facts/Indra/LLN2uI9D">Indiran</a> in <i>marutham</i> (plains), <a href="/facts/Varuna/cGJLCAew">Varunan</a> in the <i>neithal</i> (coasts) and <a href="/facts/Durga/SkYrcYEf">Kotravai</a> in <i>palai</i> (desert).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430"><sup>430</sup></a> Thirumal is indicated as a deity during the Sangam era, who was regarded as <i>Paramporul</i> ("the suprement one") and is also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in various Sangam literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431"><sup>431</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432"><sup>432</sup></a> While <a href="/facts/Shiva/SaHL5XBS">Shiva</a> worship existed in the Shaivite culture as a part of the Tamil pantheon, <a href="/facts/Murugan/yKmwcMhS">Murugan</a> became regarded as the <i>Tamil kadavul</i> ("God of the Tamils").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433"><sup>433</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434"><sup>434</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435"><sup>435</sup></a> In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest son of Shiva and <a href="/facts/Parvati/D5watsHf">Parvati</a> and <a href="/facts/Ganesha/ENEQDyRN">Pillayar</a> is regarded as the eldest son, who is venerated as the <i>Mudanmudar kadavul</i> ("foremost god").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436"><sup>436</sup></a> </p><p>The cult of the <a href="/facts/Mother_goddess/Ky3Mxqbs">mother goddess</a> is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. The worship of <a href="/facts/Amman_(goddess)/K9pUSVFD">Amman</a>, also called <a href="/facts/Mariamman/K9pUSVFD">Mariamman</a>, is thought to have been derived from an ancient <a href="/facts/Mother_goddess/Ky3Mxqbs">mother goddess</a>, and is also very common.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437"><sup>437</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438"><sup>438</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439"><sup>439</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Kannagi_(Tamil_mythology)/42QIb2Yx">Kannagi</a>, the heroine of the <i><a href="/facts/Cilappatikaram/xs967aST">Cilappatikaram</a></i> is worshipped as a <a href="/facts/Pattini/wCyNaD6d">goddess</a> by many Tamils, particularly in Sri Lanka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440"><sup>440</sup></a> In the Sangam literature, there is a description of the rites performed by the priestesses in temples.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441"><sup>441</sup></a> Among the ancient Tamils, the practice of erecting memorial stones (<i><a href="/facts/Hero_stone/kPRrm0rB">natukal</a></i>) was prevalent and it continued till the <a href="/facts/Middle_ages/RqzEKB9v">Middle ages</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442"><sup>442</sup></a> It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these <a href="/facts/Hero_stone/kPRrm0rB">hero stones</a> to bless them with victory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443"><sup>443</sup></a> In rural areas, local deities called <a href="/facts/Aiyyanar/BXf1omxh">Aiyyan̲ār</a> (also known as Karuppan, Karrupasami, <a href="/facts/Muniandi/WQNgMU6N">Muniandi</a>), are worshipped who are thought to protect the villages from harm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444"><sup>444</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445"><sup>445</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446"><sup>446</sup></a> Their worship probably emanated from the hero stone worship and appears to be the surviving remnants of an ancient Tamil tradition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447"><sup>447</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Idol_worship/VRA0DKEd">Idol worship</a> forms a part of the Tamil Hindu culture similar to the Hindu traditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448"><sup>448</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449"><sup>449</sup></a> </p> <p>During the Sangam period, <a href="/facts/%25C4%2580j%25C4%25ABvika/fdYfSW1D">Ashivakam</a>, <a href="/facts/Jainism/h0glxhjH">Jainism</a> and <a href="/facts/Buddhism/G0wsjrSl">Buddhism</a> also had a significant following.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450"><sup>450</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Tamil_Jain/TkC1gyY6">Jainism</a> existed from the Sangam period with inscriptions and drip-ledges from 1st century BCE to 6th century CE describing the same.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451"><sup>451</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452"><sup>452</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Kalabhra_dynasty/7GfjC8mB">Kalabhra dynasty</a>, who were patrons of Jainism, ruled over the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Tamil_country/LHCg4s1C">ancient Tamil country</a> in the 3rd–7th century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453"><sup>453</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454"><sup>454</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Buddhist/G0wsjrSl">Buddhism</a> had an influence in Tamil Nadu before the later Middle Ages with ancient texts referring to a <a href="/facts/Vih%25C4%2581ra/57LSUwHI">Vihāra</a> in <a href="/facts/Nagapattinam/BcQvYbK3">Nākappaṭṭinam</a> from the time of <a href="/facts/Ashoka/YsxDJyF2">Ashoka</a> in 3rd century BCE and Buddhist relics from 4th century CE found in <a href="/facts/Poompuhar/WvTbEgtk">Kaveripattinam</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455"><sup>455</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456"><sup>456</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457"><sup>457</sup></a> Around the 7th century CE, the <a href="/facts/Pandyas/W0alsFor">Pandyas</a> and <a href="/facts/Pallavas/wyt798s7">Pallavas</a>, who patronized Buddhism and Jainism, became patrons of Hinduism following the revival of <a href="/facts/Saivism/aVXXNj6v">Saivism</a> and <a href="/facts/Vaishnavism/zUBtPcla">Vaishnavism</a> during the <a href="/facts/Bhakti_movement/yASKGhTd">Bhakti movement</a> led by Alwars and Nayanmars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458"><sup>458</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459"><sup>459</sup></a> </p><p>The Christian apostle, <a href="/facts/Thomas_(apostle)/4frqX9Tv">St. Thomas</a>, is believed to have preached <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christianity</a> to the Tamils between 52 and 70 CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460"><sup>460</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Rowther/gcRSxBvr">Rowthers</a> were Tamils who were converted to <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a> by the Turkish preacher <a href="/facts/Nathar_Shah/8cJSm4Ju">Nathar Shah</a> in the tenth century CE and follow the <a href="/facts/Hanafi_school/hDlsv2jF">Hanafi school</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461"><sup>461</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462"><sup>462</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463"><sup>463</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464"><sup>464</sup></a> Other Muslim clans such as <a href="/facts/Marakkar/eauFkdNC">Marakkayar</a>, <a href="/facts/Labbay/Ro4ogScs">Labbai</a>, and <a href="/facts/Kayalar_(Muslim)/jRJsLBJM">Kayalar</a> originated as a result of the trade with the <a href="/facts/Arab_world/F8Jouq98">Arab world</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465"><sup>465</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466"><sup>466</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467"><sup>467</sup></a> Majority of the <a href="/facts/Tamil_Muslims/uWycnSw8">Tamil Muslims</a> speak Tamil rather than <a href="/facts/Urdu/oLrhuXc6">Urdu</a>, which is spoken by Muslims in other parts of the Indian subcontinent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468"><sup>468</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469"><sup>469</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470"><sup>470</sup></a> Mercantile groups introduced <i>Cholapauttam</i>, a syncretic form of Buddhism and Shaivism in northern Sri Lanka and Southern India. The religion lost its importance in the 14th century when conditions changed for the benefit of <a href="/facts/Sinhala_language/qfPUFGYS">Sinhala</a> and <a href="/facts/Pali/HLQW2fvS">Pali</a> traditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471"><sup>471</sup></a> </p><p>As of the 21st century, majority of the Tamils are adherents of Hinduism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472"><sup>472</sup></a> The migration of Tamils to other countries resulted in new Hindu temples being constructed in places with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin, and countries with significant Tamil migrants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473"><sup>473</sup></a> Sri Lankan Tamils predominantly worship Murugan with numerous temples existing throughout the island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474"><sup>474</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475"><sup>475</sup></a> There are also followers of <a href="/facts/Ayyavazhi/mENwpDsT">Ayyavazhi</a> in Tamil Nadu, mainly in the southern districts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476"><sup>476</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Atheism/patUWN1f">Atheist</a>, <a href="/facts/Rationalism/MNk171TG">rationalist</a>, and <a href="/facts/Humanism/lM8R0wLs">humanist</a> philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities, as a result of Tamil cultural revivalism in the 20th century, and its antipathy to what it saw as <a href="/facts/Brahminical_Hinduism/V3qxzHAP">Brahminical Hinduism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477"><sup>477</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_Tamil_people/yb6HuN7f">List of Tamil people</a></p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Tamils portal</li><li>India portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts/lo8EmLAR">List of languages by first written accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kumari_Kandam/mQ8dyg3t">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tamil_population_by_cities/oW1gMGmc">Tamil population by cities</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tamil_population_by_nation/6ndSLV0D">Tamil population by nation</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Chandra_de_Silva/ASNEUszn">de Silva, Chandra</a> (1997). <i>Sri Lanka – A History</i> (2 ed.). Vikas Publishing House. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-95107-102-1.</li> <li><a href="/facts/K._Indrapala/4BXjoK0s">Indrapala, K.</a> (2007). <a href="https://archive.org/details/the-evolution-of-an-ethnic-identity-the-tamils-in-sri-lanka-c.-300-bce-to-c.-1200-ce-tamil-version/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka</i></a>. Vijitha Yapa. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9-55126-672-1.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nilakanta_Sastri/RN4smLt5">Sastri, Nilakanta</a> (2002) [1955]. <i>A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar</i>. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19560-686-7.</li> <li>Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). <i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i>. New Age International. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-8-12241-198-0.</li> <li>Singh, Upinder (2008). <i>From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i>. <a href="/facts/Pearson_Education/UNq9rds8">Pearson Education</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-8-131-71120-0.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kamil_Zvelebil/fKdYExgq">Zvelebil, Kamil</a> (1992). <i>Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature</i>. <a href="/facts/Brill_Publishers/UwYwgUu0">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-9-00409-365-2.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil">Tamils</a> – <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> entry</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Tamil: தமிழர், romanized: Tamiḻar pronounced [t̪amiɻaɾ] in the singular or தமிழர்கள், Tamiḻarkaḷ [t̪amiɻaɾɡaɭ] in the plural <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Tamil_language</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Wood, Michael (2 August 2007). A South Indian Journey: The Smile of Murugan. Penguin UK. pp. x, xiii, xvi. ISBN 978-0-14193-527-0. Archived from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2020. <a href="978-0-14193-527-0" target="_blank">978-0-14193-527-0</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Tamil, n. and adj". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2023. <a href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197399?redirectedFrom=tamil" target="_blank">https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197399?redirectedFrom=tamil</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Frank Rennie, Robin Mason, ed. (December 2008). Bhutan: Ways of Knowing. Information Age Publishing. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-60752-824-1. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023. Tamilians, a group living in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. <a href="978-1-60752-824-1" target="_blank">978-1-60752-824-1</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The smile of Murugan: on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-3-447-01582-0. <a href="978-3-447-01582-0" target="_blank">978-3-447-01582-0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Zvelebil 1992, p. 10-16. - Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9-00409-365-2. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Southworth, Franklin (1998). "On the Origin of the word tamiz". 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