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Bima language
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<h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>Long thought to be closely related to the <a href="/facts/Sumba_languages/Q9wKhsmA">languages of Sumba</a> Island to the southeast, this assumption has been refuted by Blust (2008), which makes Bima a primary branch within the <a href="/facts/Central%25E2%2580%2593Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages/LaTzzy83">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</a> subgroup.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>Bima is primarily spoken on the eastern half of <a href="/facts/Sumbawa/YWcHge32">Sumbawa</a> Island in <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>. It also spoken in the <a href="/facts/Sape_Strait/58o1tCXr">Banta</a>, <a href="/facts/Sangeang/oHCEu5tz">Sangeang</a>, and <a href="/facts/Komodo_(island)/9RkoFQee">Komodo</a> islands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="dialects">Dialects</h2> <p>According to <i>Ethnologue</i>, dialects of the language include Kolo, Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri, Bima, and Mbojo. </p><p>Donggo, spoken in mountainous regions to the west of <a href="/facts/Bima_Bay/3ElAzVTV">Bima Bay</a>, such as in Doro Ntika of the Doro Oromboha area, is closely related to the main dialect of Bima. It is spoken by about 25,000 people who were formerly primarily Christians and animists; many have converted to Islam, mostly as a result of intermarriages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <h3>Consonants</h3> Consonant phonemes<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_nasal/dLa9YG49">ɲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="5"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Plosive</a>/<a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th>voiceless</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a></td></tr><tr><th>voiced</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">dʒ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>prenasal vl.</th><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ᵐp</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ⁿt</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ᶮtʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ᵑk</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>prenasal vd.</th><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ᵐb</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ⁿd</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ᶮdʒ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">ᵑɡ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Implosive_consonant/Mx5sxUl9">implosive</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_implosive/WIkxarTP">ɓ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_implosive/QV7zLYGN">ɗ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">Lateral</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Trill_consonant/GKS3ga4q">Trill</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant_consonant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Vowels</h3> Vowel phonemes<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Central_vowel/IFSaKUe9">Central</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/e9YNLF97">e</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">o</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">a</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vowels /i e o u/ can have shortened allophones as [ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Jonker, J. C. G. (1893). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqM83-JNydwC"><i>Bimaneesche Texten</i></a> [<i>Bima Texts</i>] (in Dutch). Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.</li> <li>Jonker, J. C. G. (1896a). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ODZLgUd6vMC"><i>Bimaneesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek</i></a> [<i>Bima-Dutch Dictionary</i>] (in Dutch). Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.</li> <li>Jonker, J. C. G. (1896b). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N37IpchuWOcC"><i>Bimaneesche Spraakkunst</i></a> [<i>A Grammar of Bima</i>] (in Dutch). Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <i>Bima language test</i> of <a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a> at Wikimedia Incubator <ul><li><a href="/facts/Paradisec/agLYjd6n">Paradisec</a> has a collection of <a href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/KY1">open access recordings of Bima</a> from a 2005 language documentation class, as well as <a href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/RB1">some recordings</a> from <a href="/facts/Robert_Blust/LTdtG2br">Robert Blust</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kaipuleohone/DNxjBHEm">Kaipuleohone</a> also has an open-access collection of Robert Blust's materials including a recording of Bima.</li> <li><a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22150-biima-script.pdf">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22150-biima-script.pdf</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Prichard, J. C. (1874). Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. Vol. 5: Containing Researches Into the History of the Oceanic and of the American Nations. London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper. ASIN B0041T3N9G. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Blust, R. (2008). "Is There a Bima-Sumba Subgroup?". Oceanic Linguistics. 47 (1): 45–113. doi:10.1353/ol.0.0006. JSTOR 20172340. S2CID 144311741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ethnologue <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Just, P. (2001). Dou Donggo Justice: Conflict and Morality in an Indonesian Society. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Tama, I Wayan; Sukayana, I Nengah; Partami, Ni Luh; Z.M., Hamidsyukrie (1996). Fonologi Bahasa Bima. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>