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Negidal language
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<h2 id="language-status">Language status</h2> <p>According to the Russian Census of 2002, there were 567 <a href="/facts/Negidals/Kr0NUG4K">Negidals</a>, 147 of which still spoke the language. The Russian Census of 2010 reported lower speaker numbers, with only 19 of 513 ethnic Negidals reported to still speak the language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>However, recent reports from the field reveal that the linguistic situation of Negidal is much worse than the census reports. According to Kalinina (2008),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> whose data stem from the fieldwork conducted in 2005-2007, there are only three full speakers left, and a handful of semi-speakers. <a href="/facts/Brigitte_Pakendorf/em1BS6Ge">Pakendorf</a> & Aralova (2018) report from fieldwork conducted in 2017 that there remain only six active speakers of Upper Negidal and there are no active speakers of Lower Negidal, only 10-20 passive speakers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The language is thus classified as critically endangered<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> and is predicted to become dormant within the next decade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="dialects">Dialects</h2> <p>There were formerly two dialects: the Upper Negidal dialect (<i>Verkhovskoj</i> in Russian) along the <a href="/facts/Amgun_River/BH8kGQ74">Amgun River</a> (village of Vladimirovka), still residually spoken, and the now extinct Lower dialect (<i>Nizovskoj</i>) in its lower reaches (villages of Tyr and Beloglinka, the town of <a href="/facts/Nikolayevsk-on-Amur/4nyq6Fpn">Nikolaevsk-on-Amur</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The Lower dialect was especially close to Evenki. </p> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <h3>Vowels</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel/1eQAfkDy">ɪ</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td><a href="/facts/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel/4taYcT5v">ʊ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">e</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mid_central_vowel/CCx0wYy3">ə</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel/A2kLVUnz">ɵ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">o</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/o/ may also be heard as [<a href="/facts/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/yMNUClGt">ɔ</a>] in some areas.</li> <li>/o/, when appearing in more than two syllables in a word, may also be heard as [<a href="/facts/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/znr1wT5C">ɑ</a>] or [<a href="/facts/Open_back_rounded_vowel/k0owsbDF">ɒ</a>].</li></ul> <h3>Consonants</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palato-</a><a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_nasal/dLa9YG49">ɲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Plosive</a>/<a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th>voiceless</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td></tr><tr><th>voiced</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">Lateral</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rhotic_consonant/tcAGzjfP">Rhotic</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/ɡ/ can also have an allophone [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a>].</li> <li>/w/ becomes voiceless before a voiceless consonant and is heard as a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative/mccNzbmL">ɸ</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="orthography">Orthography</h2> <table><tbody><tr><td>А а</td><td>Б б</td><td>В в</td><td>Г г</td><td>Ғ ғ</td><td>Д д</td><td>Е е</td><td>Ё ё</td><td>Ж ж</td><td>З з</td></tr><tr><td>Ӡ ӡ</td><td>И и</td><td>Й й</td><td>К к</td><td>Л л</td><td>М м</td><td>Н н</td><td>Ӈ ӈ</td><td>О о</td><td>Ө ө</td></tr><tr><td>П п</td><td>Р р</td><td>С с</td><td>Т т</td><td>У у</td><td>Ф ф</td><td>Х х</td><td>Ц ц</td><td>Ч ч</td><td>Ш ш</td></tr><tr><td>Щ щ</td><td>Ъ ъ</td><td>Ы ы</td><td>Ь ь</td><td>Э э</td><td>Ю ю</td><td>Я я</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Aralova, N. B.; Sumbatova, N. R. (2016). "Negidal'skij jazyk" [Negidal]. In Vida Ju. Mikhal’čenko (ed.). <i>Jazyk i obščestvo. Sociolingvističeskaja enciklopedija</i> [<i>Language and society. A sociolinguistic encyclopedia</i>] (in Croatian). Moscow: Azbukovnik. pp. 307–308.</li> <li>Cincius, V.I. (1982). Негидальский язык [<i>The Negidal language</i>] (in Russian). Leningrad: Nauka.</li> <li>Kalinina, E. J. (2008). Этюд о гармонии гласных в негидальском языке, или негласные презумпции о гласных звуках [A study of vowel harmony in the Negidal language or unstated assumptions about vowels]. Фонетика и нефонетика. К 70-летию Сандро В. Кодзасова [<i>Phonetics and non-phonetics. On the occasion of the 70th birthday of S.V. Kodzasov</i>] (in Russian). <a href="/facts/Moscow/XUU6VkdY">Moscow</a>: Языки славянских культур. pp. 272–282.</li> <li>Kazama, Shinjiro (2002). ネギダール語 テキストと文法概説 [<i>Negidal Texts and Grammar</i>]. Publications on Tungus languages and cultures 19. Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim, A2-021 (in Japanese). Kyoto: Nakanishi.</li> <li>Myl'nikova, K.M.; Cincius, V.I. (1931). Материалы по исследованию негидальского языка [Materials on the Negidal language]. <i>Tungusskij Sbornik I:107-218</i> (in Russian).</li> <li>Pakendorf, B. & Aralova, N. (2018). The endangered state of Negidal: a field report. <i><a href="/facts/Language_Documentation_%26_Conservation/LN2I7Bn8">Language Documentation & Conservation</a></i> 12: 1-14. <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24760">http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24760</a></li> <li>Xasanova, M.M.; Pevnov, A.M. (2003). <a href="https://tufs.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/7473">Мифы и сказкы негидальцев</a> [<i>Myths and tales of the Negidals</i>]. Publications on Tungus Languages and Cultures 21. Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim, A2-024 (in Russian). Kyoto: Nakanishi.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>ELAR archive of <a href="http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0222">Endangered Tungusic Languages of Khabarovskij Kraj (including Negidal)</a></li> <li><a href="http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2891">The Endangered Languages Project - Negidal</a></li></ul> <i>Negidal language test</i> of <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a> at Wikimedia Incubator <i>Negidal language test</i> of <a href="/facts/Wiktionary/CkYghv2h">Wiktionary</a> at Wikimedia Incubator <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (25th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. <a href="https://www.ethnologue.com" target="_blank">https://www.ethnologue.com</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Janhunen, Juha (1996) Manchuria: An ethnic history. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society, p. 73 <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Pakendorf, Brigitte; Aralova, Natalia (February 2018). "The endangered state of Negidal: A field report". Language Documentation and Conservation. ISSN 1934-5275. <a href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/fe8e9993-4cd8-41af-919c-025a77a8ea5d" target="_blank">https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/fe8e9993-4cd8-41af-919c-025a77a8ea5d</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (25th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. <a href="https://www.ethnologue.com" target="_blank">https://www.ethnologue.com</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kalinina 2008. - Kalinina, E. J. (2008). Этюд о гармонии гласных в негидальском языке, или негласные презумпции о гласных звуках [A study of vowel harmony in the Negidal language or unstated assumptions about vowels]. Фонетика и нефонетика. К 70-летию Сандро В. Кодзасова [Phonetics and non-phonetics. On the occasion of the 70th birthday of S.V. Kodzasov] (in Russian). Moscow: Языки славянских культур. pp. 272–282. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Pakendorf, Brigitte; Aralova, Natalia (February 2018). "The endangered state of Negidal: A field report". Language Documentation and Conservation. ISSN 1934-5275. <a href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/fe8e9993-4cd8-41af-919c-025a77a8ea5d" target="_blank">https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/fe8e9993-4cd8-41af-919c-025a77a8ea5d</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Negidal - The Endangered Languages Project". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2018-02-17. <a href="http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2891" target="_blank">http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2891</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Pakendorf, Brigitte; Aralova, Natalia (February 2018). "The endangered state of Negidal: A field report". Language Documentation and Conservation. ISSN 1934-5275. <a href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/fe8e9993-4cd8-41af-919c-025a77a8ea5d" target="_blank">https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/fe8e9993-4cd8-41af-919c-025a77a8ea5d</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Pakendorf, Brigitte; Aralova, Natalia (February 2018). "The endangered state of Negidal: A field report". Language Documentation and Conservation. ISSN 1934-5275. <a href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/fe8e9993-4cd8-41af-919c-025a77a8ea5d" target="_blank">https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/fe8e9993-4cd8-41af-919c-025a77a8ea5d</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Kazama, Shinjiro (2002). Negidal texts and grammar. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>