Democracy indices

As of 2022, the V-Dem Institute published 483 indicators and republishes 59 other indicators.⁴⁵ V-Dem publishes five core indices with several other supplementary indices. The core indices are the electoral democracy index, the liberal democracy index, the participatory democracy index, the Deliberative Democracy Index and the egalitarian democracy index.⁶

The Electoral Democracy Index This index measures the principle of electoral or representative democracy, including whether elections were free and fair, as well as the prevalence of a free and independent media. This index is part of all the other indices as a central component of democracy.⁷ Liberal Democracy Index This index incorporates measures of rule of law, checks and balances, and civil liberties along with the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.⁸ Participatory Democracy Index This index measures the degree to which citizens participate in their own government through local democratic institutions, civil society organizations, direct democracy, and the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.⁹ Deliberative Democracy Index

See also: Deliberative democracy

This index measures the degree to which decisions are made in the best interest of the people as opposed to due to coercion or narrow interest groups, in addition to the basic electoral democracy index.¹⁰ Egalitarian Democracy Index

See also: Political egalitarianism

This index measures the level of equal access to resources, power, and freedoms across various groups within a society, in addition to the level of electoral democracy.¹¹

Rankings

The table below shows V-Dem Democracy rankings published for 2024.¹²¹³¹⁴

V-Dem Democracy Indices (15th edition)

Country	Democracy Indices		Democracy Component Indices
	Electoral	Liberal	Liberal	Egalitarian	Participatory	Deliberative
Denmark	0.916	0.883	0.976	0.97	0.713	0.965
Estonia	0.895	0.85	0.961	0.901	0.634	0.868
Ireland	0.895	0.83	0.932	0.87	0.633	0.905
Switzerland	0.894	0.847	0.962	0.937	0.881	0.984
Belgium	0.886	0.805	0.908	0.93	0.643	0.887
Norway	0.884	0.839	0.962	0.959	0.656	0.986
Sweden	0.881	0.845	0.978	0.907	0.653	0.908
Czech Republic	0.87	0.817	0.952	0.91	0.59	0.873
Luxembourg	0.867	0.783	0.903	0.937	0.568	0.971
France	0.866	0.799	0.93	0.824	0.635	0.938
New Zealand	0.863	0.809	0.952	0.847	0.654	0.804
Costa Rica	0.859	0.805	0.952	0.885	0.641	0.931
Australia	0.857	0.808	0.957	0.843	0.695	0.928
Uruguay	0.848	0.769	0.912	0.777	0.815	0.842
Finland	0.847	0.802	0.966	0.865	0.645	0.922
Chile	0.844	0.787	0.949	0.719	0.644	0.94
Iceland	0.844	0.759	0.907	0.908	0.662	0.902
Canada	0.842	0.744	0.887	0.699	0.632	0.753
United States of America	0.84	0.748	0.89	0.667	0.655	0.884
Austria	0.839	0.762	0.918	0.862	0.624	0.851
Germany	0.839	0.792	0.963	0.931	0.653	0.98
Latvia	0.838	0.765	0.922	0.866	0.661	0.822
United Kingdom	0.833	0.752	0.91	0.784	0.637	0.867
Portugal	0.831	0.751	0.91	0.799	0.609	0.891
Spain	0.829	0.745	0.906	0.839	0.635	0.841
Netherlands	0.822	0.761	0.944	0.893	0.62	0.893
Japan	0.82	0.734	0.902	0.934	0.562	0.908
Italy	0.803	0.705	0.882	0.902	0.748	0.865
Jamaica	0.803	0.684	0.848	0.787	0.604	0.731
Brazil	0.801	0.712	0.9	0.617	0.628	0.944
Taiwan	0.8	0.7	0.878	0.874	0.748	0.844
Lithuania	0.799	0.734	0.936	0.877	0.679	0.809
Vanuatu	0.796	0.686	0.862	0.741	0.566	0.737
Barbados	0.786	0.67	0.848	0.842	0.298	0.926
Malta	0.785	0.637	0.797	0.892	0.637	0.8
Cyprus	0.774	0.651	0.839	0.902	0.566	0.831
Suriname	0.768	0.637	0.821	0.715	0.581	0.764
Cabo Verde	0.757	0.649	0.86	0.724	0.527	0.703
Trinidad and Tobago	0.755	0.627	0.826	0.786	0.582	0.925
Slovakia	0.752	0.584	0.754	0.766	0.648	0.37
Greece	0.75	0.576	0.741	0.875	0.638	0.83
Seychelles	0.741	0.659	0.901	0.83	0.305	0.948
South Africa	0.734	0.652	0.903	0.642	0.571	0.91
East Timor	0.733	0.549	0.72	0.569	0.552	0.715
Poland	0.729	0.616	0.844	0.879	0.614	0.842
South Korea	0.729	0.631	0.872	0.856	0.61	0.809
Panama	0.726	0.584	0.794	0.576	0.524	0.737
Croatia	0.723	0.619	0.862	0.779	0.624	0.681
Slovenia	0.716	0.619	0.869	0.886	0.746	0.861
Israel	0.715	0.617	0.869	0.808	0.601	0.773
Argentina	0.712	0.553	0.76	0.73	0.591	0.535
Dominican Republic	0.705	0.45	0.571	0.471	0.595	0.818
Colombia	0.701	0.557	0.779	0.528	0.634	0.645
São Tomé and Príncipe	0.673	0.565	0.841	0.673	0.565	0.671
Ghana	0.669	0.567	0.848	0.635	0.369	0.813
Nepal	0.669	0.522	0.76	0.585	0.583	0.611
Solomon Islands	0.665	0.519	0.763	0.509	0.549	0.492
Sri Lanka	0.664	0.486	0.699	0.671	0.594	0.617
Lesotho	0.658	0.516	0.76	0.752	0.552	0.742
Ecuador	0.651	0.446	0.639	0.366	0.754	0.442
Kosovo	0.651	0.473	0.692	0.675	0.468	0.55
Bulgaria	0.646	0.508	0.77	0.603	0.669	0.837
Peru	0.634	0.493	0.761	0.509	0.604	0.405
The Gambia	0.634	0.507	0.784	0.666	0.588	0.751
Moldova	0.632	0.518	0.807	0.784	0.666	0.798
Romania	0.629	0.445	0.67	0.679	0.621	0.32
Namibia	0.623	0.515	0.821	0.436	0.467	0.698
Armenia	0.623	0.414	0.61	0.802	0.411	0.688
Senegal	0.617	0.462	0.72	0.702	0.586	0.889
Montenegro	0.615	0.478	0.755	0.76	0.581	0.724
Liberia	0.613	0.404	0.607	0.567	0.464	0.811
Guatemala	0.597	0.469	0.768	0.327	0.594	0.594
Botswana	0.594	0.478	0.786	0.675	0.478	0.427
Malawi	0.58	0.482	0.823	0.51	0.585	0.745
Paraguay	0.579	0.388	0.618	0.312	0.516	0.458
Bolivia	0.576	0.314	0.461	0.593	0.628	0.473
Maldives	0.564	0.423	0.714	0.584	0.48	0.705
North Macedonia	0.563	0.374	0.61	0.596	0.588	0.587
Bhutan	0.561	0.454	0.783	0.826	0.541	0.899
Kenya	0.549	0.432	0.762	0.521	0.585	0.806
Honduras	0.541	0.382	0.658	0.408	0.537	0.687
Malaysia	0.517	0.362	0.643	0.709	0.538	0.673
Fiji	0.516	0.414	0.772	0.706	0.439	0.789
Zambia	0.51	0.392	0.732	0.603	0.65	0.877
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.508	0.342	0.613	0.653	0.517	0.614
Albania	0.507	0.396	0.742	0.673	0.537	0.418
Mexico	0.505	0.251	0.397	0.438	0.617	0.423
Nigeria	0.502	0.315	0.553	0.507	0.613	0.659
Benin	0.501	0.329	0.592	0.754	0.49	0.541
Mongolia	0.496	0.389	0.736	0.653	0.402	0.746
Mauritius	0.492	0.368	0.698	0.713	0.574	0.8
Guyana	0.491	0.315	0.568	0.675	0.516	0.378
Indonesia	0.483	0.326	0.606	0.538	0.592	0.811
Georgia	0.48	0.328	0.615	0.726	0.507	0.751
Papua New Guinea	0.461	0.384	0.784	0.461	0.514	0.507
Sierra Leone	0.44	0.348	0.726	0.638	0.584	0.904
Hungary	0.436	0.318	0.654	0.635	0.534	0.309
Philippines	0.435	0.308	0.633	0.314	0.571	0.526
Tunisia	0.434	0.258	0.496	0.805	0.508	0.751
Ivory Coast	0.432	0.251	0.485	0.537	0.598	0.74
Somaliland	0.419	0.271	0.553	0.307	0.518	0.59
Madagascar	0.417	0.221	0.419	0.32	0.494	0.389
Tanzania	0.415	0.368	0.82	0.753	0.548	0.681
Singapore	0.414	0.343	0.752	0.805	0.132	0.742
India	0.398	0.291	0.635	0.425	0.521	0.629
Thailand	0.389	0.289	0.646	0.483	0.356	0.371
Ukraine	0.389	0.233	0.486	0.638	0.575	0.791
Togo	0.355	0.173	0.355	0.622	0.463	0.724
Iraq	0.351	0.228	0.524	0.459	0.438	0.594
Lebanon	0.348	0.207	0.463	0.379	0.421	0.557
Angola	0.34	0.164	0.346	0.271	0.153	0.339
El Salvador	0.339	0.092	0.137	0.264	0.451	0.268
Kyrgyzstan	0.333	0.183	0.411	0.619	0.397	0.373
Mauritania	0.333	0.135	0.266	0.321	0.542	0.579
Democratic Republic of the Congo	0.327	0.133	0.269	0.418	0.377	0.549
Serbia	0.315	0.22	0.544	0.736	0.552	0.494
Pakistan	0.313	0.199	0.48	0.223	0.499	0.529
Mozambique	0.304	0.171	0.406	0.495	0.514	0.456
Central African Republic	0.302	0.1	0.186	0.284	0.302	0.309
Zanzibar	0.299	0.261	0.69	0.67	0.38	0.753
Kuwait	0.292	0.266	0.716	0.613	0.148	0.433
Turkey	0.288	0.117	0.255	0.539	0.422	0.182
Cameroon	0.286	0.14	0.33	0.512	0.239	0.238
Comoros	0.282	0.107	0.228	0.602	0.521	0.425
Guinea-Bissau	0.28	0.149	0.365	0.465	0.318	0.35
Jordan	0.273	0.274	0.772	0.577	0.302	0.876
Uganda	0.272	0.201	0.536	0.477	0.415	0.657
Kazakhstan	0.272	0.134	0.326	0.539	0.291	0.5
Zimbabwe	0.27	0.156	0.392	0.337	0.547	0.578
Ethiopia	0.263	0.098	0.216	0.419	0.337	0.472
Morocco	0.263	0.247	0.703	0.553	0.431	0.811
Algeria	0.259	0.116	0.275	0.674	0.211	0.445
Republic of the Congo	0.254	0.117	0.285	0.359	0.542	0.441
Djibouti	0.25	0.121	0.304	0.544	0.377	0.378
Niger	0.24	0.18	0.509	0.646	0.575	0.737
Gabon	0.229	0.155	0.438	0.646	0.62	0.58
Haiti	0.218	0.079	0.192	0.128	0.259	0.592
Uzbekistan	0.215	0.078	0.19	0.435	0.196	0.422
Palestine (West Bank)	0.214	0.117	0.323	0.541	0.469	0.177
Chad	0.204	0.054	0.116	0.202	0.342	0.321
Rwanda	0.202	0.09	0.24	0.521	0.39	0.588
Bangladesh	0.201	0.068	0.2	0.323	0.243	0.293
Mali	0.199	0.147	0.442	0.618	0.543	0.733
Venezuela	0.197	0.049	0.101	0.263	0.492	0.023
Libya	0.196	0.106	0.303	0.375	0.234	0.754
Cambodia	0.186	0.056	0.133	0.206	0.207	0.183
Egypt	0.186	0.129	0.391	0.328	0.214	0.304
Equatorial Guinea	0.178	0.049	0.114	0.336	0.11	0.094
Cuba	0.178	0.055	0.138	0.753	0.17	0.286
Azerbaijan	0.175	0.054	0.133	0.34	0.102	0.093
Burundi	0.175	0.072	0.199	0.264	0.322	0.132
Tajikistan	0.174	0.05	0.12	0.197	0.144	0.136
Vietnam	0.174	0.124	0.382	0.614	0.499	0.659
Oman	0.174	0.14	0.443	0.571	0.388	0.189
Russia	0.172	0.056	0.143	0.371	0.376	0.109
Hong Kong	0.169	0.133	0.421	0.736	0.142	0.15
Somalia	0.169	0.126	0.396	0.311	0.269	0.71
Iran	0.167	0.092	0.275	0.473	0.092	0.324
Belarus	0.161	0.036	0.081	0.764	0.146	0.06
Guinea	0.161	0.075	0.219	0.436	0.395	0.22
South Sudan	0.161	0.072	0.21	0.126	0.143	0.104
Burkina Faso	0.156	0.129	0.42	0.525	0.391	0.218
Nicaragua	0.153	0.019	0.022	0.271	0.295	0.017
Turkmenistan	0.149	0.033	0.076	0.289	0.075	0.039
Syria	0.145	0.054	0.155	0.23	0.194	0.085
Sudan	0.135	0.038	0.103	0.188	0.291	0.157
Laos	0.134	0.102	0.339	0.428	0.386	0.164
Eswatini	0.13	0.097	0.323	0.241	0.379	0.202
Yemen	0.127	0.047	0.142	0.087	0.166	0.132
Bahrain	0.124	0.052	0.158	0.385	0.115	0.158
United Arab Emirates	0.103	0.078	0.27	0.45	0.086	0.298
Palestine (Gaza)	0.095	0.053	0.18	0.405	0.212	0.113
Qatar	0.087	0.08	0.284	0.395	0.105	0.387
North Korea	0.083	0.014	0.033	0.31	0.153	0.016
Myanmar	0.083	0.016	0.041	0.21	0.34	0.195
Afghanistan	0.081	0.016	0.044	0.077	0.027	0.073
China	0.073	0.036	0.125	0.302	0.1	0.227
Eritrea	0.068	0.009	0.02	0.322	0.024	0.071
Saudi Arabia	0.015	0.047	0.187	0.449	0.081	0.258

Impact and usage

A variety of other organizations use V-Dem's dataset in the construction of their indicators.¹⁵¹⁶ The World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators also use V-Dem's data to inform their Control of Corruption indicator (includes V-Dem's Corruption index), Rule of Law Indicator (includes V-Dem's liberal component index), and the Voice and Accountability Indicator (includes V-Dem's Expanded freedom of expression, freedom of association, and Clean elections indicators).¹⁷

Digital Society Project

The Digital Society Project is a subset of indicators on V-Dem's survey that asks questions about social media's political status and the internet.¹⁸ Specifically, the Digital Society Project measures a range of questions related to internet censorship, misinformation online, and internet shutdowns.¹⁹ This annual report includes 35 indicators assessing five areas: disinformation, digital media freedom, state regulation of digital media, the polarization of online media, and online social cleavages.²⁰²¹ It has been updated each year starting in 2019, with data covering from 2000–2021.²² Similar to other expert analyses like Freedom House, these data are more prone to false positives when compared with remotely sensed data, such as that from Access Now or the OpenNet Initiative.²³

Criticisms

This section is an excerpt from Democracy indices § Critiques of measures of democracy.[edit]

Data on democracy, and particularly global indices of democracy, and the data they rely on, have been the subject of scrutiny and criticized by various scholars. Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen for instance, have raised concerns about the methodologies used by prominent democracy indices such as Freedom House and Polity, such as the concept of democracy they measured, the design of indicators, and the aggregation rule.²⁴ Political scientists Andrew T. Little and Anne Meng "highlight measurement concerns regarding time-varying bias in expert-coded data" such as Freedom House and V-Dem and encourage improving expert-coding practices.²⁵ Knutsen et al.²⁶ did not see evidence for time-varying bias in their expert-coded data and note the application of item response theory, factor analysis and estimates of uncertainties to limit expert biases while discussing concerns in operationalization of observer-invariant measures of democracy.

Political scientist Jonas Wolff criticized V-Dem for gradually abandoning a pluralist conceptualization of democracy. According to him, V-Dem has moved away from its original emphasis on the conceptual varieties of democracy and adopted an uncontested view of democracy as liberal democracy while also ignoring the limitations of liberal democracy.²⁷

The V-Dem dataset does not cover some countries, namely: Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Brunei, Dominica, Federated States of Micronesia, Grenada, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Tonga, Tuvalu, and the Vatican.

See also

• Academic Freedom Index

Further reading

• Vanessa A. Boese, Markus Eberhardt: "Which Institutions Rule? Unbundling the Democracy-Growth Nexus", V-Dem Institute, Series 2022:131, February 2022.

• Max Fisher, "U.S. Allies Drive Much of World's Democratic Decline, Data Shows: Washington-aligned countries backslid at nearly double the rate of non-allies, data shows, complicating long-held assumptions about American influence". The New York Times. November 16, 2021.

External links

• Official website

References

1. "New index rates countries by degree of freedom for scholars". https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/03/30/new-index-rates-countries-degree-freedom-scholars ↩

2. Hegedüs, Daniel (2020). "Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change. By Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 226p. $99.99 cloth". Perspectives on Politics. 18 (4): 1258–1260. doi:10.1017/S1537592720003059. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 230623566. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

3. Hegedüs, Daniel (2020). "Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change. By Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 226p. $99.99 cloth". Perspectives on Politics. 18 (4): 1258–1260. doi:10.1017/S1537592720003059. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 230623566. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

4. "New democracy dataset to 'revolutionize' democracy research". 8 January 2016. https://news.nd.edu/news/new-democracy-dataset-to-revolutionize-democracy-research/ ↩

5. Tucker, Joshua. "Open data and (15 million!) new measures of democracy". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/12/open-data-and-15-million-new-measures-of-democracy/ ↩

6. Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; Kyle L. Marquardt; Juraj Medzihorsky; Daniel Pemstein; Nazifa Alizada; Lisa Gastaldi; Garry Hindle; Johannes von Römer; Eitan Tzelgov; Yi-ting Wang; and Steven Wilson. 2020. "V-Dem Methodology v10". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. ↩

7. Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; David Altman; Michael Bernhard; Agnes Cornell; M. Steven Fish; Lisa Gastaldi; Haakon Gjerløw; Adam Glynn; Allen Hicken; Anna Lührmann; Seraphine F. Maerz; Kyle L. Marquardt; Kelly McMann; Valeriya Mechkova; Pamela Paxton; Daniel Pemstein; Johannes vonRömer; Brigitte Seim; Rachel Sigman; Svend-Erik Skaaning; Jeffrey Staton; Aksel Sundtröm; EitanTzelgov; Luca Uberti; Yi-ting Wang; Tore Wig; and Daniel Ziblatt (2021). "V-Dem Codebook v11". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/be/11/be11d657-a240-4fb0-a47f-bc151296e779/codebook.pdf ↩

8. Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; David Altman; Michael Bernhard; Agnes Cornell; M. Steven Fish; Lisa Gastaldi; Haakon Gjerløw; Adam Glynn; Allen Hicken; Anna Lührmann; Seraphine F. Maerz; Kyle L. Marquardt; Kelly McMann; Valeriya Mechkova; Pamela Paxton; Daniel Pemstein; Johannes vonRömer; Brigitte Seim; Rachel Sigman; Svend-Erik Skaaning; Jeffrey Staton; Aksel Sundtröm; EitanTzelgov; Luca Uberti; Yi-ting Wang; Tore Wig; and Daniel Ziblatt (2021). "V-Dem Codebook v11". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/be/11/be11d657-a240-4fb0-a47f-bc151296e779/codebook.pdf ↩

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10. Coppedge, Michael; John Gerring; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Staffan I. Lindberg; Jan Teorell; David Altman; Michael Bernhard; Agnes Cornell; M. Steven Fish; Lisa Gastaldi; Haakon Gjerløw; Adam Glynn; Allen Hicken; Anna Lührmann; Seraphine F. Maerz; Kyle L. Marquardt; Kelly McMann; Valeriya Mechkova; Pamela Paxton; Daniel Pemstein; Johannes vonRömer; Brigitte Seim; Rachel Sigman; Svend-Erik Skaaning; Jeffrey Staton; Aksel Sundtröm; EitanTzelgov; Luca Uberti; Yi-ting Wang; Tore Wig; and Daniel Ziblatt (2021). "V-Dem Codebook v11". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/be/11/be11d657-a240-4fb0-a47f-bc151296e779/codebook.pdf ↩

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